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| 55 | <H2><A NAME="SECTION008130000000000000000"></A><A NAME="os-fd-ops"></A> |
| 56 | <BR> |
| 57 | 6.1.3 File Descriptor Operations |
| 58 | </H2> |
| 59 | |
| 60 | <P> |
| 61 | These functions operate on I/O streams referred to |
| 62 | using file descriptors. |
| 63 | |
| 64 | <P> |
| 65 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 66 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1558' xml:id='l2h-1558' class="function">close</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 67 | <td><var>fd</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 68 | <dd> |
| 69 | Close file descriptor <var>fd</var>. |
| 70 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows. |
| 71 | |
| 72 | <P> |
| 73 | <div class="note"><b class="label">Note:</b> |
| 74 | This function is intended for low-level I/O and must be applied |
| 75 | to a file descriptor as returned by <tt class="function">open()</tt> or |
| 76 | <tt class="function">pipe()</tt>. To close a ``file object'' returned by the |
| 77 | built-in function <tt class="function">open()</tt> or by <tt class="function">popen()</tt> or |
| 78 | <tt class="function">fdopen()</tt>, use its <tt class="method">close()</tt> method. |
| 79 | </div> |
| 80 | </dl> |
| 81 | |
| 82 | <P> |
| 83 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 84 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1559' xml:id='l2h-1559' class="function">dup</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 85 | <td><var>fd</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 86 | <dd> |
| 87 | Return a duplicate of file descriptor <var>fd</var>. |
| 88 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows. |
| 89 | </dl> |
| 90 | |
| 91 | <P> |
| 92 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 93 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1560' xml:id='l2h-1560' class="function">dup2</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 94 | <td><var>fd, fd2</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 95 | <dd> |
| 96 | Duplicate file descriptor <var>fd</var> to <var>fd2</var>, closing the latter |
| 97 | first if necessary. |
| 98 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows. |
| 99 | </dl> |
| 100 | |
| 101 | <P> |
| 102 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 103 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1561' xml:id='l2h-1561' class="function">fdatasync</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 104 | <td><var>fd</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 105 | <dd> |
| 106 | Force write of file with filedescriptor <var>fd</var> to disk. |
| 107 | Does not force update of metadata. |
| 108 | Availability: <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 109 | </dl> |
| 110 | |
| 111 | <P> |
| 112 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 113 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1562' xml:id='l2h-1562' class="function">fpathconf</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 114 | <td><var>fd, name</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 115 | <dd> |
| 116 | Return system configuration information relevant to an open file. |
| 117 | <var>name</var> specifies the configuration value to retrieve; it may be a |
| 118 | string which is the name of a defined system value; these names are |
| 119 | specified in a number of standards (POSIX.1, <span class="Unix">Unix</span> 95, <span class="Unix">Unix</span> 98, and |
| 120 | others). Some platforms define additional names as well. The names |
| 121 | known to the host operating system are given in the |
| 122 | <code>pathconf_names</code> dictionary. For configuration variables not |
| 123 | included in that mapping, passing an integer for <var>name</var> is also |
| 124 | accepted. |
| 125 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 126 | |
| 127 | <P> |
| 128 | If <var>name</var> is a string and is not known, <tt class="exception">ValueError</tt> is |
| 129 | raised. If a specific value for <var>name</var> is not supported by the |
| 130 | host system, even if it is included in <code>pathconf_names</code>, an |
| 131 | <tt class="exception">OSError</tt> is raised with <tt class="constant">errno.EINVAL</tt> for the |
| 132 | error number. |
| 133 | </dl> |
| 134 | |
| 135 | <P> |
| 136 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 137 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1563' xml:id='l2h-1563' class="function">fstat</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 138 | <td><var>fd</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 139 | <dd> |
| 140 | Return status for file descriptor <var>fd</var>, like <tt class="function">stat()</tt>. |
| 141 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows. |
| 142 | </dl> |
| 143 | |
| 144 | <P> |
| 145 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 146 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1564' xml:id='l2h-1564' class="function">fstatvfs</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 147 | <td><var>fd</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 148 | <dd> |
| 149 | Return information about the filesystem containing the file associated |
| 150 | with file descriptor <var>fd</var>, like <tt class="function">statvfs()</tt>. |
| 151 | Availability: <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 152 | </dl> |
| 153 | |
| 154 | <P> |
| 155 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 156 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1565' xml:id='l2h-1565' class="function">fsync</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 157 | <td><var>fd</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 158 | <dd> |
| 159 | Force write of file with filedescriptor <var>fd</var> to disk. On <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, |
| 160 | this calls the native <tt class="cfunction">fsync()</tt> function; on Windows, the |
| 161 | MS <tt class="cfunction">_commit()</tt> function. |
| 162 | |
| 163 | <P> |
| 164 | If you're starting with a Python file object <var>f</var>, first do |
| 165 | <code><var>f</var>.flush()</code>, and then do <code>os.fsync(<var>f</var>.fileno())</code>, |
| 166 | to ensure that all internal buffers associated with <var>f</var> are written |
| 167 | to disk. |
| 168 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, and Windows starting in 2.2.3. |
| 169 | </dl> |
| 170 | |
| 171 | <P> |
| 172 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 173 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1566' xml:id='l2h-1566' class="function">ftruncate</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 174 | <td><var>fd, length</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 175 | <dd> |
| 176 | Truncate the file corresponding to file descriptor <var>fd</var>, |
| 177 | so that it is at most <var>length</var> bytes in size. |
| 178 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 179 | </dl> |
| 180 | |
| 181 | <P> |
| 182 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 183 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1567' xml:id='l2h-1567' class="function">isatty</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 184 | <td><var>fd</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 185 | <dd> |
| 186 | Return <code>True</code> if the file descriptor <var>fd</var> is open and |
| 187 | connected to a tty(-like) device, else <code>False</code>. |
| 188 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 189 | </dl> |
| 190 | |
| 191 | <P> |
| 192 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 193 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1568' xml:id='l2h-1568' class="function">lseek</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 194 | <td><var>fd, pos, how</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 195 | <dd> |
| 196 | Set the current position of file descriptor <var>fd</var> to position |
| 197 | <var>pos</var>, modified by <var>how</var>: <code>0</code> to set the position |
| 198 | relative to the beginning of the file; <code>1</code> to set it relative to |
| 199 | the current position; <code>2</code> to set it relative to the end of the |
| 200 | file. |
| 201 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows. |
| 202 | </dl> |
| 203 | |
| 204 | <P> |
| 205 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 206 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1569' xml:id='l2h-1569' class="function">open</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 207 | <td><var>file, flags</var><big>[</big><var>, mode</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 208 | <dd> |
| 209 | Open the file <var>file</var> and set various flags according to |
| 210 | <var>flags</var> and possibly its mode according to <var>mode</var>. |
| 211 | The default <var>mode</var> is <code>0777</code> (octal), and the current umask |
| 212 | value is first masked out. Return the file descriptor for the newly |
| 213 | opened file. |
| 214 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows. |
| 215 | |
| 216 | <P> |
| 217 | For a description of the flag and mode values, see the C run-time |
| 218 | documentation; flag constants (like <tt class="constant">O_RDONLY</tt> and |
| 219 | <tt class="constant">O_WRONLY</tt>) are defined in this module too (see below). |
| 220 | |
| 221 | <P> |
| 222 | <div class="note"><b class="label">Note:</b> |
| 223 | This function is intended for low-level I/O. For normal usage, |
| 224 | use the built-in function <tt class="function">open()</tt>, which returns a ``file |
| 225 | object'' with <tt class="method">read()</tt> and <tt class="method">write()</tt> methods (and many |
| 226 | more). |
| 227 | </div> |
| 228 | </dl> |
| 229 | |
| 230 | <P> |
| 231 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 232 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1570' xml:id='l2h-1570' class="function">openpty</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 233 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 234 | <dd> |
| 235 | Open a new pseudo-terminal pair. Return a pair of file descriptors |
| 236 | <code>(<var>master</var>, <var>slave</var>)</code> for the pty and the tty, |
| 237 | respectively. For a (slightly) more portable approach, use the |
| 238 | <tt class="module"><a href="module-pty.html">pty</a></tt><a id='l2h-1581' xml:id='l2h-1581'></a> module. |
| 239 | Availability: Macintosh, Some flavors of <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 240 | </dl> |
| 241 | |
| 242 | <P> |
| 243 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 244 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1571' xml:id='l2h-1571' class="function">pipe</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 245 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 246 | <dd> |
| 247 | Create a pipe. Return a pair of file descriptors <code>(<var>r</var>, |
| 248 | <var>w</var>)</code> usable for reading and writing, respectively. |
| 249 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows. |
| 250 | </dl> |
| 251 | |
| 252 | <P> |
| 253 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 254 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1572' xml:id='l2h-1572' class="function">read</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 255 | <td><var>fd, n</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 256 | <dd> |
| 257 | Read at most <var>n</var> bytes from file descriptor <var>fd</var>. |
| 258 | Return a string containing the bytes read. If the end of the file |
| 259 | referred to by <var>fd</var> has been reached, an empty string is |
| 260 | returned. |
| 261 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows. |
| 262 | |
| 263 | <P> |
| 264 | <div class="note"><b class="label">Note:</b> |
| 265 | This function is intended for low-level I/O and must be applied |
| 266 | to a file descriptor as returned by <tt class="function">open()</tt> or |
| 267 | <tt class="function">pipe()</tt>. To read a ``file object'' returned by the |
| 268 | built-in function <tt class="function">open()</tt> or by <tt class="function">popen()</tt> or |
| 269 | <tt class="function">fdopen()</tt>, or <code>sys.stdin</code>, use its |
| 270 | <tt class="method">read()</tt> or <tt class="method">readline()</tt> methods. |
| 271 | </div> |
| 272 | </dl> |
| 273 | |
| 274 | <P> |
| 275 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 276 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1573' xml:id='l2h-1573' class="function">tcgetpgrp</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 277 | <td><var>fd</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 278 | <dd> |
| 279 | Return the process group associated with the terminal given by |
| 280 | <var>fd</var> (an open file descriptor as returned by <tt class="function">open()</tt>). |
| 281 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 282 | </dl> |
| 283 | |
| 284 | <P> |
| 285 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 286 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1574' xml:id='l2h-1574' class="function">tcsetpgrp</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 287 | <td><var>fd, pg</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 288 | <dd> |
| 289 | Set the process group associated with the terminal given by |
| 290 | <var>fd</var> (an open file descriptor as returned by <tt class="function">open()</tt>) |
| 291 | to <var>pg</var>. |
| 292 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 293 | </dl> |
| 294 | |
| 295 | <P> |
| 296 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 297 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1575' xml:id='l2h-1575' class="function">ttyname</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 298 | <td><var>fd</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 299 | <dd> |
| 300 | Return a string which specifies the terminal device associated with |
| 301 | file-descriptor <var>fd</var>. If <var>fd</var> is not associated with a terminal |
| 302 | device, an exception is raised. |
| 303 | Availability:Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 304 | </dl> |
| 305 | |
| 306 | <P> |
| 307 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 308 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1576' xml:id='l2h-1576' class="function">write</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 309 | <td><var>fd, str</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 310 | <dd> |
| 311 | Write the string <var>str</var> to file descriptor <var>fd</var>. |
| 312 | Return the number of bytes actually written. |
| 313 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows. |
| 314 | |
| 315 | <P> |
| 316 | <div class="note"><b class="label">Note:</b> |
| 317 | This function is intended for low-level I/O and must be applied |
| 318 | to a file descriptor as returned by <tt class="function">open()</tt> or |
| 319 | <tt class="function">pipe()</tt>. To write a ``file object'' returned by the |
| 320 | built-in function <tt class="function">open()</tt> or by <tt class="function">popen()</tt> or |
| 321 | <tt class="function">fdopen()</tt>, or <code>sys.stdout</code> or <code>sys.stderr</code>, use |
| 322 | its <tt class="method">write()</tt> method. |
| 323 | </div> |
| 324 | </dl> |
| 325 | |
| 326 | <P> |
| 327 | The following data items are available for use in constructing the |
| 328 | <var>flags</var> parameter to the <tt class="function">open()</tt> function. |
| 329 | |
| 330 | <P> |
| 331 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1577' xml:id='l2h-1577'>O_RDONLY</tt></b></dt> |
| 332 | <dd> |
| 333 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-1582' xml:id='l2h-1582'>O_WRONLY</tt></b></dt><dd> |
| 334 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-1583' xml:id='l2h-1583'>O_RDWR</tt></b></dt><dd> |
| 335 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-1584' xml:id='l2h-1584'>O_APPEND</tt></b></dt><dd> |
| 336 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-1585' xml:id='l2h-1585'>O_CREAT</tt></b></dt><dd> |
| 337 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-1586' xml:id='l2h-1586'>O_EXCL</tt></b></dt><dd> |
| 338 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-1587' xml:id='l2h-1587'>O_TRUNC</tt></b></dt><dd> |
| 339 | Options for the <var>flag</var> argument to the <tt class="function">open()</tt> function. |
| 340 | These can be bit-wise OR'd together. |
| 341 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows. |
| 342 | </dd></dl> |
| 343 | |
| 344 | <P> |
| 345 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1578' xml:id='l2h-1578'>O_DSYNC</tt></b></dt> |
| 346 | <dd> |
| 347 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-1588' xml:id='l2h-1588'>O_RSYNC</tt></b></dt><dd> |
| 348 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-1589' xml:id='l2h-1589'>O_SYNC</tt></b></dt><dd> |
| 349 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-1590' xml:id='l2h-1590'>O_NDELAY</tt></b></dt><dd> |
| 350 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-1591' xml:id='l2h-1591'>O_NONBLOCK</tt></b></dt><dd> |
| 351 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-1592' xml:id='l2h-1592'>O_NOCTTY</tt></b></dt><dd> |
| 352 | More options for the <var>flag</var> argument to the <tt class="function">open()</tt> function. |
| 353 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 354 | </dd></dl> |
| 355 | |
| 356 | <P> |
| 357 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1579' xml:id='l2h-1579'>O_BINARY</tt></b></dt> |
| 358 | <dd> |
| 359 | Option for the <var>flag</var> argument to the <tt class="function">open()</tt> function. |
| 360 | This can be bit-wise OR'd together with those listed above. |
| 361 | Availability: Windows. |
| 362 | </dd></dl> |
| 363 | |
| 364 | <P> |
| 365 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1580' xml:id='l2h-1580'>O_NOINHERIT</tt></b></dt> |
| 366 | <dd> |
| 367 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-1593' xml:id='l2h-1593'>O_SHORT_LIVED</tt></b></dt><dd> |
| 368 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-1594' xml:id='l2h-1594'>O_TEMPORARY</tt></b></dt><dd> |
| 369 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-1595' xml:id='l2h-1595'>O_RANDOM</tt></b></dt><dd> |
| 370 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-1596' xml:id='l2h-1596'>O_SEQUENTIAL</tt></b></dt><dd> |
| 371 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-1597' xml:id='l2h-1597'>O_TEXT</tt></b></dt><dd> |
| 372 | Options for the <var>flag</var> argument to the <tt class="function">open()</tt> function. |
| 373 | These can be bit-wise OR'd together. |
| 374 | Availability: Windows. |
| 375 | </dd></dl> |
| 376 | |
| 377 | <P> |
| 378 | |
| 379 | <DIV CLASS="navigation"> |
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| 413 | <span class="release-info">Release 2.4.2, documentation updated on 28 September 2005.</span> |
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