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| 17 | <title>7.2.1 Socket Objects </title> |
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| 55 | <H2><A NAME="SECTION009210000000000000000"></A><A NAME="socket-objects"></A> |
| 56 | <BR> |
| 57 | 7.2.1 Socket Objects |
| 58 | </H2> |
| 59 | |
| 60 | <P> |
| 61 | Socket objects have the following methods. Except for |
| 62 | <tt class="method">makefile()</tt> these correspond to <span class="Unix">Unix</span> system calls |
| 63 | applicable to sockets. |
| 64 | |
| 65 | <P> |
| 66 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 67 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2650' xml:id='l2h-2650' class="method">accept</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 68 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 69 | <dd> |
| 70 | Accept a connection. |
| 71 | The socket must be bound to an address and listening for connections. |
| 72 | The return value is a pair <code>(<var>conn</var>, <var>address</var>)</code> |
| 73 | where <var>conn</var> is a <em>new</em> socket object usable to send and |
| 74 | receive data on the connection, and <var>address</var> is the address bound |
| 75 | to the socket on the other end of the connection. |
| 76 | </dl> |
| 77 | |
| 78 | <P> |
| 79 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 80 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2651' xml:id='l2h-2651' class="method">bind</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 81 | <td><var>address</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 82 | <dd> |
| 83 | Bind the socket to <var>address</var>. The socket must not already be bound. |
| 84 | (The format of <var>address</var> depends on the address family -- see |
| 85 | above.) <span class="note"><b class="label">Note:</b> |
| 86 | This method has historically accepted a pair |
| 87 | of parameters for <tt class="constant">AF_INET</tt> addresses instead of only a |
| 88 | tuple. This was never intentional and is no longer available in |
| 89 | Python 2.0 and later.</span> |
| 90 | </dl> |
| 91 | |
| 92 | <P> |
| 93 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 94 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2652' xml:id='l2h-2652' class="method">close</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 95 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 96 | <dd> |
| 97 | Close the socket. All future operations on the socket object will fail. |
| 98 | The remote end will receive no more data (after queued data is flushed). |
| 99 | Sockets are automatically closed when they are garbage-collected. |
| 100 | </dl> |
| 101 | |
| 102 | <P> |
| 103 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 104 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2653' xml:id='l2h-2653' class="method">connect</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 105 | <td><var>address</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 106 | <dd> |
| 107 | Connect to a remote socket at <var>address</var>. |
| 108 | (The format of <var>address</var> depends on the address family -- see |
| 109 | above.) <span class="note"><b class="label">Note:</b> |
| 110 | This method has historically accepted a pair |
| 111 | of parameters for <tt class="constant">AF_INET</tt> addresses instead of only a |
| 112 | tuple. This was never intentional and is no longer available in |
| 113 | Python 2.0 and later.</span> |
| 114 | </dl> |
| 115 | |
| 116 | <P> |
| 117 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 118 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2654' xml:id='l2h-2654' class="method">connect_ex</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 119 | <td><var>address</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 120 | <dd> |
| 121 | Like <code>connect(<var>address</var>)</code>, but return an error indicator |
| 122 | instead of raising an exception for errors returned by the C-level |
| 123 | <tt class="cfunction">connect()</tt> call (other problems, such as ``host not found,'' |
| 124 | can still raise exceptions). The error indicator is <code>0</code> if the |
| 125 | operation succeeded, otherwise the value of the <tt class="cdata">errno</tt> |
| 126 | variable. This is useful to support, for example, asynchronous connects. |
| 127 | <span class="note"><b class="label">Note:</b> |
| 128 | This method has historically accepted a pair of |
| 129 | parameters for <tt class="constant">AF_INET</tt> addresses instead of only a tuple. |
| 130 | This was never intentional and is no longer available in Python |
| 131 | 2.0 and later.</span> |
| 132 | </dl> |
| 133 | |
| 134 | <P> |
| 135 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 136 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2655' xml:id='l2h-2655' class="method">fileno</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 137 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 138 | <dd> |
| 139 | Return the socket's file descriptor (a small integer). This is useful |
| 140 | with <tt class="function">select.select()</tt>. |
| 141 | |
| 142 | <P> |
| 143 | Under Windows the small integer returned by this method cannot be used where |
| 144 | a file descriptor can be used (such as <tt class="function">os.fdopen()</tt>). <span class="Unix">Unix</span> does |
| 145 | not have this limitation. |
| 146 | </dl> |
| 147 | |
| 148 | <P> |
| 149 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 150 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2656' xml:id='l2h-2656' class="method">getpeername</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 151 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 152 | <dd> |
| 153 | Return the remote address to which the socket is connected. This is |
| 154 | useful to find out the port number of a remote IPv4/v6 socket, for instance. |
| 155 | (The format of the address returned depends on the address family -- |
| 156 | see above.) On some systems this function is not supported. |
| 157 | </dl> |
| 158 | |
| 159 | <P> |
| 160 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 161 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2657' xml:id='l2h-2657' class="method">getsockname</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 162 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 163 | <dd> |
| 164 | Return the socket's own address. This is useful to find out the port |
| 165 | number of an IPv4/v6 socket, for instance. |
| 166 | (The format of the address returned depends on the address family -- |
| 167 | see above.) |
| 168 | </dl> |
| 169 | |
| 170 | <P> |
| 171 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 172 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2658' xml:id='l2h-2658' class="method">getsockopt</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 173 | <td><var>level, optname</var><big>[</big><var>, buflen</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 174 | <dd> |
| 175 | Return the value of the given socket option (see the <span class="Unix">Unix</span> man page |
| 176 | <span class="manpage"><i>getsockopt</i>(2)</span>). The needed symbolic constants |
| 177 | (<tt class="constant">SO_*</tt> etc.) are defined in this module. If <var>buflen</var> |
| 178 | is absent, an integer option is assumed and its integer value |
| 179 | is returned by the function. If <var>buflen</var> is present, it specifies |
| 180 | the maximum length of the buffer used to receive the option in, and |
| 181 | this buffer is returned as a string. It is up to the caller to decode |
| 182 | the contents of the buffer (see the optional built-in module |
| 183 | <tt class="module"><a href="module-struct.html">struct</a></tt> for a way to decode C structures encoded as strings). |
| 184 | </dl> |
| 185 | |
| 186 | <P> |
| 187 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 188 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2659' xml:id='l2h-2659' class="method">listen</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 189 | <td><var>backlog</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 190 | <dd> |
| 191 | Listen for connections made to the socket. The <var>backlog</var> argument |
| 192 | specifies the maximum number of queued connections and should be at |
| 193 | least 1; the maximum value is system-dependent (usually 5). |
| 194 | </dl> |
| 195 | |
| 196 | <P> |
| 197 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 198 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2660' xml:id='l2h-2660' class="method">makefile</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 199 | <td><var></var><big>[</big><var>mode</var><big>[</big><var>, bufsize</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 200 | <dd> |
| 201 | Return a <i class="dfn">file object</i> associated with the socket. (File objects |
| 202 | are described in <A href="bltin-file-objects.html#bltin-file-objects">2.3.9</A>, ``File Objects.'') |
| 203 | The file object references a <tt class="cfunction">dup()</tt>ped version of the |
| 204 | socket file descriptor, so the file object and socket object may be |
| 205 | closed or garbage-collected independently. |
| 206 | The socket should be in blocking mode. |
| 207 | <a id='l2h-2671' xml:id='l2h-2671'></a>The optional <var>mode</var> |
| 208 | and <var>bufsize</var> arguments are interpreted the same way as by the |
| 209 | built-in <tt class="function">file()</tt> function; see ``Built-in Functions'' |
| 210 | (section <A href="built-in-funcs.html#built-in-funcs">2.1</A>) for more information. |
| 211 | </dl> |
| 212 | |
| 213 | <P> |
| 214 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 215 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2661' xml:id='l2h-2661' class="method">recv</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 216 | <td><var>bufsize</var><big>[</big><var>, flags</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 217 | <dd> |
| 218 | Receive data from the socket. The return value is a string representing |
| 219 | the data received. The maximum amount of data to be received |
| 220 | at once is specified by <var>bufsize</var>. See the <span class="Unix">Unix</span> manual page |
| 221 | <span class="manpage"><i>recv</i>(2)</span> for the meaning of the optional argument |
| 222 | <var>flags</var>; it defaults to zero. |
| 223 | </dl> |
| 224 | |
| 225 | <P> |
| 226 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 227 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2662' xml:id='l2h-2662' class="method">recvfrom</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 228 | <td><var>bufsize</var><big>[</big><var>, flags</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 229 | <dd> |
| 230 | Receive data from the socket. The return value is a pair |
| 231 | <code>(<var>string</var>, <var>address</var>)</code> where <var>string</var> is a string |
| 232 | representing the data received and <var>address</var> is the address of the |
| 233 | socket sending the data. The optional <var>flags</var> argument has the |
| 234 | same meaning as for <tt class="method">recv()</tt> above. |
| 235 | (The format of <var>address</var> depends on the address family -- see above.) |
| 236 | </dl> |
| 237 | |
| 238 | <P> |
| 239 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 240 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2663' xml:id='l2h-2663' class="method">send</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 241 | <td><var>string</var><big>[</big><var>, flags</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 242 | <dd> |
| 243 | Send data to the socket. The socket must be connected to a remote |
| 244 | socket. The optional <var>flags</var> argument has the same meaning as for |
| 245 | <tt class="method">recv()</tt> above. Returns the number of bytes sent. |
| 246 | Applications are responsible for checking that all data has been sent; |
| 247 | if only some of the data was transmitted, the application needs to |
| 248 | attempt delivery of the remaining data. |
| 249 | </dl> |
| 250 | |
| 251 | <P> |
| 252 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 253 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2664' xml:id='l2h-2664' class="method">sendall</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 254 | <td><var>string</var><big>[</big><var>, flags</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 255 | <dd> |
| 256 | Send data to the socket. The socket must be connected to a remote |
| 257 | socket. The optional <var>flags</var> argument has the same meaning as for |
| 258 | <tt class="method">recv()</tt> above. Unlike <tt class="method">send()</tt>, this method continues |
| 259 | to send data from <var>string</var> until either all data has been sent or |
| 260 | an error occurs. <code>None</code> is returned on success. On error, an |
| 261 | exception is raised, and there is no way to determine how much data, |
| 262 | if any, was successfully sent. |
| 263 | </dl> |
| 264 | |
| 265 | <P> |
| 266 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 267 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2665' xml:id='l2h-2665' class="method">sendto</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 268 | <td><var>string</var><big>[</big><var>, flags</var><big>]</big><var>, address</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 269 | <dd> |
| 270 | Send data to the socket. The socket should not be connected to a |
| 271 | remote socket, since the destination socket is specified by |
| 272 | <var>address</var>. The optional <var>flags</var> argument has the same |
| 273 | meaning as for <tt class="method">recv()</tt> above. Return the number of bytes sent. |
| 274 | (The format of <var>address</var> depends on the address family -- see above.) |
| 275 | </dl> |
| 276 | |
| 277 | <P> |
| 278 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 279 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2666' xml:id='l2h-2666' class="method">setblocking</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 280 | <td><var>flag</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 281 | <dd> |
| 282 | Set blocking or non-blocking mode of the socket: if <var>flag</var> is 0, |
| 283 | the socket is set to non-blocking, else to blocking mode. Initially |
| 284 | all sockets are in blocking mode. In non-blocking mode, if a |
| 285 | <tt class="method">recv()</tt> call doesn't find any data, or if a |
| 286 | <tt class="method">send()</tt> call can't immediately dispose of the data, a |
| 287 | <tt class="exception">error</tt> exception is raised; in blocking mode, the calls |
| 288 | block until they can proceed. |
| 289 | <code>s.setblocking(0)</code> is equivalent to <code>s.settimeout(0)</code>; |
| 290 | <code>s.setblocking(1)</code> is equivalent to <code>s.settimeout(None)</code>. |
| 291 | </dl> |
| 292 | |
| 293 | <P> |
| 294 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 295 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2667' xml:id='l2h-2667' class="method">settimeout</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 296 | <td><var>value</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 297 | <dd> |
| 298 | Set a timeout on blocking socket operations. The <var>value</var> argument |
| 299 | can be a nonnegative float expressing seconds, or <code>None</code>. |
| 300 | If a float is |
| 301 | given, subsequent socket operations will raise an <tt class="exception">timeout</tt> |
| 302 | exception if the timeout period <var>value</var> has elapsed before the |
| 303 | operation has completed. Setting a timeout of <code>None</code> disables |
| 304 | timeouts on socket operations. |
| 305 | <code>s.settimeout(0.0)</code> is equivalent to <code>s.setblocking(0)</code>; |
| 306 | <code>s.settimeout(None)</code> is equivalent to <code>s.setblocking(1)</code>. |
| 307 | |
| 308 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> |
| 309 | |
| 310 | </dl> |
| 311 | |
| 312 | <P> |
| 313 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 314 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2668' xml:id='l2h-2668' class="method">gettimeout</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 315 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 316 | <dd> |
| 317 | Returns the timeout in floating seconds associated with socket |
| 318 | operations, or <code>None</code> if no timeout is set. This reflects |
| 319 | the last call to <tt class="method">setblocking()</tt> or <tt class="method">settimeout()</tt>. |
| 320 | |
| 321 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> |
| 322 | |
| 323 | </dl> |
| 324 | |
| 325 | <P> |
| 326 | Some notes on socket blocking and timeouts: A socket object can be in |
| 327 | one of three modes: blocking, non-blocking, or timeout. Sockets are |
| 328 | always created in blocking mode. In blocking mode, operations block |
| 329 | until complete. In non-blocking mode, operations fail (with an error |
| 330 | that is unfortunately system-dependent) if they cannot be completed |
| 331 | immediately. In timeout mode, operations fail if they cannot be |
| 332 | completed within the timeout specified for the socket. The |
| 333 | <tt class="method">setblocking()</tt> method is simply a shorthand for certain |
| 334 | <tt class="method">settimeout()</tt> calls. |
| 335 | |
| 336 | <P> |
| 337 | Timeout mode internally sets the socket in non-blocking mode. The |
| 338 | blocking and timeout modes are shared between file descriptors and |
| 339 | socket objects that refer to the same network endpoint. A consequence |
| 340 | of this is that file objects returned by the <tt class="method">makefile()</tt> |
| 341 | method should only be used when the socket is in blocking mode; in |
| 342 | timeout or non-blocking mode file operations that cannot be completed |
| 343 | immediately will fail. |
| 344 | |
| 345 | <P> |
| 346 | Note that the <tt class="method">connect()</tt> operation is subject to the timeout |
| 347 | setting, and in general it is recommended to call |
| 348 | <tt class="method">settimeout()</tt> before calling <tt class="method">connect()</tt>. |
| 349 | |
| 350 | <P> |
| 351 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 352 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2669' xml:id='l2h-2669' class="method">setsockopt</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 353 | <td><var>level, optname, value</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 354 | <dd> |
| 355 | Set the value of the given socket option (see the <span class="Unix">Unix</span> manual page |
| 356 | <span class="manpage"><i>setsockopt</i>(2)</span>). The needed symbolic constants are defined in |
| 357 | the <tt class="module">socket</tt> module (<tt class="constant">SO_*</tt> etc.). The value can be an |
| 358 | integer or a string representing a buffer. In the latter case it is |
| 359 | up to the caller to ensure that the string contains the proper bits |
| 360 | (see the optional built-in module |
| 361 | <tt class="module"><a href="module-struct.html">struct</a></tt><a id='l2h-2672' xml:id='l2h-2672'></a> for a way to encode C |
| 362 | structures as strings). |
| 363 | </dl> |
| 364 | |
| 365 | <P> |
| 366 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 367 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2670' xml:id='l2h-2670' class="method">shutdown</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 368 | <td><var>how</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 369 | <dd> |
| 370 | Shut down one or both halves of the connection. If <var>how</var> is |
| 371 | <tt class="constant">SHUT_RD</tt>, further receives are disallowed. If <var>how</var> is <tt class="constant">SHUT_WR</tt>, |
| 372 | further sends are disallowed. If <var>how</var> is <tt class="constant">SHUT_RDWR</tt>, further sends |
| 373 | and receives are disallowed. |
| 374 | </dl> |
| 375 | |
| 376 | <P> |
| 377 | Note that there are no methods <tt class="method">read()</tt> or <tt class="method">write()</tt>; |
| 378 | use <tt class="method">recv()</tt> and <tt class="method">send()</tt> without <var>flags</var> argument |
| 379 | instead. |
| 380 | |
| 381 | <P> |
| 382 | |
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| 385 | <p></p><hr /> |
| 386 | <table align="center" width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2"> |
| 387 | <tr> |
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| 417 | <span class="release-info">Release 2.4.2, documentation updated on 28 September 2005.</span> |
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