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| 51 | <link rel='up' href='../index.html' title='Python Documentation Index' /> |
| 52 | <div class="titlepage"> |
| 53 | <div class='center'> |
| 54 | <h1>Python Tutorial</h1> |
| 55 | <p><b><font size="+2">Guido van Rossum</font></b></p> |
| 56 | <p> |
| 57 | <strong>Python Software Foundation</strong> |
| 58 | <BR> |
| 59 | Email: <span class="email">docs@python.org</span> |
| 60 | </p> |
| 61 | <p><i> Fred L. Drake, Jr., editor</i></p> |
| 62 | <p><strong>Release 2.4.2</strong><br /> |
| 63 | <strong>28 September 2005</strong></p> |
| 64 | <p></p> |
| 65 | </div> |
| 66 | </div> |
| 67 | |
| 68 | <P> |
| 69 | |
| 70 | <p><br /></p><hr class='online-navigation' /> |
| 71 | <div class='online-navigation'> |
| 72 | <!--Table of Child-Links--> |
| 73 | <A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"></a> |
| 74 | |
| 75 | <UL CLASS="ChildLinks"> |
| 76 | <LI><A href="node1.html">Front Matter</a> |
| 77 | <LI><A href="node2.html">Contents</a> |
| 78 | <LI><A href="node3.html">1. Whetting Your Appetite</a> |
| 79 | <LI><A href="node4.html">2. Using the Python Interpreter</a> |
| 80 | <UL> |
| 81 | <LI><A href="node4.html#SECTION004100000000000000000">2.1 Invoking the Interpreter</a> |
| 82 | <UL> |
| 83 | <LI><A href="node4.html#SECTION004110000000000000000">2.1.1 Argument Passing</a> |
| 84 | <LI><A href="node4.html#SECTION004120000000000000000">2.1.2 Interactive Mode</a> |
| 85 | </ul> |
| 86 | <LI><A href="node4.html#SECTION004200000000000000000">2.2 The Interpreter and Its Environment</a> |
| 87 | <UL> |
| 88 | <LI><A href="node4.html#SECTION004210000000000000000">2.2.1 Error Handling</a> |
| 89 | <LI><A href="node4.html#SECTION004220000000000000000">2.2.2 Executable Python Scripts</a> |
| 90 | <LI><A href="node4.html#SECTION004230000000000000000">2.2.3 Source Code Encoding</a> |
| 91 | <LI><A href="node4.html#SECTION004240000000000000000">2.2.4 The Interactive Startup File</a> |
| 92 | </ul> |
| 93 | </ul> |
| 94 | <LI><A href="node5.html">3. An Informal Introduction to Python</a> |
| 95 | <UL> |
| 96 | <LI><A href="node5.html#SECTION005100000000000000000">3.1 Using Python as a Calculator</a> |
| 97 | <UL> |
| 98 | <LI><A href="node5.html#SECTION005110000000000000000">3.1.1 Numbers</a> |
| 99 | <LI><A href="node5.html#SECTION005120000000000000000">3.1.2 Strings</a> |
| 100 | <LI><A href="node5.html#SECTION005130000000000000000">3.1.3 Unicode Strings</a> |
| 101 | <LI><A href="node5.html#SECTION005140000000000000000">3.1.4 Lists</a> |
| 102 | </ul> |
| 103 | <LI><A href="node5.html#SECTION005200000000000000000">3.2 First Steps Towards Programming</a> |
| 104 | </ul> |
| 105 | <LI><A href="node6.html">4. More Control Flow Tools</a> |
| 106 | <UL> |
| 107 | <LI><A href="node6.html#SECTION006100000000000000000">4.1 <tt class="keyword">if</tt> Statements</a> |
| 108 | <LI><A href="node6.html#SECTION006200000000000000000">4.2 <tt class="keyword">for</tt> Statements</a> |
| 109 | <LI><A href="node6.html#SECTION006300000000000000000">4.3 The <tt class="function">range()</tt> Function</a> |
| 110 | <LI><A href="node6.html#SECTION006400000000000000000">4.4 <tt class="keyword">break</tt> and <tt class="keyword">continue</tt> Statements, and |
| 111 | <tt class="keyword">else</tt> Clauses on Loops</a> |
| 112 | <LI><A href="node6.html#SECTION006500000000000000000">4.5 <tt class="keyword">pass</tt> Statements</a> |
| 113 | <LI><A href="node6.html#SECTION006600000000000000000">4.6 Defining Functions</a> |
| 114 | <LI><A href="node6.html#SECTION006700000000000000000">4.7 More on Defining Functions</a> |
| 115 | <UL> |
| 116 | <LI><A href="node6.html#SECTION006710000000000000000">4.7.1 Default Argument Values</a> |
| 117 | <LI><A href="node6.html#SECTION006720000000000000000">4.7.2 Keyword Arguments</a> |
| 118 | <LI><A href="node6.html#SECTION006730000000000000000">4.7.3 Arbitrary Argument Lists</a> |
| 119 | <LI><A href="node6.html#SECTION006740000000000000000">4.7.4 Unpacking Argument Lists</a> |
| 120 | <LI><A href="node6.html#SECTION006750000000000000000">4.7.5 Lambda Forms</a> |
| 121 | <LI><A href="node6.html#SECTION006760000000000000000">4.7.6 Documentation Strings</a> |
| 122 | </ul> |
| 123 | </ul> |
| 124 | <LI><A href="node7.html">5. Data Structures</a> |
| 125 | <UL> |
| 126 | <LI><A href="node7.html#SECTION007100000000000000000">5.1 More on Lists</a> |
| 127 | <UL> |
| 128 | <LI><A href="node7.html#SECTION007110000000000000000">5.1.1 Using Lists as Stacks</a> |
| 129 | <LI><A href="node7.html#SECTION007120000000000000000">5.1.2 Using Lists as Queues</a> |
| 130 | <LI><A href="node7.html#SECTION007130000000000000000">5.1.3 Functional Programming Tools</a> |
| 131 | <LI><A href="node7.html#SECTION007140000000000000000">5.1.4 List Comprehensions</a> |
| 132 | </ul> |
| 133 | <LI><A href="node7.html#SECTION007200000000000000000">5.2 The <tt class="keyword">del</tt> statement</a> |
| 134 | <LI><A href="node7.html#SECTION007300000000000000000">5.3 Tuples and Sequences</a> |
| 135 | <LI><A href="node7.html#SECTION007400000000000000000">5.4 Sets</a> |
| 136 | <LI><A href="node7.html#SECTION007500000000000000000">5.5 Dictionaries</a> |
| 137 | <LI><A href="node7.html#SECTION007600000000000000000">5.6 Looping Techniques</a> |
| 138 | <LI><A href="node7.html#SECTION007700000000000000000">5.7 More on Conditions</a> |
| 139 | <LI><A href="node7.html#SECTION007800000000000000000">5.8 Comparing Sequences and Other Types</a> |
| 140 | </ul> |
| 141 | <LI><A href="node8.html">6. Modules</a> |
| 142 | <UL> |
| 143 | <LI><A href="node8.html#SECTION008100000000000000000">6.1 More on Modules</a> |
| 144 | <UL> |
| 145 | <LI><A href="node8.html#SECTION008110000000000000000">6.1.1 The Module Search Path</a> |
| 146 | <LI><A href="node8.html#SECTION008120000000000000000">6.1.2 ``Compiled'' Python files</a> |
| 147 | </ul> |
| 148 | <LI><A href="node8.html#SECTION008200000000000000000">6.2 Standard Modules</a> |
| 149 | <LI><A href="node8.html#SECTION008300000000000000000">6.3 The <tt class="function">dir()</tt> Function</a> |
| 150 | <LI><A href="node8.html#SECTION008400000000000000000">6.4 Packages</a> |
| 151 | <UL> |
| 152 | <LI><A href="node8.html#SECTION008410000000000000000">6.4.1 Importing * From a Package</a> |
| 153 | <LI><A href="node8.html#SECTION008420000000000000000">6.4.2 Intra-package References</a> |
| 154 | <LI><A href="node8.html#SECTION008430000000000000000">6.4.3 Packages in Multiple Directories</a> |
| 155 | </ul> |
| 156 | </ul> |
| 157 | <LI><A href="node9.html">7. Input and Output</a> |
| 158 | <UL> |
| 159 | <LI><A href="node9.html#SECTION009100000000000000000">7.1 Fancier Output Formatting</a> |
| 160 | <LI><A href="node9.html#SECTION009200000000000000000">7.2 Reading and Writing Files</a> |
| 161 | <UL> |
| 162 | <LI><A href="node9.html#SECTION009210000000000000000">7.2.1 Methods of File Objects</a> |
| 163 | <LI><A href="node9.html#SECTION009220000000000000000">7.2.2 The <tt class="module">pickle</tt> Module</a> |
| 164 | </ul> |
| 165 | </ul> |
| 166 | <LI><A href="node10.html">8. Errors and Exceptions</a> |
| 167 | <UL> |
| 168 | <LI><A href="node10.html#SECTION0010100000000000000000">8.1 Syntax Errors</a> |
| 169 | <LI><A href="node10.html#SECTION0010200000000000000000">8.2 Exceptions</a> |
| 170 | <LI><A href="node10.html#SECTION0010300000000000000000">8.3 Handling Exceptions</a> |
| 171 | <LI><A href="node10.html#SECTION0010400000000000000000">8.4 Raising Exceptions</a> |
| 172 | <LI><A href="node10.html#SECTION0010500000000000000000">8.5 User-defined Exceptions</a> |
| 173 | <LI><A href="node10.html#SECTION0010600000000000000000">8.6 Defining Clean-up Actions</a> |
| 174 | </ul> |
| 175 | <LI><A href="node11.html">9. Classes</a> |
| 176 | <UL> |
| 177 | <LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION0011100000000000000000">9.1 A Word About Terminology</a> |
| 178 | <LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION0011200000000000000000">9.2 Python Scopes and Name Spaces</a> |
| 179 | <LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION0011300000000000000000">9.3 A First Look at Classes</a> |
| 180 | <UL> |
| 181 | <LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION0011310000000000000000">9.3.1 Class Definition Syntax</a> |
| 182 | <LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION0011320000000000000000">9.3.2 Class Objects</a> |
| 183 | <LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION0011330000000000000000">9.3.3 Instance Objects</a> |
| 184 | <LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION0011340000000000000000">9.3.4 Method Objects</a> |
| 185 | </ul> |
| 186 | <LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION0011400000000000000000">9.4 Random Remarks</a> |
| 187 | <LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION0011500000000000000000">9.5 Inheritance</a> |
| 188 | <UL> |
| 189 | <LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION0011510000000000000000">9.5.1 Multiple Inheritance</a> |
| 190 | </ul> |
| 191 | <LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION0011600000000000000000">9.6 Private Variables</a> |
| 192 | <LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION0011700000000000000000">9.7 Odds and Ends</a> |
| 193 | <LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION0011800000000000000000">9.8 Exceptions Are Classes Too</a> |
| 194 | <LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION0011900000000000000000">9.9 Iterators</a> |
| 195 | <LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION00111000000000000000000">9.10 Generators</a> |
| 196 | <LI><A href="node11.html#SECTION00111100000000000000000">9.11 Generator Expressions</a> |
| 197 | </ul> |
| 198 | <LI><A href="node12.html">10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library</a> |
| 199 | <UL> |
| 200 | <LI><A href="node12.html#SECTION0012100000000000000000">10.1 Operating System Interface</a> |
| 201 | <LI><A href="node12.html#SECTION0012200000000000000000">10.2 File Wildcards</a> |
| 202 | <LI><A href="node12.html#SECTION0012300000000000000000">10.3 Command Line Arguments</a> |
| 203 | <LI><A href="node12.html#SECTION0012400000000000000000">10.4 Error Output Redirection and Program Termination</a> |
| 204 | <LI><A href="node12.html#SECTION0012500000000000000000">10.5 String Pattern Matching</a> |
| 205 | <LI><A href="node12.html#SECTION0012600000000000000000">10.6 Mathematics</a> |
| 206 | <LI><A href="node12.html#SECTION0012700000000000000000">10.7 Internet Access</a> |
| 207 | <LI><A href="node12.html#SECTION0012800000000000000000">10.8 Dates and Times</a> |
| 208 | <LI><A href="node12.html#SECTION0012900000000000000000">10.9 Data Compression</a> |
| 209 | <LI><A href="node12.html#SECTION00121000000000000000000">10.10 Performance Measurement</a> |
| 210 | <LI><A href="node12.html#SECTION00121100000000000000000">10.11 Quality Control</a> |
| 211 | <LI><A href="node12.html#SECTION00121200000000000000000">10.12 Batteries Included</a> |
| 212 | </ul> |
| 213 | <LI><A href="node13.html">11. Brief Tour of the Standard Library - Part II</a> |
| 214 | <UL> |
| 215 | <LI><A href="node13.html#SECTION0013100000000000000000">11.1 Output Formatting</a> |
| 216 | <LI><A href="node13.html#SECTION0013200000000000000000">11.2 Templating</a> |
| 217 | <LI><A href="node13.html#SECTION0013300000000000000000">11.3 Working with Binary Data Record Layouts</a> |
| 218 | <LI><A href="node13.html#SECTION0013400000000000000000">11.4 Multi-threading</a> |
| 219 | <LI><A href="node13.html#SECTION0013500000000000000000">11.5 Logging</a> |
| 220 | <LI><A href="node13.html#SECTION0013600000000000000000">11.6 Weak References</a> |
| 221 | <LI><A href="node13.html#SECTION0013700000000000000000">11.7 Tools for Working with Lists</a> |
| 222 | <LI><A href="node13.html#SECTION0013800000000000000000">11.8 Decimal Floating Point Arithmetic</a> |
| 223 | </ul> |
| 224 | <LI><A href="node14.html">12. What Now?</a> |
| 225 | <LI><A href="node15.html">A. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution</a> |
| 226 | <UL> |
| 227 | <LI><A href="node15.html#SECTION0015100000000000000000">A.1 Line Editing</a> |
| 228 | <LI><A href="node15.html#SECTION0015200000000000000000">A.2 History Substitution</a> |
| 229 | <LI><A href="node15.html#SECTION0015300000000000000000">A.3 Key Bindings</a> |
| 230 | <LI><A href="node15.html#SECTION0015400000000000000000">A.4 Commentary</a> |
| 231 | </ul> |
| 232 | <LI><A href="node16.html">B. Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations</a> |
| 233 | <UL> |
| 234 | <LI><A href="node16.html#SECTION0016100000000000000000">B.1 Representation Error</a> |
| 235 | </ul> |
| 236 | <LI><A href="node17.html">C. History and License</a> |
| 237 | <UL> |
| 238 | <LI><A href="node17.html#SECTION0017100000000000000000">C.1 History of the software</a> |
| 239 | <LI><A href="node17.html#SECTION0017200000000000000000">C.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python</a> |
| 240 | <LI><A href="node17.html#SECTION0017300000000000000000">C.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software</a> |
| 241 | <UL> |
| 242 | <LI><A href="node17.html#SECTION0017310000000000000000">C.3.1 Mersenne Twister</a> |
| 243 | <LI><A href="node17.html#SECTION0017320000000000000000">C.3.2 Sockets</a> |
| 244 | <LI><A href="node17.html#SECTION0017330000000000000000">C.3.3 Floating point exception control</a> |
| 245 | <LI><A href="node17.html#SECTION0017340000000000000000">C.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm</a> |
| 246 | <LI><A href="node17.html#SECTION0017350000000000000000">C.3.5 Asynchronous socket services</a> |
| 247 | <LI><A href="node17.html#SECTION0017360000000000000000">C.3.6 Cookie management</a> |
| 248 | <LI><A href="node17.html#SECTION0017370000000000000000">C.3.7 Profiling</a> |
| 249 | <LI><A href="node17.html#SECTION0017380000000000000000">C.3.8 Execution tracing</a> |
| 250 | <LI><A href="node17.html#SECTION0017390000000000000000">C.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions</a> |
| 251 | <LI><A href="node17.html#SECTION00173100000000000000000">C.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls</a> |
| 252 | </ul> |
| 253 | </ul> |
| 254 | <LI><A href="node18.html">D. Glossary</a> |
| 255 | <LI><A href="node19.html">Index</a> |
| 256 | <LI><A href="node20.html">About this document ...</a> |
| 257 | </ul> |
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| 292 | <span class="release-info">Release 2.4.2, documentation updated on 28 September 2005.</span> |
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