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| 55 | <H2><A NAME="SECTION008150000000000000000"></A><A NAME="os-process"></A> |
| 56 | <BR> |
| 57 | 6.1.5 Process Management |
| 58 | </H2> |
| 59 | |
| 60 | <P> |
| 61 | These functions may be used to create and manage processes. |
| 62 | |
| 63 | <P> |
| 64 | The various <tt class="function">exec*()</tt> functions take a list of arguments for |
| 65 | the new program loaded into the process. In each case, the first of |
| 66 | these arguments is passed to the new program as its own name rather |
| 67 | than as an argument a user may have typed on a command line. For the |
| 68 | C programmer, this is the <code>argv[0]</code> passed to a program's |
| 69 | <tt class="cfunction">main()</tt>. For example, "<tt class="samp">os.execv('/bin/echo', ['foo', |
| 70 | 'bar'])</tt>" will only print "<tt class="samp">bar</tt>" on standard output; "<tt class="samp">foo</tt>"will seem to be ignored. |
| 71 | |
| 72 | <P> |
| 73 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 74 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1647' xml:id='l2h-1647' class="function">abort</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 75 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 76 | <dd> |
| 77 | Generate a <tt class="constant">SIGABRT</tt> signal to the current process. On |
| 78 | <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, the default behavior is to produce a core dump; on Windows, the |
| 79 | process immediately returns an exit code of <code>3</code>. Be aware that |
| 80 | programs which use <tt class="function">signal.signal()</tt> to register a handler |
| 81 | for <tt class="constant">SIGABRT</tt> will behave differently. |
| 82 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows. |
| 83 | </dl> |
| 84 | |
| 85 | <P> |
| 86 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 87 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1648' xml:id='l2h-1648' class="function">execl</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 88 | <td><var>path, arg0, arg1, ...</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 89 | <dd> |
| 90 | <dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 91 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">execle</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 92 | <td><var>path, arg0, arg1, ..., env</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 93 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 94 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">execlp</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 95 | <td><var>file, arg0, arg1, ...</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 96 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 97 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">execlpe</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 98 | <td><var>file, arg0, arg1, ..., env</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 99 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 100 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">execv</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 101 | <td><var>path, args</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 102 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 103 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">execve</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 104 | <td><var>path, args, env</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 105 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 106 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">execvp</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 107 | <td><var>file, args</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 108 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 109 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">execvpe</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 110 | <td><var>file, args, env</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 111 | <dd>These functions all execute a new program, replacing the current |
| 112 | process; they do not return. On <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, the new executable is loaded |
| 113 | into the current process, and will have the same process ID as the |
| 114 | caller. Errors will be reported as <tt class="exception">OSError</tt> exceptions. |
| 115 | |
| 116 | <P> |
| 117 | The "<tt class="character">l</tt>" and "<tt class="character">v</tt>" variants of the |
| 118 | <tt class="function">exec*()</tt> functions differ in how command-line arguments are |
| 119 | passed. The "<tt class="character">l</tt>" variants are perhaps the easiest to work |
| 120 | with if the number of parameters is fixed when the code is written; |
| 121 | the individual parameters simply become additional parameters to the |
| 122 | <tt class="function">execl*()</tt> functions. The "<tt class="character">v</tt>" variants are good |
| 123 | when the number of parameters is variable, with the arguments being |
| 124 | passed in a list or tuple as the <var>args</var> parameter. In either |
| 125 | case, the arguments to the child process should start with the name of |
| 126 | the command being run, but this is not enforced. |
| 127 | |
| 128 | <P> |
| 129 | The variants which include a "<tt class="character">p</tt>" near the end |
| 130 | (<tt class="function">execlp()</tt>, <tt class="function">execlpe()</tt>, <tt class="function">execvp()</tt>, |
| 131 | and <tt class="function">execvpe()</tt>) will use the <a class="envvar" id='l2h-1707' xml:id='l2h-1707'>PATH</a> environment |
| 132 | variable to locate the program <var>file</var>. When the environment is |
| 133 | being replaced (using one of the <tt class="function">exec*e()</tt> variants, |
| 134 | discussed in the next paragraph), the |
| 135 | new environment is used as the source of the <a class="envvar" id='l2h-1708' xml:id='l2h-1708'>PATH</a> variable. |
| 136 | The other variants, <tt class="function">execl()</tt>, <tt class="function">execle()</tt>, |
| 137 | <tt class="function">execv()</tt>, and <tt class="function">execve()</tt>, will not use the |
| 138 | <a class="envvar" id='l2h-1709' xml:id='l2h-1709'>PATH</a> variable to locate the executable; <var>path</var> must |
| 139 | contain an appropriate absolute or relative path. |
| 140 | |
| 141 | <P> |
| 142 | For <tt class="function">execle()</tt>, <tt class="function">execlpe()</tt>, <tt class="function">execve()</tt>, |
| 143 | and <tt class="function">execvpe()</tt> (note that these all end in "<tt class="character">e</tt>"), |
| 144 | the <var>env</var> parameter must be a mapping which is used to define the |
| 145 | environment variables for the new process; the <tt class="function">execl()</tt>, |
| 146 | <tt class="function">execlp()</tt>, <tt class="function">execv()</tt>, and <tt class="function">execvp()</tt> |
| 147 | all cause the new process to inherit the environment of the current |
| 148 | process. |
| 149 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows. |
| 150 | </dl> |
| 151 | |
| 152 | <P> |
| 153 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 154 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1656' xml:id='l2h-1656' class="function">_exit</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 155 | <td><var>n</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 156 | <dd> |
| 157 | Exit to the system with status <var>n</var>, without calling cleanup |
| 158 | handlers, flushing stdio buffers, etc. |
| 159 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows. |
| 160 | |
| 161 | <P> |
| 162 | <div class="note"><b class="label">Note:</b> |
| 163 | The standard way to exit is <code>sys.exit(<var>n</var>)</code>. |
| 164 | <tt class="function">_exit()</tt> should normally only be used in the child process |
| 165 | after a <tt class="function">fork()</tt>. |
| 166 | </div> |
| 167 | </dl> |
| 168 | |
| 169 | <P> |
| 170 | The following exit codes are a defined, and can be used with |
| 171 | <tt class="function">_exit()</tt>, although they are not required. These are |
| 172 | typically used for system programs written in Python, such as a |
| 173 | mail server's external command delivery program. |
| 174 | <span class="note"><b class="label">Note:</b> |
| 175 | Some of these may not be available on all <span class="Unix">Unix</span> platforms, |
| 176 | since there is some variation. These constants are defined where they |
| 177 | are defined by the underlying platform.</span> |
| 178 | |
| 179 | <P> |
| 180 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1657' xml:id='l2h-1657'>EX_OK</tt></b></dt> |
| 181 | <dd> |
| 182 | Exit code that means no error occurred. |
| 183 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 184 | |
| 185 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> |
| 186 | |
| 187 | </dd></dl> |
| 188 | |
| 189 | <P> |
| 190 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1658' xml:id='l2h-1658'>EX_USAGE</tt></b></dt> |
| 191 | <dd> |
| 192 | Exit code that means the command was used incorrectly, such as when |
| 193 | the wrong number of arguments are given. |
| 194 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 195 | |
| 196 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> |
| 197 | |
| 198 | </dd></dl> |
| 199 | |
| 200 | <P> |
| 201 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1659' xml:id='l2h-1659'>EX_DATAERR</tt></b></dt> |
| 202 | <dd> |
| 203 | Exit code that means the input data was incorrect. |
| 204 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 205 | |
| 206 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> |
| 207 | |
| 208 | </dd></dl> |
| 209 | |
| 210 | <P> |
| 211 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1660' xml:id='l2h-1660'>EX_NOINPUT</tt></b></dt> |
| 212 | <dd> |
| 213 | Exit code that means an input file did not exist or was not readable. |
| 214 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 215 | |
| 216 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> |
| 217 | |
| 218 | </dd></dl> |
| 219 | |
| 220 | <P> |
| 221 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1661' xml:id='l2h-1661'>EX_NOUSER</tt></b></dt> |
| 222 | <dd> |
| 223 | Exit code that means a specified user did not exist. |
| 224 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 225 | |
| 226 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> |
| 227 | |
| 228 | </dd></dl> |
| 229 | |
| 230 | <P> |
| 231 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1662' xml:id='l2h-1662'>EX_NOHOST</tt></b></dt> |
| 232 | <dd> |
| 233 | Exit code that means a specified host did not exist. |
| 234 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 235 | |
| 236 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> |
| 237 | |
| 238 | </dd></dl> |
| 239 | |
| 240 | <P> |
| 241 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1663' xml:id='l2h-1663'>EX_UNAVAILABLE</tt></b></dt> |
| 242 | <dd> |
| 243 | Exit code that means that a required service is unavailable. |
| 244 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 245 | |
| 246 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> |
| 247 | |
| 248 | </dd></dl> |
| 249 | |
| 250 | <P> |
| 251 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1664' xml:id='l2h-1664'>EX_SOFTWARE</tt></b></dt> |
| 252 | <dd> |
| 253 | Exit code that means an internal software error was detected. |
| 254 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 255 | |
| 256 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> |
| 257 | |
| 258 | </dd></dl> |
| 259 | |
| 260 | <P> |
| 261 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1665' xml:id='l2h-1665'>EX_OSERR</tt></b></dt> |
| 262 | <dd> |
| 263 | Exit code that means an operating system error was detected, such as |
| 264 | the inability to fork or create a pipe. |
| 265 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 266 | |
| 267 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> |
| 268 | |
| 269 | </dd></dl> |
| 270 | |
| 271 | <P> |
| 272 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1666' xml:id='l2h-1666'>EX_OSFILE</tt></b></dt> |
| 273 | <dd> |
| 274 | Exit code that means some system file did not exist, could not be |
| 275 | opened, or had some other kind of error. |
| 276 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 277 | |
| 278 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> |
| 279 | |
| 280 | </dd></dl> |
| 281 | |
| 282 | <P> |
| 283 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1667' xml:id='l2h-1667'>EX_CANTCREAT</tt></b></dt> |
| 284 | <dd> |
| 285 | Exit code that means a user specified output file could not be created. |
| 286 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 287 | |
| 288 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> |
| 289 | |
| 290 | </dd></dl> |
| 291 | |
| 292 | <P> |
| 293 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1668' xml:id='l2h-1668'>EX_IOERR</tt></b></dt> |
| 294 | <dd> |
| 295 | Exit code that means that an error occurred while doing I/O on some file. |
| 296 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 297 | |
| 298 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> |
| 299 | |
| 300 | </dd></dl> |
| 301 | |
| 302 | <P> |
| 303 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1669' xml:id='l2h-1669'>EX_TEMPFAIL</tt></b></dt> |
| 304 | <dd> |
| 305 | Exit code that means a temporary failure occurred. This indicates |
| 306 | something that may not really be an error, such as a network |
| 307 | connection that couldn't be made during a retryable operation. |
| 308 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 309 | |
| 310 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> |
| 311 | |
| 312 | </dd></dl> |
| 313 | |
| 314 | <P> |
| 315 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1670' xml:id='l2h-1670'>EX_PROTOCOL</tt></b></dt> |
| 316 | <dd> |
| 317 | Exit code that means that a protocol exchange was illegal, invalid, or |
| 318 | not understood. |
| 319 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 320 | |
| 321 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> |
| 322 | |
| 323 | </dd></dl> |
| 324 | |
| 325 | <P> |
| 326 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1671' xml:id='l2h-1671'>EX_NOPERM</tt></b></dt> |
| 327 | <dd> |
| 328 | Exit code that means that there were insufficient permissions to |
| 329 | perform the operation (but not intended for file system problems). |
| 330 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 331 | |
| 332 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> |
| 333 | |
| 334 | </dd></dl> |
| 335 | |
| 336 | <P> |
| 337 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1672' xml:id='l2h-1672'>EX_CONFIG</tt></b></dt> |
| 338 | <dd> |
| 339 | Exit code that means that some kind of configuration error occurred. |
| 340 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 341 | |
| 342 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> |
| 343 | |
| 344 | </dd></dl> |
| 345 | |
| 346 | <P> |
| 347 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1673' xml:id='l2h-1673'>EX_NOTFOUND</tt></b></dt> |
| 348 | <dd> |
| 349 | Exit code that means something like ``an entry was not found''. |
| 350 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 351 | |
| 352 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> |
| 353 | |
| 354 | </dd></dl> |
| 355 | |
| 356 | <P> |
| 357 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 358 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1674' xml:id='l2h-1674' class="function">fork</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 359 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 360 | <dd> |
| 361 | Fork a child process. Return <code>0</code> in the child, the child's |
| 362 | process id in the parent. |
| 363 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 364 | </dl> |
| 365 | |
| 366 | <P> |
| 367 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 368 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1675' xml:id='l2h-1675' class="function">forkpty</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 369 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 370 | <dd> |
| 371 | Fork a child process, using a new pseudo-terminal as the child's |
| 372 | controlling terminal. Return a pair of <code>(<var>pid</var>, <var>fd</var>)</code>, |
| 373 | where <var>pid</var> is <code>0</code> in the child, the new child's process id |
| 374 | in the parent, and <var>fd</var> is the file descriptor of the master end |
| 375 | of the pseudo-terminal. For a more portable approach, use the |
| 376 | <tt class="module"><a href="module-pty.html">pty</a></tt> module. |
| 377 | Availability: Macintosh, Some flavors of <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 378 | </dl> |
| 379 | |
| 380 | <P> |
| 381 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 382 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1676' xml:id='l2h-1676' class="function">kill</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 383 | <td><var>pid, sig</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 384 | <dd> |
| 385 | <a id='l2h-1710' xml:id='l2h-1710'></a> |
| 386 | Kill the process <var>pid</var> with signal <var>sig</var>. Constants for the |
| 387 | specific signals available on the host platform are defined in the |
| 388 | <tt class="module"><a href="module-signal.html">signal</a></tt> module. |
| 389 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 390 | </dl> |
| 391 | |
| 392 | <P> |
| 393 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 394 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1677' xml:id='l2h-1677' class="function">killpg</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 395 | <td><var>pgid, sig</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 396 | <dd> |
| 397 | <a id='l2h-1711' xml:id='l2h-1711'></a> |
| 398 | Kill the process group <var>pgid</var> with the signal <var>sig</var>. |
| 399 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 400 | |
| 401 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> |
| 402 | |
| 403 | </dl> |
| 404 | |
| 405 | <P> |
| 406 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 407 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1678' xml:id='l2h-1678' class="function">nice</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 408 | <td><var>increment</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 409 | <dd> |
| 410 | Add <var>increment</var> to the process's ``niceness''. Return the new |
| 411 | niceness. |
| 412 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 413 | </dl> |
| 414 | |
| 415 | <P> |
| 416 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 417 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1679' xml:id='l2h-1679' class="function">plock</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 418 | <td><var>op</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 419 | <dd> |
| 420 | Lock program segments into memory. The value of <var>op</var> |
| 421 | (defined in <code><sys/lock.h></code>) determines which segments are locked. |
| 422 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 423 | </dl> |
| 424 | |
| 425 | <P> |
| 426 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 427 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">popen</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 428 | <td><var>...</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 429 | <dd> |
| 430 | <dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 431 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">popen2</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 432 | <td><var>...</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 433 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 434 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">popen3</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 435 | <td><var>...</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 436 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 437 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">popen4</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 438 | <td><var>...</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 439 | <dd>Run child processes, returning opened pipes for communications. These |
| 440 | functions are described in section <A href="os-newstreams.html#os-newstreams">6.1.2</A>. |
| 441 | </dl> |
| 442 | |
| 443 | <P> |
| 444 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 445 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1680' xml:id='l2h-1680' class="function">spawnl</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 446 | <td><var>mode, path, ...</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 447 | <dd> |
| 448 | <dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 449 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">spawnle</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 450 | <td><var>mode, path, ..., env</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 451 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 452 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">spawnlp</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 453 | <td><var>mode, file, ...</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 454 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 455 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">spawnlpe</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 456 | <td><var>mode, file, ..., env</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 457 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 458 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">spawnv</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 459 | <td><var>mode, path, args</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 460 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 461 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">spawnve</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 462 | <td><var>mode, path, args, env</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 463 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 464 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">spawnvp</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 465 | <td><var>mode, file, args</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 466 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 467 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">spawnvpe</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 468 | <td><var>mode, file, args, env</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 469 | <dd>Execute the program <var>path</var> in a new process. If <var>mode</var> is |
| 470 | <tt class="constant">P_NOWAIT</tt>, this function returns the process ID of the new |
| 471 | process; if <var>mode</var> is <tt class="constant">P_WAIT</tt>, returns the process's |
| 472 | exit code if it exits normally, or <code>-<var>signal</var></code>, where |
| 473 | <var>signal</var> is the signal that killed the process. On Windows, the |
| 474 | process ID will actually be the process handle, so can be used with |
| 475 | the <tt class="function">waitpid()</tt> function. |
| 476 | |
| 477 | <P> |
| 478 | The "<tt class="character">l</tt>" and "<tt class="character">v</tt>" variants of the |
| 479 | <tt class="function">spawn*()</tt> functions differ in how command-line arguments are |
| 480 | passed. The "<tt class="character">l</tt>" variants are perhaps the easiest to work |
| 481 | with if the number of parameters is fixed when the code is written; |
| 482 | the individual parameters simply become additional parameters to the |
| 483 | <tt class="function">spawnl*()</tt> functions. The "<tt class="character">v</tt>" variants are good |
| 484 | when the number of parameters is variable, with the arguments being |
| 485 | passed in a list or tuple as the <var>args</var> parameter. In either |
| 486 | case, the arguments to the child process must start with the name of |
| 487 | the command being run. |
| 488 | |
| 489 | <P> |
| 490 | The variants which include a second "<tt class="character">p</tt>" near the end |
| 491 | (<tt class="function">spawnlp()</tt>, <tt class="function">spawnlpe()</tt>, <tt class="function">spawnvp()</tt>, |
| 492 | and <tt class="function">spawnvpe()</tt>) will use the <a class="envvar" id='l2h-1712' xml:id='l2h-1712'>PATH</a> environment |
| 493 | variable to locate the program <var>file</var>. When the environment is |
| 494 | being replaced (using one of the <tt class="function">spawn*e()</tt> variants, |
| 495 | discussed in the next paragraph), the new environment is used as the |
| 496 | source of the <a class="envvar" id='l2h-1713' xml:id='l2h-1713'>PATH</a> variable. The other variants, |
| 497 | <tt class="function">spawnl()</tt>, <tt class="function">spawnle()</tt>, <tt class="function">spawnv()</tt>, and |
| 498 | <tt class="function">spawnve()</tt>, will not use the <a class="envvar" id='l2h-1714' xml:id='l2h-1714'>PATH</a> variable to |
| 499 | locate the executable; <var>path</var> must contain an appropriate absolute |
| 500 | or relative path. |
| 501 | |
| 502 | <P> |
| 503 | For <tt class="function">spawnle()</tt>, <tt class="function">spawnlpe()</tt>, <tt class="function">spawnve()</tt>, |
| 504 | and <tt class="function">spawnvpe()</tt> (note that these all end in "<tt class="character">e</tt>"), |
| 505 | the <var>env</var> parameter must be a mapping which is used to define the |
| 506 | environment variables for the new process; the <tt class="function">spawnl()</tt>, |
| 507 | <tt class="function">spawnlp()</tt>, <tt class="function">spawnv()</tt>, and <tt class="function">spawnvp()</tt> |
| 508 | all cause the new process to inherit the environment of the current |
| 509 | process. |
| 510 | |
| 511 | <P> |
| 512 | As an example, the following calls to <tt class="function">spawnlp()</tt> and |
| 513 | <tt class="function">spawnvpe()</tt> are equivalent: |
| 514 | |
| 515 | <P> |
| 516 | <div class="verbatim"><pre> |
| 517 | import os |
| 518 | os.spawnlp(os.P_WAIT, 'cp', 'cp', 'index.html', '/dev/null') |
| 519 | |
| 520 | L = ['cp', 'index.html', '/dev/null'] |
| 521 | os.spawnvpe(os.P_WAIT, 'cp', L, os.environ) |
| 522 | </pre></div> |
| 523 | |
| 524 | <P> |
| 525 | Availability: <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows. <tt class="function">spawnlp()</tt>, |
| 526 | <tt class="function">spawnlpe()</tt>, <tt class="function">spawnvp()</tt> and <tt class="function">spawnvpe()</tt> |
| 527 | are not available on Windows. |
| 528 | |
| 529 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 1.6.</span> |
| 530 | |
| 531 | </dl> |
| 532 | |
| 533 | <P> |
| 534 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1688' xml:id='l2h-1688'>P_NOWAIT</tt></b></dt> |
| 535 | <dd> |
| 536 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-1715' xml:id='l2h-1715'>P_NOWAITO</tt></b></dt><dd> |
| 537 | Possible values for the <var>mode</var> parameter to the <tt class="function">spawn*()</tt> |
| 538 | family of functions. If either of these values is given, the |
| 539 | <tt class="function">spawn*()</tt> functions will return as soon as the new process |
| 540 | has been created, with the process ID as the return value. |
| 541 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows. |
| 542 | |
| 543 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 1.6.</span> |
| 544 | |
| 545 | </dd></dl> |
| 546 | |
| 547 | <P> |
| 548 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1689' xml:id='l2h-1689'>P_WAIT</tt></b></dt> |
| 549 | <dd> |
| 550 | Possible value for the <var>mode</var> parameter to the <tt class="function">spawn*()</tt> |
| 551 | family of functions. If this is given as <var>mode</var>, the |
| 552 | <tt class="function">spawn*()</tt> functions will not return until the new process |
| 553 | has run to completion and will return the exit code of the process the |
| 554 | run is successful, or <code>-<var>signal</var></code> if a signal kills the |
| 555 | process. |
| 556 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows. |
| 557 | |
| 558 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 1.6.</span> |
| 559 | |
| 560 | </dd></dl> |
| 561 | |
| 562 | <P> |
| 563 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1690' xml:id='l2h-1690'>P_DETACH</tt></b></dt> |
| 564 | <dd> |
| 565 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-1716' xml:id='l2h-1716'>P_OVERLAY</tt></b></dt><dd> |
| 566 | Possible values for the <var>mode</var> parameter to the |
| 567 | <tt class="function">spawn*()</tt> family of functions. These are less portable than |
| 568 | those listed above. |
| 569 | <tt class="constant">P_DETACH</tt> is similar to <tt class="constant">P_NOWAIT</tt>, but the new |
| 570 | process is detached from the console of the calling process. |
| 571 | If <tt class="constant">P_OVERLAY</tt> is used, the current process will be replaced; |
| 572 | the <tt class="function">spawn*()</tt> function will not return. |
| 573 | Availability: Windows. |
| 574 | |
| 575 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 1.6.</span> |
| 576 | |
| 577 | </dd></dl> |
| 578 | |
| 579 | <P> |
| 580 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 581 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1691' xml:id='l2h-1691' class="function">startfile</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 582 | <td><var>path</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 583 | <dd> |
| 584 | Start a file with its associated application. This acts like |
| 585 | double-clicking the file in Windows Explorer, or giving the file name |
| 586 | as an argument to the <b class="program">start</b> command from the interactive |
| 587 | command shell: the file is opened with whatever application (if any) |
| 588 | its extension is associated. |
| 589 | |
| 590 | <P> |
| 591 | <tt class="function">startfile()</tt> returns as soon as the associated application |
| 592 | is launched. There is no option to wait for the application to close, |
| 593 | and no way to retrieve the application's exit status. The <var>path</var> |
| 594 | parameter is relative to the current directory. If you want to use an |
| 595 | absolute path, make sure the first character is not a slash |
| 596 | ("<tt class="character">/</tt>"); the underlying Win32 <tt class="cfunction">ShellExecute()</tt> |
| 597 | function doesn't work if it is. Use the <tt class="function">os.path.normpath()</tt> |
| 598 | function to ensure that the path is properly encoded for Win32. |
| 599 | Availability: Windows. |
| 600 | |
| 601 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.0.</span> |
| 602 | |
| 603 | </dl> |
| 604 | |
| 605 | <P> |
| 606 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 607 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1692' xml:id='l2h-1692' class="function">system</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 608 | <td><var>command</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 609 | <dd> |
| 610 | Execute the command (a string) in a subshell. This is implemented by |
| 611 | calling the Standard C function <tt class="cfunction">system()</tt>, and has the |
| 612 | same limitations. Changes to <code>posix.environ</code>, <code>sys.stdin</code>, |
| 613 | etc. are not reflected in the environment of the executed command. |
| 614 | |
| 615 | <P> |
| 616 | On <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, the return value is the exit status of the process encoded in the |
| 617 | format specified for <tt class="function">wait()</tt>. Note that POSIX does not |
| 618 | specify the meaning of the return value of the C <tt class="cfunction">system()</tt> |
| 619 | function, so the return value of the Python function is system-dependent. |
| 620 | |
| 621 | <P> |
| 622 | On Windows, the return value is that returned by the system shell after |
| 623 | running <var>command</var>, given by the Windows environment variable |
| 624 | <a class="envvar" id='l2h-1717' xml:id='l2h-1717'>COMSPEC</a>: on <b class="program">command.com</b> systems (Windows 95, 98 and ME) |
| 625 | this is always <code>0</code>; on <b class="program">cmd.exe</b> systems (Windows NT, 2000 |
| 626 | and XP) this is the exit status of the command run; on systems using |
| 627 | a non-native shell, consult your shell documentation. |
| 628 | |
| 629 | <P> |
| 630 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows. |
| 631 | </dl> |
| 632 | |
| 633 | <P> |
| 634 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 635 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1693' xml:id='l2h-1693' class="function">times</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 636 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 637 | <dd> |
| 638 | Return a 5-tuple of floating point numbers indicating accumulated |
| 639 | (processor or other) |
| 640 | times, in seconds. The items are: user time, system time, children's |
| 641 | user time, children's system time, and elapsed real time since a fixed |
| 642 | point in the past, in that order. See the <span class="Unix">Unix</span> manual page |
| 643 | <span class="manpage"><i>times</i>(2)</span> or the corresponding Windows Platform API |
| 644 | documentation. |
| 645 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows. |
| 646 | </dl> |
| 647 | |
| 648 | <P> |
| 649 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 650 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1694' xml:id='l2h-1694' class="function">wait</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 651 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 652 | <dd> |
| 653 | Wait for completion of a child process, and return a tuple containing |
| 654 | its pid and exit status indication: a 16-bit number, whose low byte is |
| 655 | the signal number that killed the process, and whose high byte is the |
| 656 | exit status (if the signal number is zero); the high bit of the low |
| 657 | byte is set if a core file was produced. |
| 658 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 659 | </dl> |
| 660 | |
| 661 | <P> |
| 662 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 663 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1695' xml:id='l2h-1695' class="function">waitpid</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 664 | <td><var>pid, options</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 665 | <dd> |
| 666 | The details of this function differ on <span class="Unix">Unix</span> and Windows. |
| 667 | |
| 668 | <P> |
| 669 | On <span class="Unix">Unix</span>: |
| 670 | Wait for completion of a child process given by process id <var>pid</var>, |
| 671 | and return a tuple containing its process id and exit status |
| 672 | indication (encoded as for <tt class="function">wait()</tt>). The semantics of the |
| 673 | call are affected by the value of the integer <var>options</var>, which |
| 674 | should be <code>0</code> for normal operation. |
| 675 | |
| 676 | <P> |
| 677 | If <var>pid</var> is greater than <code>0</code>, <tt class="function">waitpid()</tt> requests |
| 678 | status information for that specific process. If <var>pid</var> is |
| 679 | <code>0</code>, the request is for the status of any child in the process |
| 680 | group of the current process. If <var>pid</var> is <code>-1</code>, the request |
| 681 | pertains to any child of the current process. If <var>pid</var> is less |
| 682 | than <code>-1</code>, status is requested for any process in the process |
| 683 | group <code>-<var>pid</var></code> (the absolute value of <var>pid</var>). |
| 684 | |
| 685 | <P> |
| 686 | On Windows: |
| 687 | Wait for completion of a process given by process handle <var>pid</var>, |
| 688 | and return a tuple containing <var>pid</var>, |
| 689 | and its exit status shifted left by 8 bits (shifting makes cross-platform |
| 690 | use of the function easier). |
| 691 | A <var>pid</var> less than or equal to <code>0</code> has no special meaning on |
| 692 | Windows, and raises an exception. |
| 693 | The value of integer <var>options</var> has no effect. |
| 694 | <var>pid</var> can refer to any process whose id is known, not necessarily a |
| 695 | child process. |
| 696 | The <tt class="function">spawn()</tt> functions called with <tt class="constant">P_NOWAIT</tt> |
| 697 | return suitable process handles. |
| 698 | </dl> |
| 699 | |
| 700 | <P> |
| 701 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1696' xml:id='l2h-1696'>WNOHANG</tt></b></dt> |
| 702 | <dd> |
| 703 | The option for <tt class="function">waitpid()</tt> to return immediately if no child |
| 704 | process status is available immediately. The function returns |
| 705 | <code>(0, 0)</code> in this case. |
| 706 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 707 | </dd></dl> |
| 708 | |
| 709 | <P> |
| 710 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1697' xml:id='l2h-1697'>WCONTINUED</tt></b></dt> |
| 711 | <dd> |
| 712 | This option causes child processes to be reported if they have been |
| 713 | continued from a job control stop since their status was last |
| 714 | reported. |
| 715 | Availability: Some <span class="Unix">Unix</span> systems. |
| 716 | |
| 717 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> |
| 718 | |
| 719 | </dd></dl> |
| 720 | |
| 721 | <P> |
| 722 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1698' xml:id='l2h-1698'>WUNTRACED</tt></b></dt> |
| 723 | <dd> |
| 724 | This option causes child processes to be reported if they have been |
| 725 | stopped but their current state has not been reported since they were |
| 726 | stopped. |
| 727 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 728 | |
| 729 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> |
| 730 | |
| 731 | </dd></dl> |
| 732 | |
| 733 | <P> |
| 734 | The following functions take a process status code as returned by |
| 735 | <tt class="function">system()</tt>, <tt class="function">wait()</tt>, or <tt class="function">waitpid()</tt> as a |
| 736 | parameter. They may be used to determine the disposition of a |
| 737 | process. |
| 738 | |
| 739 | <P> |
| 740 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 741 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1699' xml:id='l2h-1699' class="function">WCOREDUMP</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 742 | <td><var>status</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 743 | <dd> |
| 744 | Returns <code>True</code> if a core dump was generated for the process, |
| 745 | otherwise it returns <code>False</code>. |
| 746 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 747 | |
| 748 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> |
| 749 | |
| 750 | </dl> |
| 751 | |
| 752 | <P> |
| 753 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 754 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1700' xml:id='l2h-1700' class="function">WIFCONTINUED</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 755 | <td><var>status</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 756 | <dd> |
| 757 | Returns <code>True</code> if the process has been continued from a job |
| 758 | control stop, otherwise it returns <code>False</code>. |
| 759 | Availability: <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 760 | |
| 761 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> |
| 762 | |
| 763 | </dl> |
| 764 | |
| 765 | <P> |
| 766 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 767 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1701' xml:id='l2h-1701' class="function">WIFSTOPPED</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 768 | <td><var>status</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 769 | <dd> |
| 770 | Returns <code>True</code> if the process has been stopped, otherwise it |
| 771 | returns <code>False</code>. |
| 772 | Availability: <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 773 | </dl> |
| 774 | |
| 775 | <P> |
| 776 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 777 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1702' xml:id='l2h-1702' class="function">WIFSIGNALED</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 778 | <td><var>status</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 779 | <dd> |
| 780 | Returns <code>True</code> if the process exited due to a signal, otherwise |
| 781 | it returns <code>False</code>. |
| 782 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 783 | </dl> |
| 784 | |
| 785 | <P> |
| 786 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 787 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1703' xml:id='l2h-1703' class="function">WIFEXITED</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 788 | <td><var>status</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 789 | <dd> |
| 790 | Returns <code>True</code> if the process exited using the <span class="manpage"><i>exit</i>(2)</span> |
| 791 | system call, otherwise it returns <code>False</code>. |
| 792 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 793 | </dl> |
| 794 | |
| 795 | <P> |
| 796 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 797 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1704' xml:id='l2h-1704' class="function">WEXITSTATUS</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 798 | <td><var>status</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 799 | <dd> |
| 800 | If <code>WIFEXITED(<var>status</var>)</code> is true, return the integer |
| 801 | parameter to the <span class="manpage"><i>exit</i>(2)</span> system call. Otherwise, the return |
| 802 | value is meaningless. |
| 803 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 804 | </dl> |
| 805 | |
| 806 | <P> |
| 807 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 808 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1705' xml:id='l2h-1705' class="function">WSTOPSIG</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 809 | <td><var>status</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 810 | <dd> |
| 811 | Return the signal which caused the process to stop. |
| 812 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 813 | </dl> |
| 814 | |
| 815 | <P> |
| 816 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 817 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1706' xml:id='l2h-1706' class="function">WTERMSIG</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 818 | <td><var>status</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 819 | <dd> |
| 820 | Return the signal which caused the process to exit. |
| 821 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. |
| 822 | </dl> |
| 823 | |
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