a.out (5) - assembler and link editor output abort (3) - generate a fault abs (3) - integer absolute value ac (1M) - login accounting access (2) - determine accessibility of file acct (2) - turn accounting on or off acct (5) - execution accounting file adb (1) - debugger adduser (8) - procedure for adding new users adventure (6) - an exploration game alarm (2) - schedule signal after specified time analyze (1M) - Virtual UNIX postmortem crash analyzer apl (1) - an apl interpreter apropos (1) - locate commands by keyword lookup ar (1) - archive and library maintainer ar (5) - archive (library) file format ar11 (1) - PDP-11 compatible archive and library maintainer arff (1M) - archiver for floppy arithmetic (6) - provide drill in number facts as (1) - assembler ascii (7) - map of ASCII character set assert (3X) - program verification at (1) - execute commands at a later time atof, atoi, atol (3) - convert ASCII to numbers awk (1) - pattern scanning and processing language backgammon (6) - the game banner (6) - print large banner on printer basename (1) - strip filename affixes bc (1) - arbitrary-precision arithmetic language bcd, ppt (6) - convert to antique media boot procedures (8) - UNIX startup brk, sbrk, break (2) - change core allocation cal (1) - print calendar calendar (1) - reminder service call (1C) - ring a telephone cat (1) - catenate and print cat (4) - phototypesetter interface cb (1) - C program beautifier cc (1) - C compiler ccat (1) - cat compressed files cd (1) - change working directory chdir (2) - change default directory chfn (1) - change full name of user ching, fortune (6) - the book of changes and other cookies chmod (1) - change mode chmod (2) - change mode of file chown (2) - change owner and group of a file chown, chgrp (1) - change owner or group chsh (1) - change default login shell clear (1) - clear terminal screen close (2) - close a file clri (1M) - clear i-node cmp (1) - compare two files col (1) - filter reverse line feeds colcrt (1) - filter nroff output for CRT previewing colrm (1) - remove columns from a file comm (1) - select or reject lines common to two sorted files compact (1) - compress files core (5) - format of memory image file cp (1) - copy crash (8) - what to do when the system crashes creat (2) - create a new file cron (8) - clock daemon crypt (1) - encode/decode crypt, setkey, encrypt (3) - DES encryption csh (1) - a shell (command interpreter) with C-like syntax ctags (1) - maintain a tags file for a C program ctime, localtime, gmtime, asctime, timezone (3) - convert date and time to ASCII cu (1C) - call UNIX cxref (1) - a simple C routine referencing program date (1) - print and set the date dbminit, fetch, store, delete, firstkey, nextkey (3X) - data base subroutines dc (1) - desk calculator dcheck (1M) - file system directory consistency check dd (1) - convert and copy a file ddate (1M) - print dump dates from the dump tables deroff (1) - remove nroff, troff, tbl and eqn constructs df (1M) - disk free diff (1) - differential file comparator diff3 (1) - 3-way differential file comparison diffdir (1) - diff directories dir (5) - format of directories dmesg (1M) - collect system diagnostic messages to form error log drum (4) - paging device du (1) - summarize disk usage dump (1M) - incremental file system dump dump, ddate (5) - incremental dump format dumpdir (1M) - print the names of files on a dump tape dup, dup2 (2) - duplicate an open file descriptor dz (4) - DZ-11 communications multiplexer echo (1) - echo arguments ecvt, fcvt, gcvt (3) - output conversion ed (1) - text editor edit (1) - text editor (variant of ex for casual users) end, etext, edata (3) - last locations in program environ (5) - user environment eqn, neqn, checkeq (1) - typeset mathematics eqnchar (7) - special character definitions for eqn ex (1) - text editor execl, execv, execle, execve, execlp, execvp, exec, exece, environ (2) - execute a file exit (2) - terminate process exp, log, log10, pow, sqrt (3M) - exponential, logarithm, power, square root expand (1) - expand tabs to spaces expr (1) - evaluate arguments as an expression f77 (1) - Fortran 77 compiler fabs, floor, ceil (3M) - absolute value, floor, ceiling functions fclose, fflush (3S) - close or flush a stream feof, ferror, clearerr, fileno (3S) - stream status inquiries file (1) - determine file type filsys, flblk, ino (5) - format of file system volume find (1) - find files finger (1) - user information lookup program flcopy (1M) - copy floppy disk fmt (1) - simple text formatter fold (1) - fold long lines for finite width output device fopen, freopen, fdopen (3S) - open a stream fork (2) - spawn new process fread, fwrite (3S) - buffered binary input/output frexp, ldexp, modf (3) - split into mantissa and exponent from (1) - who is my mail from? fseek, ftell, rewind (3S) - reposition a stream gamma (3M) - log gamma function getarg, iargc (3F) - command arguments to Fortran getc, getchar, fgetc, getw (3S) - get character or word from stream getenv (3) - value for environment name getgrent, getgrgid, getgrnam, setgrent, endgrent (3) - get group file entry getlogin (3) - get login name getpass (3) - read a password getpid (2) - get process identification getpw (3) - get name from UID getpwent, getpwuid, getpwnam, setpwent, endpwent (3) - get password file entry gets (1) - get a string from standard input gets, fgets (3S) - get a string from a stream getty.vm (8) - set terminal mode getuid, getgid, geteuid, getegid (2) - get user and group identity graph (1G) - draw a graph greek (7) - graphics for extended TTY-37 type-box grep, egrep, fgrep (1) - search a file for a pattern group (5) - group file hangman (6) - guess the word head (1) - give first few lines hier (7) - file system hierarchy hp (4) - RH-11/RP04, RP05, RP06, RM03 moving-head disk ht (4) - RH-11/TE-16 magtape interface hypot, cabs (3M) - euclidean distance icheck (1M) - file system storage consistency check indir, syscall (2) - indirect system call init.vm (8) - process control initialization intro (1) - introduction to commands intro (3) - introduction to library functions intro, errno (2) - introduction to system calls and error numbers ioctl, stty, gtty (2) - control device iostat (1M) - report I/O statistics isalpha, isupper, islower, isdigit, isalnum, isspace, ispunct, isprint, iscntrl, isascii (3) - character classification iul (1) - indicate underlining j0, j1, jn, y0, y1, yn (3M) - bessel functions join (1) - relational database operator kill (1) - terminate a process with extreme prejudice kill (2) - send signal to a process kl (4) - KL-11 or DL-11 asynchronous interface l3tol, ltol3 (3) - convert between 3-byte integers and long integers last (1) - indicate last logins of users and teletypes lastcomm (1) - show last commands executed in reverse order ld (1) - link editor learn (1) - computer aided instruction about UNIX leave (1) - remind you when you have to leave lex (1) - generator of lexical analysis programs link (2) - link to a file lint (1) - a C program verifier lisp (1) - lisp interpreter liszt (1) - compile a Franz Lisp program ln, lnall (1) - make links lock (1) - reserve a terminal login (1) - sign on look (1) - find lines in a sorted list lorder (1) - find ordering relation for an object library lp (4) - line printer lpq (1) - prints the line printer queue lpr (1) - line printer spooler lprm (1) - remove a file from the line printer queue ls (1) - list contents of directory lseek, tell (2) - move read/write pointer m4 (1) - macro processor mail (1) - send and receive mail mail (1) - send or receive mail among users make (1) - maintain program groups makekey (8) - generate encryption key makewhatis (1M) - remake the data base for the whatis and apropos commands malloc, free, realloc, calloc (3) - main memory allocator man (1) - run off section of UNIX manual man (7) - macros to typeset manual me (7) - macros for formatting papers mem, kmem (4) - main memory mesg (1) - permit or deny messages mkdir (1) - make a directory mkfs (1M) - construct a file system mknod (1M) - build special file mknod (2) - make a directory or a special file mkstr (1) - create an error message file by massaging C source mktemp (3) - make a unique file name monitor (3) - prepare execution profile more (1) - file perusal filter for crt viewing mount, umount (1M) - mount and dismount file system mount, umount (2) - mount or remove file system mpx (2) - create and manipulate multiplexed files mpxio (5) - multiplexed i/o ms (7) - macros for formatting manuscripts msgs (1) - system messages and junk mail program mtab (5) - mounted file system table mv (1) - move or rename files ncheck (1M) - generate names from i-numbers net (1) - execute a command on a remote machine netcp (1) - remote copy of files through the net netlog (1) - print the last few lines of the network log file netlpr (1) - use a remote lineprinter through the net netmail (1) - read mail on a remote machine over the network netq (1) - print contents of network queue netrm (1) - remove a command from the network queue nettroff (1) - troff to the phototypesetter over the network newgrp (1) - log in to a new group nice (2) - set program priority nice, nohup (1) - run a command at low priority (\fIsh\fR only) nlist (3) - get entries from name list nm (1) - print name list null (4) - data sink num (1) - number lines number (6) - convert Arabic numerals to English od (1) - octal dump open (2) - open for reading or writing passwd (1) - change login password passwd (5) - password file pause (2) - stop until signal perror, sys_errlist, sys_nerr (3) - system error messages pi (1) - Pascal interpreter code translator pipe (2) - create an interprocess channel pix (1) - Pascal interpreter and executor plot (1G) - graphics filters plot (5) - graphics interface plot: openpl et al. (3X) - graphics interface popen, pclose (3S) - initiate I/O to/from a process pr (1) - print file print (1) - pr to the line printer printenv (1) - print out the environment printf, fprintf, sprintf (3S) - formatted output conversion prmail (1) - print out mail in the post office prof (1) - display profile data profil (2) - execution time profile ps (1) - process status pstat (1M) - print system facts pti (1) - phototypesetter interpreter ptrace (2) - process trace ptx (1) - permuted index putc, putchar, fputc, putw (3S) - put character or word on a stream puts, fputs (3S) - put a string on a stream pwd (1) - working directory name px (1) - Pascal interpreter pxp (1) - Pascal execution profiler pxref (1) - Pascal cross-reference program qsort (3) - quicker sort quiz (6) - test your knowledge quot (1M) - summarize file system ownership rand, srand (3) - random number generator ratfor (1) - rational Fortran dialect read (2) - read from file refer, lookbib (1) - find and insert literature references in documents renice (1M) - alter priority of running process by changing nice reset (1) - reset the teletype bits to a sensible state restor (1M) - incremental file system restore rev (1) - reverse lines of a file rewind (1) - rewind tape drive rk (4) - RK-11/RK03 or RK05 disk rm, rmdir (1) - remove (unlink) files sa, accton (1M) - system accounting scanf, fscanf, sscanf (3S) - formatted input conversion script (1) - make typescript of terminal session sdb (1) - symbolic debugger sed (1) - stream editor see (1) - see what a file has in it setbuf (3S) - assign buffering to a stream setjmp, longjmp (3) - non-local goto setuid, setgid (2) - set user and group ID sh, for, case, if, while, \fB:\fP, \fB.\fP, break, continue, cd, eval, exec, exit, export, login, newgrp, read, readonly, set, shift, times, trap, umask, wait (1) - command language signal (2) - catch or ignore signals sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan, atan2 (3M) - trigonometric functions sinh, cosh, tanh (3M) - hyperbolic functions size (1) - size of an object file sleep (1) - suspend execution for an interval sleep (3) - suspend execution for interval soelim (1) - eliminate \&.so's from nroff input sort (1) - sort or merge files spell, spellin, spellout (1) - find spelling errors spice (1) - electronic circuit simulation program spline (1G) - interpolate smooth curve split (1) - split a file into pieces ssp (1) - limit to single spacing stat, fstat (2) - get file status stdio (3S) - standard buffered input/output package sticky (8) - executable files with persistent text stime (2) - set time strcat, strcatn, strcmp, strcmpn, strcpy, strcpyn, strlen, index, rindex (3) - string operations strings (1) - find the printable strings in a object, or other binary, file strip (1) - remove symbols and relocation bits struct (1) - structure Fortran programs stty (1) - set terminal options stty, gtty (2) - set and retrieve terminal modes su (1) - substitute user id temporarily sum (1) - sum and count blocks in a file swab (3) - swap bytes symorder (1) - rearrange name list sync (1M) - update the super block sync (2) - update super-block sysgen (8) - UNIX system generation from the distribution tape system (3) - issue a shell command tabs (1) - set terminal tabs tail (1) - deliver the last part of a file tar (1) - tape archiver tbl (1) - format tables for nroff or troff tc (1) - photypesetter simulator tee (1) - pipe fitting termcap (5) - terminal capability data base terminals (7) - conventional names test (1) - condition command tgetent, tgetnum, tgetflag, tgetstr, tgoto, tputs (3) - terminal independent operation routines time (1) - time a command time, ftime (2) - get date and time times (2) - get process times tk (1) - paginator for the Tektronix 4014 touch (1) - update date last modified of a file tp (1) - manipulate tape archive tp (5) - DEC/mag tape formats tr (1) - translate characters tra (1) - copy out a file as it grows trman (1) - translate version 6 manual macros to version 7 macros troff, nroff (1) - text formatting and typesetting true, false (1) - provide truth values tset (1) - set terminal modes tsort (1) - topological sort tty (1) - get terminal name tty (4) - general terminal interface ttyname, isatty, ttyslot (3) - find name of a terminal ttys (5) - terminal initialization data ttytype (5) - data base of terminal types by port types (5) - primitive system data types ul (1) - do underlining umask (2) - set file creation mode mask uncompact (1) - uncompress files ungetc (3S) - push character back into input stream uniq (1) - report repeated lines in a file units (1) - conversion program unlink (2) - remove directory entry update (8) - periodically update the super block uptime (1) - show how long system has been up users (1) - compact list of users who are on the system utime (2) - set file times utmp, wtmp (5) - login records uucp, uulog (1C) - unix to unix copy uudiff (1C) - directory comparison between machines uux (1C) - unix to unix command execution valloc, vfree (3) - aligned memory allocator vfont (5) - font formats for the Versatec vfork (2) - spawn new process in a virtual memory efficient way vgrind (1) - grind nice listings of C programs for the versatec vi (1) - screen oriented (visual) display editor based on ex vmstat (1) - report virtual memory statistics vp (4) - Versatec interface vpac (1M) - print Versatec accounting information vpq (1) - prints the line printer queue vpr (1) - Versatec printer/plotter spooler vprint (1) - pr to the Versatec vprm (1) - remove a file from the Versatec queue vread (2) - read virtually vtroff (1) - troff to the Versatec vwrite (2) - write (virtually) to file w (1) - who is on and what they are doing wait (1) - await completion of process wait (2) - wait for process to terminate wall (1M) - write to all users wc (1) - word count whatis (1) - describe what a command is whereis (1) - locate source, binary, and or manual for program which (1) - locate a program file including aliases and paths (\fIcsh\fR only) who (1) - who is on the system whoami (1) - print effective current user id write (1) - write to another user write (2) - write on a file wtmp (5) - user login history wump (6) - the game of hunt-the-wumpus xsend, xget, enroll (1) - secret mail xstr (1) - extract strings from C programs to implement shared strings yacc (1) - yet another compiler-compiler