From 410c1f414e9cbf22c58d754e82d2764113f1bfe3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Keith Bostic Date: Wed, 23 Nov 1988 00:51:33 -0800 Subject: [PATCH] (no message) SCCS-vsn: usr.bin/more/more.1 5.5 --- usr/src/usr.bin/more/more.1 | 566 +++++++----------------------------- 1 file changed, 110 insertions(+), 456 deletions(-) diff --git a/usr/src/usr.bin/more/more.1 b/usr/src/usr.bin/more/more.1 index f0c2615f65..cdb5b2c86c 100644 --- a/usr/src/usr.bin/more/more.1 +++ b/usr/src/usr.bin/more/more.1 @@ -16,66 +16,104 @@ .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED .\" WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. .\" -.\" @(#)more.1 5.4 (Berkeley) %G% +.\" @(#)more.1 5.5 (Berkeley) %G% .\" -.TH LESS 1 +.TH MORE 1 .SH NAME -less \- opposite of more +more \- file perusal filter for crt viewing .SH SYNOPSIS -.B "less [-[+]aABcCdeEimMnqQuUsw] [-b\fIN\fB] [-h\fIN\fB] [-x\fIN\fB] [-[z]\fIN\fB]" -.br -.B " [-P[mM=]\fIstring\fB] [+\fIcmd\fB]" -.br -.B " [-t\fItag\fB] [\fIfilename\fB]..." +.B "more [-ceinpus] [-t tag] [-x tabs] [-/ pattern] [-#] [file ...]" .SH DESCRIPTION -.I Less -is a program similar to +.I More +is a filter for paging through text one screenful at a time. It +uses +.IR termcap (3) +so it can run on a variety of terminals. There is even limited support +for hardcopy terminals. (On a hardcopy terminal, lines which should be +printed at the top of the screen are prefixed with an up-arrow.) +.I File +may be a single dash (``-''), implying stdin. +.SH OPTIONS +Command line options are described below. +Options are also taken from the environment variable "MORE" +(make sure to precede them with a dash (``-'')) but command +line options will override them. +.IP -c +Normally, .I more -(1), but which allows backwards movement -in the file as well as forward movement. -Also, -.I less -does not have to read the entire input file before starting, -so with large input files it starts up faster than text editors like -.I vi -(1). -.I Less -uses termcap (or terminfo on some systems), -so it can run on a variety of terminals. -There is even limited support for hardcopy terminals. -(On a hardcopy terminal, lines which should be printed at the top -of the screen are prefixed with an up-arrow.) -.PP -Commands are based on both +will repaint the screen by scrolling from the bottom of the screen. +If the -c option is set, when +.I more +needs to change the entire display, it will paint from the top line down. +.IP -e +Normally .I more -and -.I vi. -Commands may be preceeded by a decimal number, -called N in the descriptions below. -The number is used by some commands, as indicated. - +exits as soon as it reaches end-of-file. The -e option tells more to +exit the second time it reaches end-of-file. +.IP -i +The -i option causes searches to ignore case; that is, +uppercase and lowercase are considered identical. +.IP -n +The -n flag suppresses line numbers. +The default (to use line numbers) may cause +.I more +to run more slowly in some cases, especially with a very large input file. +Suppressing line numbers with the -n flag will avoid this problem. +Using line numbers means: the line number will be displayed in the += command, and the v command will pass the current line number to the editor. +.IP -p +The -p option gives you a colon (``:'') for a prompt, rather than +the more verbose traditional prompt. +.IP -s +The -s option causes +consecutive blank lines to be squeezed into a single blank line. +.IP -t +The -t option, followed immediately by a tag, will edit the file +containing that tag. For more information, see the +.IR ctags (1) +command. +.IP -u +If the -u option is given, backspaces are always printed as the two +character sequence ``^H''; otherwise, backspaces which appear adjacent +to an underscore character are treated specially: the underlined text +is displayed using the terminal's hardware underlining capability. +Also, backspaces which appear between two identical characters are +treated specially: the overstruck text is printed using the terminal's +hardware boldface capability. +.IP -x +The -x option sets tab stops every +.I N +positions. The default for +.I N +is 8. +.IP -/ +The -/ option specifies a string that will be searched for before +each file is displayed. .SH COMMANDS +Interactive commands for +.I more +are based on +.IR vi (1). +Some commands may be preceeded by a decimal number, called N in the +descriptions below. In the following descriptions, ^X means control-X. -ESC stands for the ESCAPE key; for example ESC-v means the -two character sequence "ESCAPE", then "v". -.IP H -Help: display a summary of these commands. +.IP h +help: display a summary of these commands. If you forget all the other commands, remember this one. .PP -.IP "SPACE or f or ^F or ^V" -Scroll forward N lines, default one window (see option -z below). +.IP "SPACE or f or ^F" +Scroll forward N lines, default one window. If N is more than the screen size, only the final screenful is displayed. -Warning: some systems use ^V as a special literalization character. .PP -.IP "b or ^B or ESC-v" +.IP "b or ^B" Scroll backward N lines, default one window (see option -z below). If N is more than the screen size, only the final screenful is displayed. .PP -.IP "RETURN or ^N or e or ^E or j or ^J" +.IP "j or RETURN" Scroll forward N lines, default 1. The entire N lines are displayed, even if N is more than the screen size. .PP -.IP "y or ^Y or ^P or k or ^K" +.IP "k" Scroll backward N lines, default 1. The entire N lines are displayed, even if N is more than the screen size. Warning: some systems use ^Y as a special job control character. @@ -90,30 +128,25 @@ Scroll backward N lines, default one half of the screen size. If N is specified, it becomes the new default for subsequent d and u commands. .PP -.IP "r or ^R or ^L" -Repaint the screen. -.PP -.IP R -Repaint the screen, discarding any buffered input. -Useful if the file is changing while it is being viewed. -.PP -.IP "g or < or ESC-<" +.IP "g" Go to line N in the file, default 1 (beginning of file). -(Warning: this may be slow if N is large.) .PP -.IP "G or > or ESC->" +.IP "G" Go to line N in the file, default the end of the file. -(Warning: this may be slow if N is large, -or if N is not specified and -standard input, rather than a file, is being read.) .PP .IP "p or %" -Go to a position N percent into the file. -N should be between 0 and 100. -(This works if standard input is being read, but only if -.I less -has already read to the end of the file. -It is always fast, but not always useful.) +Go to a position N percent into the file. N should be between 0 +and 100. (This works if standard input is being read, but only if +.I more +has already read to the end of the file. It is always fast, but +not always useful.) +.PP +.IP "r or ^L" +Repaint the screen. +.PP +.IP "R" +Repaint the screen, discarding any buffered input. +Useful if the file is changing while it is being viewed. .PP .IP m Followed by any lowercase letter, @@ -127,16 +160,12 @@ Followed by another single quote, returns to the postion at which the last "large" movement command was executed. All marks are lost when a new file is examined. .PP -.IP "^X^X" -Same as single quote. -.PP .IP /pattern Search forward in the file for the N-th line containing the pattern. N defaults to 1. The pattern is a regular expression, as recognized by .I ed. -The search starts at the second line displayed -(but see the -a option, which changes this). +The search starts at the second line displayed. .PP .IP ?pattern Search backward in the file for the N-th line containing the pattern. @@ -162,10 +191,6 @@ below) from the list of files in the command line is re-examined. If the filename is a pound sign (#), the previously examined file is re-examined. .PP -.IP "^X^V or :e" -Same as E. -Warning: some systems use ^V as a special literalization character. -.PP .IP "N or :n" Examine the next file (from the list of files given in the command line). If a number N is specified (not to be confused with the command N), @@ -175,397 +200,26 @@ the N-th next file is examined. Examine the previous file. If a number N is specified, the N-th previous file is examined. .PP -.IP "= or ^G" -Prints some information about the file being viewed, -including its name -and the line number and byte offset of the bottom line being displayed. -If possible, it also prints the length of the file -and the percent of the file above the last displayed line. -.PP -.IP \- -Followed by one of the command line option letters (see below), -this will change the setting of that option -and print a message describing the new setting. -If the option letter has a numeric value (such as -b or -h), -or a string value (such as -P or -t), -a new value may be entered after the option letter. -.PP -.IP \_ -(Underscore.) -Followed by one of the command line option letters (see below), -this will print a message describing the current setting of that option. -The setting of the option is not changed. -.PP -.IP +cmd -Causes the specified cmd to be executed each time a new file is examined. -For example, +G causes -.I less -to initially display each file starting at the end -rather than the beginning. -.PP -.IP V -Prints the version number of -.I less -being run. -.PP -.IP "q or :q or ZZ" -Exits -.I less. +.IP ":t" +Go to supplied tag. .PP .IP v Invokes an editor to edit the current file being viewed. The editor is taken from the environment variable EDITOR, -or defaults to "vi". +or defaults to +.IR vi (1). .PP -.SH OPTIONS -Command line options are described below. -Most options may be changed while -.I less -is running, via the "\-" command. +.IP "= or ^G" +These options print out the number of the file currently being displayed +relative to the total number of files there are to display, the line +number, the byte number, and what percentage of the file has been displayed +if possible. All of these are for the bottom line on the screen. .PP -Options are also taken from the environment variable "LESS". -For example, -to avoid typing "less -options ..." each time -.I less -is invoked, you might tell -.I csh: -.sp -setenv LESS "-options" -.sp -or if you use -.I sh: -.sp -LESS="-options"; export LESS -.sp -The environment variable is parsed before the command line, -so command line options override the LESS environment variable. -If an option appears in the LESS variable, it can be reset -to its default on the command line by beginning the command -line option with "-+". -.sp -A dollar sign ($) may be used to signal the end of an option string. -This is important only for options like -P which take a -following string. -.IP -a -Normally, forward searches start just after -the top displayed line (that is, at the second displayed line). -Thus, forward searches include the currently displayed screen. -The -a option causes forward searches to start -just after the bottom line displayed, -thus skipping the currently displayed screen. -.IP -A -The -A option causes searches to start at the second SCREEN line -displayed, as opposed to the default which is to start at the second -REAL line displayed. -For example, suppose a long real line occupies the first three screen lines. -The default search will start at the second real line (the fourth -screen line), while the -A option -will cause the search to start at the second screen line (in the -midst of the first real line). -(This option is rarely useful.) -.IP -b -The -b\fIn\fR option tells -.I less -to use a non-standard number of buffers. -Buffers are 1K, and normally 10 buffers are used -(except if data in coming from standard input; see the -B option). -The number \fIn\fR specifies a different number of buffers to use. -.IP -B -Normally, when data is coming from standard input, -buffers are allocated automatically as needed, to avoid loss of data. -The -B option disables this feature, so that only the default number -of buffers are used. -If more data is read than will fit in the buffers, the oldest -data is discarded. -.IP -c -Normally, -.I less -will repaint the screen by scrolling from the bottom of the screen. -If the -c option is set, when -.I less -needs to change the entire display, it will paint from the top line down. -.IP -C -The -C option is like -c, but the screen is cleared before it is repainted. -.IP -d -Normally, -.I less -will complain if the terminal is dumb; that is, lacks some important capability, -such as the ability to clear the screen or scroll backwards. -The -d option suppresses this complaint -(but does not otherwise change the behavior of the program on a dumb terminal). -.IP -e -Normally the only way to exit less is via the "q" command. -The -e option tells less to automatically exit -the second time it reaches end-of-file. -.IP -E -The -E flag causes less to exit the first time it reaches end-of-file. -.IP -h -Normally, -.I less -will scroll backwards when backwards movement is necessary. -The -h option specifies a maximum number of lines to scroll backwards. -If it is necessary to move backwards more than this many lines, -the screen is repainted in a forward direction. -(If the terminal does not have the ability to scroll -backwards, -h0 is implied.) -.IP -i -The -i option causes searches to ignore case; that is, -uppercase and lowercase are considered identical. -Also, text which is overstruck or underlined can be searched for. -.IP -m -Normally, -.I less -prompts with a colon. -The -m option causes -.I less -to prompt verbosely (like -.I more), -with the percent into the file. -.IP -M -The -M option causes -.I less -to prompt even more verbosely than -.I more. -.IP -n -The -n flag suppresses line numbers. -The default (to use line numbers) may cause -.I less -to run more slowly in some cases, especially with a very large input file. -Suppressing line numbers with the -n flag will avoid this problem. -Using line numbers means: the line number will be displayed in the verbose -prompt and in the = command, -and the v command will pass the current line number to the editor. -.IP -P -The -P option provides a way to tailor the three prompt -styles to your own preference. -You would normally put this option in your LESS environment -variable, rather than type it in with each less command. -Such an option must either be the last option in the LESS variable, -or be terminated by a dollar sign. --P followed by a string changes the default (short) prompt to that string. --Pm changes the medium (-m) prompt to the string, and --PM changes the long (-M) prompt. -Also, -P= changes the message printed by the = command to the given string. -All prompt strings consist of a sequence of -letters and special escape sequences. -See the section on PROMPTS for more details. -.IP -q -Normally, if an attempt is made to scroll past the end of the file -or before the beginning of the file, the terminal bell is rung to -indicate this fact. -The -q option tells -.I less -not to ring the bell at such times. -If the terminal has a "visual bell", it is used instead. -.IP -Q -Even if -q is given, -.I less -will ring the bell on certain other errors, -such as typing an invalid character. -The -Q option tells -.I less -to be quiet all the time; that is, never ring the terminal bell. -If the terminal has a "visual bell", it is used instead. -.IP -s -The -s option causes -consecutive blank lines to be squeezed into a single blank line. -This is useful when viewing -.I nroff -output. -.IP -t -The -t option, followed immediately by a TAG, -will edit the file containing that tag. -For this to work, there must be a file called "tags" in the -current directory, which was previously built by the -.I ctags -(1) command. -This option may also be specified from within less -(using the \- command) as a way of examining a new file. -.IP -u -If the -u option is given, -backspaces are treated as printable characters; -that is, they are sent to the terminal when they appear in the input. -.IP -U -If the -U option is given, -backspaces are printed as the two character sequence "^H". -.sp -If neither -u nor -U is given, -backspaces which appear adjacent to an underscore character -are treated specially: -the underlined text is displayed -using the terminal's hardware underlining capability. -Also, backspaces which appear between two identical characters -are treated specially: -the overstruck text is printed -using the terminal's hardware boldface capability. -Other backspaces are deleted, along with the preceeding character. -.IP -w -Normally, -.I less -uses a tilde character to represent lines past the end of the file. -The -w option causes blank lines to be used instead. -.IP -x -The -x\fIn\fR option sets tab stops every \fIn\fR positions. -The default for \fIn\fR is 8. -.IP -[z] -When given a backwards or forwards window command, -.I less -will by -default scroll backwards or forwards one screenful of lines. -The -z\fIn\fR option changes the default scrolling window size -to \fIn\fR lines. -Note that the "z" is optional for compatibility with +.IP "q or :q or ZZ" +Exits .I more. -.IP + -If a command line option begins with \fB+\fR, -the remainder of that option is taken to be an initial command to -.I less. -For example, +G tells -.I less -to start at the end of the file rather than the beginning, -and +/xyz tells it to start at the first occurence of "xyz" in the file. -As a special case, + acts like +g; -that is, it starts the display at the specified line number -(however, see the caveat under the "g" command above). -If the option starts with \fB++\fR, the initial command applies to -every file being viewed, not just the first one. -The + command described previously -may also be used to set (or change) an initial command for every file. - -.SH "PROMPTS" -The -P option allows you to tailor the prompt to your preference. -The string given to the -P option replaces the specified prompt string. -Certain characters in the string are interpreted specially. -The prompt mechanism is rather complicated to provide flexibility, -but the ordinary user need not understand the details of constructing -personalized prompt strings. -.sp -A percent sign followed by a single character is expanded -according to what the following character is: -.IP "%bX" -Replaced by the byte offset into the current input file. -The b is followed by a single character (shown as X above) -which specifies the line whose byte offset is to be used. -If the character is a "t", the byte offset of the top line in the -display is used, -an "m" means use the middle line, -a "b" means use the bottom line, -and a "B" means use the line just after the bottom line. -.IP "%f" -Replaced by the name of the current input file. -.IP "%i" -Replaced by the index of the current file in the list of -input files. -.IP "%lX" -Replaced by the line number of a line in the input file. -The line to be used is determined by the X, as with the %b option. -.IP "%m" -Replaced by the total number of input files. -.IP "%pX" -Replaced by the percent into the current input file. -The line used is determined by the X as with the %b option. -.IP "%s" -Replaced by the size of the current input file. -.IP "%t" -Causes any trailing spaces to be removed. -Usually used at the end of the string, but may appear anywhere. -.IP "%x" -Replaced by the name of the next input file in the list. -.PP -If any item is unknown (for example, the file size if input -is a pipe), a question mark is printed instead. -.PP -The format of the prompt string can be changed -depending on certain conditions. -A question mark followed by a single character acts like an "IF": -depending on the following character, a condition is evaluated. -If the condition is true, any characters following the question mark -and condition character, up to a period, are included in the prompt. -If the condition is false, such characters are not included. -A colon appearing between the question mark and the -period can be used to establish an "ELSE": any characters between -the colon and the period are included in the string if and only if -the IF condition is false. -Condition characters (which follow a question mark) may be: -.IP "?a" -True if any characters have been included in the prompt so far. -.IP "?bX" -True if the byte offset of the specified line is known. -.IP "?e" -True if at end-of-file. -.IP "?f" -True if there is an input filename -(that is, if input is not a pipe). -.IP "?lX" -True if the line number of the specified line is known. -.IP "?m" -True if there is more than one input file. -.IP "?n" -True if this is the first prompt in a new input file. -.IP "?pX" -True if the percent into the current input file -of the specified line is known. -.IP "?s" -True if the size of current input file is known. -.IP "?x" -True if there is a next input file -(that is, if the current input file is not the last one). -.PP -Any characters other than the special ones -(question mark, colon, period, percent, and backslash) -become literally part of the prompt. -Any of the special characters may be included in the prompt literally -by preceeding it with a backslash. -.PP -Some examples: -.sp -?f%f:Standard input. -.sp -This prompt prints the filename, if known; -otherwise the string "Standard input". -.sp -?f%f .?ltLine %lt:?pt%pt\%:?btByte %bt:-... -.sp -This prompt would print the filename, if known. -The filename is followed by the line number, if known, -otherwise the percent if known, otherwise the byte offset if known. -Otherwise, a dash is printed. -Notice how each question mark has a matching period, -and how the % after the %pt -is included literally by escaping it with a backslash. -.sp -?n?f%f\ .?m(file\ %i\ of\ %m)\ ..?e(END)\ ?x-\ Next\\:\ %x..%t -.sp -This prints the filename if this is the first prompt in a file, -followed by the "file N of N" message if there is more -than one input file. -Then, if we are at end-of-file, the string "(END)" is printed -followed by the name of the next file, if there is one. -Finally, any trailing spaces are truncated. -This is the default prompt. -For reference, here are the defaults for -the other two prompts (-m and -M respectively). -Each is broken into two lines here for readability only. -.nf -.sp -?n?f%f\ .?m(file\ %i\ of\ %m)\ ..?e(END)\ ?x-\ Next\\:\ %x.: - ?pB%pB\\%:byte\ %bB?s/%s...%t -.sp -?f%f\ .?n?m(file\ %i\ of\ %m)\ ..?ltline\ %lt\ :byte\ %bB?s/%s\ .. - ?e(END)\ ?x-\ Next\\:\ %x.:?pB%pB\\%..%t -.sp -.fi -And here is the default message produced by the = command: -.nf -.sp -?f%f\ .?m(file\ %i\ of\ %m)\ .?ltline\ %lt\ . - byte\ %bB?s/%s.\ ?e(END)\ :?pB%pB\\%..%t -.fi - +.SH "SEE ALSO +ctags(1), vi(1) .SH AUTHOR -This software is derived from software contributed by Mark Nudleman. - -.SH WARNINGS -The = command and prompts (unless changed by -P) -report the line number of the line at the top of the screen, -but the byte and percent of the line at the bottom of the screen. +This software is derived from software contributed to Berkeley +by Mark Nudleman. -- 2.20.1