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Initial commit of OpenSPARC T2 design and verification files.
[OpenSPARC-T2-DV] / tools / perl-5.8.0 / man / man1 / perlebcdic.1
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129.\" ========================================================================
130.\"
131.IX Title "PERLEBCDIC 1"
132.TH PERLEBCDIC 1 "2002-06-08" "perl v5.8.0" "Perl Programmers Reference Guide"
133.SH "NAME"
134perlebcdic \- Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms
135.SH "DESCRIPTION"
136.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
137An exploration of some of the issues facing Perl programmers
138on \s-1EBCDIC\s0 based computers. We do not cover localization,
139internationalization, or multi byte character set issues other
140than some discussion of \s-1UTF\-8\s0 and \s-1UTF\-EBCDIC\s0.
141.PP
142Portions that are still incomplete are marked with \s-1XXX\s0.
143.SH "COMMON CHARACTER CODE SETS"
144.IX Header "COMMON CHARACTER CODE SETS"
145.Sh "\s-1ASCII\s0"
146.IX Subsection "ASCII"
147The American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a set of
148integers running from 0 to 127 (decimal) that imply character
149interpretation by the display and other system(s) of computers.
150The range 0..127 can be covered by setting the bits in a 7\-bit binary
151digit, hence the set is sometimes referred to as a \*(L"7\-bit \s-1ASCII\s0\*(R".
152\&\s-1ASCII\s0 was described by the American National Standards Institute
153document \s-1ANSI\s0 X3.4\-1986. It was also described by \s-1ISO\s0 646:1991
154(with localization for currency symbols). The full \s-1ASCII\s0 set is
155given in the table below as the first 128 elements. Languages that
156can be written adequately with the characters in \s-1ASCII\s0 include
157English, Hawaiian, Indonesian, Swahili and some Native American
158languages.
159.PP
160There are many character sets that extend the range of integers
161from 0..2**7\-1 up to 2**8\-1, or 8 bit bytes (octets if you prefer).
162One common one is the \s-1ISO\s0 8859\-1 character set.
163.Sh "\s-1ISO\s0 8859"
164.IX Subsection "ISO 8859"
165The \s-1ISO\s0 8859\-$n are a collection of character code sets from the
166International Organization for Standardization (\s-1ISO\s0) each of which
167adds characters to the \s-1ASCII\s0 set that are typically found in European
168languages many of which are based on the Roman, or Latin, alphabet.
169.Sh "Latin 1 (\s-1ISO\s0 8859\-1)"
170.IX Subsection "Latin 1 (ISO 8859-1)"
171A particular 8\-bit extension to \s-1ASCII\s0 that includes grave and acute
172accented Latin characters. Languages that can employ \s-1ISO\s0 8859\-1
173include all the languages covered by \s-1ASCII\s0 as well as Afrikaans,
174Albanian, Basque, Catalan, Danish, Faroese, Finnish, Norwegian,
175Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish. Dutch is covered albeit without
176the ij ligature. French is covered too but without the oe ligature.
177German can use \s-1ISO\s0 8859\-1 but must do so without German-style
178quotation marks. This set is based on Western European extensions
179to \s-1ASCII\s0 and is commonly encountered in world wide web work.
180In \s-1IBM\s0 character code set identification terminology \s-1ISO\s0 8859\-1 is
181also known as \s-1CCSID\s0 819 (or sometimes 0819 or even 00819).
182.Sh "\s-1EBCDIC\s0"
183.IX Subsection "EBCDIC"
184The Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code refers to a
185large collection of slightly different single and multi byte
186coded character sets that are different from \s-1ASCII\s0 or \s-1ISO\s0 8859\-1
187and typically run on host computers. The \s-1EBCDIC\s0 encodings derive
188from 8 bit byte extensions of Hollerith punched card encodings.
189The layout on the cards was such that high bits were set for the
190upper and lower case alphabet characters [a\-z] and [A\-Z], but there
191were gaps within each latin alphabet range.
192.PP
193Some \s-1IBM\s0 \s-1EBCDIC\s0 character sets may be known by character code set
194identification numbers (\s-1CCSID\s0 numbers) or code page numbers. Leading
195zero digits in \s-1CCSID\s0 numbers within this document are insignificant.
196E.g. \s-1CCSID\s0 0037 may be referred to as 37 in places.
197.Sh "13 variant characters"
198.IX Subsection "13 variant characters"
199Among \s-1IBM\s0 \s-1EBCDIC\s0 character code sets there are 13 characters that
200are often mapped to different integer values. Those characters
201are known as the 13 \*(L"variant\*(R" characters and are:
202.PP
203.Vb 1
204\& \e [ ] { } ^ ~ ! # | $ @ `
205.Ve
206.Sh "0037"
207.IX Subsection "0037"
208Character code set \s-1ID\s0 0037 is a mapping of the \s-1ASCII\s0 plus Latin\-1
209characters (i.e. \s-1ISO\s0 8859\-1) to an \s-1EBCDIC\s0 set. 0037 is used
210in North American English locales on the \s-1OS/400\s0 operating system
211that runs on \s-1AS/400\s0 computers. \s-1CCSID\s0 37 differs from \s-1ISO\s0 8859\-1
212in 237 places, in other words they agree on only 19 code point values.
213.Sh "1047"
214.IX Subsection "1047"
215Character code set \s-1ID\s0 1047 is also a mapping of the \s-1ASCII\s0 plus
216Latin\-1 characters (i.e. \s-1ISO\s0 8859\-1) to an \s-1EBCDIC\s0 set. 1047 is
217used under Unix System Services for \s-1OS/390\s0 or z/OS, and OpenEdition
218for \s-1VM/ESA\s0. \s-1CCSID\s0 1047 differs from \s-1CCSID\s0 0037 in eight places.
219.Sh "POSIX-BC"
220.IX Subsection "POSIX-BC"
221The \s-1EBCDIC\s0 code page in use on Siemens' \s-1BS2000\s0 system is distinct from
2221047 and 0037. It is identified below as the POSIX-BC set.
223.Sh "Unicode code points versus \s-1EBCDIC\s0 code points"
224.IX Subsection "Unicode code points versus EBCDIC code points"
225In Unicode terminology a \fIcode point\fR is the number assigned to a
226character: for example, in \s-1EBCDIC\s0 the character \*(L"A\*(R" is usually assigned
227the number 193. In Unicode the character \*(L"A\*(R" is assigned the number 65.
228This causes a problem with the semantics of the pack/unpack \*(L"U\*(R", which
229are supposed to pack Unicode code points to characters and back to numbers.
230The problem is: which code points to use for code points less than 256?
231(for 256 and over there's no problem: Unicode code points are used)
232In \s-1EBCDIC\s0, for the low 256 the \s-1EBCDIC\s0 code points are used. This
233means that the equivalences
234.PP
235.Vb 2
236\& pack("U", ord($character)) eq $character
237\& unpack("U", $character) == ord $character
238.Ve
239.PP
240will hold. (If Unicode code points were applied consistently over
241all the possible code points, pack(\*(L"U\*(R",ord(\*(L"A\*(R")) would in \s-1EBCDIC\s0
242equal \fIA with acute\fR or chr(101), and unpack(\*(L"U\*(R", \*(L"A\*(R") would equal
24365, or \fInon-breaking space\fR, not 193, or ord \*(L"A\*(R".)
244.Sh "Remaining Perl Unicode problems in \s-1EBCDIC\s0"
245.IX Subsection "Remaining Perl Unicode problems in EBCDIC"
246.IP "\(bu" 4
247Many of the remaining seem to be related to case-insensitive matching:
248for example, \f(CW\*(C`/[\ex{131}]/\*(C'\fR (\s-1LATIN\s0 \s-1SMALL\s0 \s-1LETTER\s0 \s-1DOTLESS\s0 I) does
249not match \*(L"I\*(R" case\-insensitively, as it should under Unicode.
250(The match succeeds in ASCII-derived platforms.)
251.IP "\(bu" 4
252The extensions Unicode::Collate and Unicode::Normalized are not
253supported under \s-1EBCDIC\s0, likewise for the encoding pragma.
254.Sh "Unicode and \s-1UTF\s0"
255.IX Subsection "Unicode and UTF"
256\&\s-1UTF\s0 is a Unicode Transformation Format. \s-1UTF\-8\s0 is a Unicode conforming
257representation of the Unicode standard that looks very much like \s-1ASCII\s0.
258UTF-EBCDIC is an attempt to represent Unicode characters in an \s-1EBCDIC\s0
259transparent manner.
260.Sh "Using Encode"
261.IX Subsection "Using Encode"
262Starting from Perl 5.8 you can use the standard new module Encode
263to translate from \s-1EBCDIC\s0 to Latin\-1 code points
264.PP
265.Vb 1
266\& use Encode 'from_to';
267.Ve
268.PP
269.Vb 1
270\& my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' );
271.Ve
272.PP
273.Vb 3
274\& # $a is in EBCDIC code points
275\& from_to($a, $ebcdic{ord '^'}, 'latin1');
276\& # $a is ISO 8859-1 code points
277.Ve
278.PP
279and from Latin\-1 code points to \s-1EBCDIC\s0 code points
280.PP
281.Vb 1
282\& use Encode 'from_to';
283.Ve
284.PP
285.Vb 1
286\& my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' );
287.Ve
288.PP
289.Vb 3
290\& # $a is ISO 8859-1 code points
291\& from_to($a, 'latin1', $ebcdic{ord '^'});
292\& # $a is in EBCDIC code points
293.Ve
294.PP
295For doing I/O it is suggested that you use the autotranslating features
296of PerlIO, see perluniintro.
297.SH "SINGLE OCTET TABLES"
298.IX Header "SINGLE OCTET TABLES"
299The following tables list the \s-1ASCII\s0 and Latin 1 ordered sets including
300the subsets: C0 controls (0..31), \s-1ASCII\s0 graphics (32..7e), delete (7f),
301C1 controls (80..9f), and Latin\-1 (a.k.a. \s-1ISO\s0 8859\-1) (a0..ff). In the
302table non-printing control character names as well as the Latin 1
303extensions to \s-1ASCII\s0 have been labelled with character names roughly
304corresponding to \fIThe Unicode Standard, Version 3.0\fR albeit with
305substitutions such as s/LATIN// and s/VULGAR// in all cases,
306s/CAPITAL \s-1LETTER//\s0 in some cases, and s/SMALL \s-1LETTER\s0 ([A\-Z])/\el$1/
307in some other cases (the \f(CW\*(C`charnames\*(C'\fR pragma names unfortunately do
308not list explicit names for the C0 or C1 control characters). The
309\&\*(L"names\*(R" of the C1 control set (128..159 in \s-1ISO\s0 8859\-1) listed here are
310somewhat arbitrary. The differences between the 0037 and 1047 sets are
311flagged with ***. The differences between the 1047 and POSIX-BC sets
312are flagged with ###. All \fIord()\fR numbers listed are decimal. If you
313would rather see this table listing octal values then run the table
314(that is, the pod version of this document since this recipe may not
315work with a pod2_other_format translation) through:
316.IP "recipe 0" 4
317.IX Item "recipe 0"
318.PP
319.Vb 2
320\& perl -ne 'if(/(.{33})(\ed+)\es+(\ed+)\es+(\ed+)\es+(\ed+)/)' \e
321\& -e '{printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%o\en",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' perlebcdic.pod
322.Ve
323.PP
324If you want to retain the UTF-x code points then in script form you
325might want to write:
326.IP "recipe 1" 4
327.IX Item "recipe 1"
328.PP
329.Vb 14
330\& open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!";
331\& while (<FH>) {
332\& if (/(.{33})(\ed+)\es+(\ed+)\es+(\ed+)\es+(\ed+)\es+(\ed+)\e.?(\ed*)\es+(\ed+)\e.?(\ed*)/) {
333\& if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') {
334\& printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-3o.%-5o%-3o.%o\en",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9);
335\& }
336\& elsif ($7 ne '') {
337\& printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-3o.%-5o%o\en",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8);
338\& }
339\& else {
340\& printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%o\en",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8);
341\& }
342\& }
343\& }
344.Ve
345.PP
346If you would rather see this table listing hexadecimal values then
347run the table through:
348.IP "recipe 2" 4
349.IX Item "recipe 2"
350.PP
351.Vb 2
352\& perl -ne 'if(/(.{33})(\ed+)\es+(\ed+)\es+(\ed+)\es+(\ed+)/)' \e
353\& -e '{printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%X\en",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' perlebcdic.pod
354.Ve
355.PP
356Or, in order to retain the UTF-x code points in hexadecimal:
357.IP "recipe 3" 4
358.IX Item "recipe 3"
359.PP
360.Vb 14
361\& open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!";
362\& while (<FH>) {
363\& if (/(.{33})(\ed+)\es+(\ed+)\es+(\ed+)\es+(\ed+)\es+(\ed+)\e.?(\ed*)\es+(\ed+)\e.?(\ed*)/) {
364\& if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') {
365\& printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-2X.%-6X%-2X.%X\en",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9);
366\& }
367\& elsif ($7 ne '') {
368\& printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-2X.%-6X%X\en",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8);
369\& }
370\& else {
371\& printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%X\en",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8);
372\& }
373\& }
374\& }
375.Ve
376.PP
377.Vb 260
378\& incomp- incomp-
379\& 8859-1 lete lete
380\& chr 0819 0037 1047 POSIX-BC UTF-8 UTF-EBCDIC
381\& ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
382\& <NULL> 0 0 0 0 0 0
383\& <START OF HEADING> 1 1 1 1 1 1
384\& <START OF TEXT> 2 2 2 2 2 2
385\& <END OF TEXT> 3 3 3 3 3 3
386\& <END OF TRANSMISSION> 4 55 55 55 4 55
387\& <ENQUIRY> 5 45 45 45 5 45
388\& <ACKNOWLEDGE> 6 46 46 46 6 46
389\& <BELL> 7 47 47 47 7 47
390\& <BACKSPACE> 8 22 22 22 8 22
391\& <HORIZONTAL TABULATION> 9 5 5 5 9 5
392\& <LINE FEED> 10 37 21 21 10 21 ***
393\& <VERTICAL TABULATION> 11 11 11 11 11 11
394\& <FORM FEED> 12 12 12 12 12 12
395\& <CARRIAGE RETURN> 13 13 13 13 13 13
396\& <SHIFT OUT> 14 14 14 14 14 14
397\& <SHIFT IN> 15 15 15 15 15 15
398\& <DATA LINK ESCAPE> 16 16 16 16 16 16
399\& <DEVICE CONTROL ONE> 17 17 17 17 17 17
400\& <DEVICE CONTROL TWO> 18 18 18 18 18 18
401\& <DEVICE CONTROL THREE> 19 19 19 19 19 19
402\& <DEVICE CONTROL FOUR> 20 60 60 60 20 60
403\& <NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE> 21 61 61 61 21 61
404\& <SYNCHRONOUS IDLE> 22 50 50 50 22 50
405\& <END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK> 23 38 38 38 23 38
406\& <CANCEL> 24 24 24 24 24 24
407\& <END OF MEDIUM> 25 25 25 25 25 25
408\& <SUBSTITUTE> 26 63 63 63 26 63
409\& <ESCAPE> 27 39 39 39 27 39
410\& <FILE SEPARATOR> 28 28 28 28 28 28
411\& <GROUP SEPARATOR> 29 29 29 29 29 29
412\& <RECORD SEPARATOR> 30 30 30 30 30 30
413\& <UNIT SEPARATOR> 31 31 31 31 31 31
414\& <SPACE> 32 64 64 64 32 64
415\& ! 33 90 90 90 33 90
416\& " 34 127 127 127 34 127
417\& # 35 123 123 123 35 123
418\& $ 36 91 91 91 36 91
419\& % 37 108 108 108 37 108
420\& & 38 80 80 80 38 80
421\& ' 39 125 125 125 39 125
422\& ( 40 77 77 77 40 77
423\& ) 41 93 93 93 41 93
424\& * 42 92 92 92 42 92
425\& + 43 78 78 78 43 78
426\& , 44 107 107 107 44 107
427\& - 45 96 96 96 45 96
428\& . 46 75 75 75 46 75
429\& / 47 97 97 97 47 97
430\& 0 48 240 240 240 48 240
431\& 1 49 241 241 241 49 241
432\& 2 50 242 242 242 50 242
433\& 3 51 243 243 243 51 243
434\& 4 52 244 244 244 52 244
435\& 5 53 245 245 245 53 245
436\& 6 54 246 246 246 54 246
437\& 7 55 247 247 247 55 247
438\& 8 56 248 248 248 56 248
439\& 9 57 249 249 249 57 249
440\& : 58 122 122 122 58 122
441\& ; 59 94 94 94 59 94
442\& < 60 76 76 76 60 76
443\& = 61 126 126 126 61 126
444\& > 62 110 110 110 62 110
445\& ? 63 111 111 111 63 111
446\& @ 64 124 124 124 64 124
447\& A 65 193 193 193 65 193
448\& B 66 194 194 194 66 194
449\& C 67 195 195 195 67 195
450\& D 68 196 196 196 68 196
451\& E 69 197 197 197 69 197
452\& F 70 198 198 198 70 198
453\& G 71 199 199 199 71 199
454\& H 72 200 200 200 72 200
455\& I 73 201 201 201 73 201
456\& J 74 209 209 209 74 209
457\& K 75 210 210 210 75 210
458\& L 76 211 211 211 76 211
459\& M 77 212 212 212 77 212
460\& N 78 213 213 213 78 213
461\& O 79 214 214 214 79 214
462\& P 80 215 215 215 80 215
463\& Q 81 216 216 216 81 216
464\& R 82 217 217 217 82 217
465\& S 83 226 226 226 83 226
466\& T 84 227 227 227 84 227
467\& U 85 228 228 228 85 228
468\& V 86 229 229 229 86 229
469\& W 87 230 230 230 87 230
470\& X 88 231 231 231 88 231
471\& Y 89 232 232 232 89 232
472\& Z 90 233 233 233 90 233
473\& [ 91 186 173 187 91 173 *** ###
474\& \e 92 224 224 188 92 224 ###
475\& ] 93 187 189 189 93 189 ***
476\& ^ 94 176 95 106 94 95 *** ###
477\& _ 95 109 109 109 95 109
478\& ` 96 121 121 74 96 121 ###
479\& a 97 129 129 129 97 129
480\& b 98 130 130 130 98 130
481\& c 99 131 131 131 99 131
482\& d 100 132 132 132 100 132
483\& e 101 133 133 133 101 133
484\& f 102 134 134 134 102 134
485\& g 103 135 135 135 103 135
486\& h 104 136 136 136 104 136
487\& i 105 137 137 137 105 137
488\& j 106 145 145 145 106 145
489\& k 107 146 146 146 107 146
490\& l 108 147 147 147 108 147
491\& m 109 148 148 148 109 148
492\& n 110 149 149 149 110 149
493\& o 111 150 150 150 111 150
494\& p 112 151 151 151 112 151
495\& q 113 152 152 152 113 152
496\& r 114 153 153 153 114 153
497\& s 115 162 162 162 115 162
498\& t 116 163 163 163 116 163
499\& u 117 164 164 164 117 164
500\& v 118 165 165 165 118 165
501\& w 119 166 166 166 119 166
502\& x 120 167 167 167 120 167
503\& y 121 168 168 168 121 168
504\& z 122 169 169 169 122 169
505\& { 123 192 192 251 123 192 ###
506\& | 124 79 79 79 124 79
507\& } 125 208 208 253 125 208 ###
508\& ~ 126 161 161 255 126 161 ###
509\& <DELETE> 127 7 7 7 127 7
510\& <C1 0> 128 32 32 32 194.128 32
511\& <C1 1> 129 33 33 33 194.129 33
512\& <C1 2> 130 34 34 34 194.130 34
513\& <C1 3> 131 35 35 35 194.131 35
514\& <C1 4> 132 36 36 36 194.132 36
515\& <C1 5> 133 21 37 37 194.133 37 ***
516\& <C1 6> 134 6 6 6 194.134 6
517\& <C1 7> 135 23 23 23 194.135 23
518\& <C1 8> 136 40 40 40 194.136 40
519\& <C1 9> 137 41 41 41 194.137 41
520\& <C1 10> 138 42 42 42 194.138 42
521\& <C1 11> 139 43 43 43 194.139 43
522\& <C1 12> 140 44 44 44 194.140 44
523\& <C1 13> 141 9 9 9 194.141 9
524\& <C1 14> 142 10 10 10 194.142 10
525\& <C1 15> 143 27 27 27 194.143 27
526\& <C1 16> 144 48 48 48 194.144 48
527\& <C1 17> 145 49 49 49 194.145 49
528\& <C1 18> 146 26 26 26 194.146 26
529\& <C1 19> 147 51 51 51 194.147 51
530\& <C1 20> 148 52 52 52 194.148 52
531\& <C1 21> 149 53 53 53 194.149 53
532\& <C1 22> 150 54 54 54 194.150 54
533\& <C1 23> 151 8 8 8 194.151 8
534\& <C1 24> 152 56 56 56 194.152 56
535\& <C1 25> 153 57 57 57 194.153 57
536\& <C1 26> 154 58 58 58 194.154 58
537\& <C1 27> 155 59 59 59 194.155 59
538\& <C1 28> 156 4 4 4 194.156 4
539\& <C1 29> 157 20 20 20 194.157 20
540\& <C1 30> 158 62 62 62 194.158 62
541\& <C1 31> 159 255 255 95 194.159 255 ###
542\& <NON-BREAKING SPACE> 160 65 65 65 194.160 128.65
543\& <INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK> 161 170 170 170 194.161 128.66
544\& <CENT SIGN> 162 74 74 176 194.162 128.67 ###
545\& <POUND SIGN> 163 177 177 177 194.163 128.68
546\& <CURRENCY SIGN> 164 159 159 159 194.164 128.69
547\& <YEN SIGN> 165 178 178 178 194.165 128.70
548\& <BROKEN BAR> 166 106 106 208 194.166 128.71 ###
549\& <SECTION SIGN> 167 181 181 181 194.167 128.72
550\& <DIAERESIS> 168 189 187 121 194.168 128.73 *** ###
551\& <COPYRIGHT SIGN> 169 180 180 180 194.169 128.74
552\& <FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR> 170 154 154 154 194.170 128.81
553\& <LEFT POINTING GUILLEMET> 171 138 138 138 194.171 128.82
554\& <NOT SIGN> 172 95 176 186 194.172 128.83 *** ###
555\& <SOFT HYPHEN> 173 202 202 202 194.173 128.84
556\& <REGISTERED TRADE MARK SIGN> 174 175 175 175 194.174 128.85
557\& <MACRON> 175 188 188 161 194.175 128.86 ###
558\& <DEGREE SIGN> 176 144 144 144 194.176 128.87
559\& <PLUS-OR-MINUS SIGN> 177 143 143 143 194.177 128.88
560\& <SUPERSCRIPT TWO> 178 234 234 234 194.178 128.89
561\& <SUPERSCRIPT THREE> 179 250 250 250 194.179 128.98
562\& <ACUTE ACCENT> 180 190 190 190 194.180 128.99
563\& <MICRO SIGN> 181 160 160 160 194.181 128.100
564\& <PARAGRAPH SIGN> 182 182 182 182 194.182 128.101
565\& <MIDDLE DOT> 183 179 179 179 194.183 128.102
566\& <CEDILLA> 184 157 157 157 194.184 128.103
567\& <SUPERSCRIPT ONE> 185 218 218 218 194.185 128.104
568\& <MASC. ORDINAL INDICATOR> 186 155 155 155 194.186 128.105
569\& <RIGHT POINTING GUILLEMET> 187 139 139 139 194.187 128.106
570\& <FRACTION ONE QUARTER> 188 183 183 183 194.188 128.112
571\& <FRACTION ONE HALF> 189 184 184 184 194.189 128.113
572\& <FRACTION THREE QUARTERS> 190 185 185 185 194.190 128.114
573\& <INVERTED QUESTION MARK> 191 171 171 171 194.191 128.115
574\& <A WITH GRAVE> 192 100 100 100 195.128 138.65
575\& <A WITH ACUTE> 193 101 101 101 195.129 138.66
576\& <A WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 194 98 98 98 195.130 138.67
577\& <A WITH TILDE> 195 102 102 102 195.131 138.68
578\& <A WITH DIAERESIS> 196 99 99 99 195.132 138.69
579\& <A WITH RING ABOVE> 197 103 103 103 195.133 138.70
580\& <CAPITAL LIGATURE AE> 198 158 158 158 195.134 138.71
581\& <C WITH CEDILLA> 199 104 104 104 195.135 138.72
582\& <E WITH GRAVE> 200 116 116 116 195.136 138.73
583\& <E WITH ACUTE> 201 113 113 113 195.137 138.74
584\& <E WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 202 114 114 114 195.138 138.81
585\& <E WITH DIAERESIS> 203 115 115 115 195.139 138.82
586\& <I WITH GRAVE> 204 120 120 120 195.140 138.83
587\& <I WITH ACUTE> 205 117 117 117 195.141 138.84
588\& <I WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 206 118 118 118 195.142 138.85
589\& <I WITH DIAERESIS> 207 119 119 119 195.143 138.86
590\& <CAPITAL LETTER ETH> 208 172 172 172 195.144 138.87
591\& <N WITH TILDE> 209 105 105 105 195.145 138.88
592\& <O WITH GRAVE> 210 237 237 237 195.146 138.89
593\& <O WITH ACUTE> 211 238 238 238 195.147 138.98
594\& <O WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 212 235 235 235 195.148 138.99
595\& <O WITH TILDE> 213 239 239 239 195.149 138.100
596\& <O WITH DIAERESIS> 214 236 236 236 195.150 138.101
597\& <MULTIPLICATION SIGN> 215 191 191 191 195.151 138.102
598\& <O WITH STROKE> 216 128 128 128 195.152 138.103
599\& <U WITH GRAVE> 217 253 253 224 195.153 138.104 ###
600\& <U WITH ACUTE> 218 254 254 254 195.154 138.105
601\& <U WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 219 251 251 221 195.155 138.106 ###
602\& <U WITH DIAERESIS> 220 252 252 252 195.156 138.112
603\& <Y WITH ACUTE> 221 173 186 173 195.157 138.113 *** ###
604\& <CAPITAL LETTER THORN> 222 174 174 174 195.158 138.114
605\& <SMALL LETTER SHARP S> 223 89 89 89 195.159 138.115
606\& <a WITH GRAVE> 224 68 68 68 195.160 139.65
607\& <a WITH ACUTE> 225 69 69 69 195.161 139.66
608\& <a WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 226 66 66 66 195.162 139.67
609\& <a WITH TILDE> 227 70 70 70 195.163 139.68
610\& <a WITH DIAERESIS> 228 67 67 67 195.164 139.69
611\& <a WITH RING ABOVE> 229 71 71 71 195.165 139.70
612\& <SMALL LIGATURE ae> 230 156 156 156 195.166 139.71
613\& <c WITH CEDILLA> 231 72 72 72 195.167 139.72
614\& <e WITH GRAVE> 232 84 84 84 195.168 139.73
615\& <e WITH ACUTE> 233 81 81 81 195.169 139.74
616\& <e WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 234 82 82 82 195.170 139.81
617\& <e WITH DIAERESIS> 235 83 83 83 195.171 139.82
618\& <i WITH GRAVE> 236 88 88 88 195.172 139.83
619\& <i WITH ACUTE> 237 85 85 85 195.173 139.84
620\& <i WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 238 86 86 86 195.174 139.85
621\& <i WITH DIAERESIS> 239 87 87 87 195.175 139.86
622\& <SMALL LETTER eth> 240 140 140 140 195.176 139.87
623\& <n WITH TILDE> 241 73 73 73 195.177 139.88
624\& <o WITH GRAVE> 242 205 205 205 195.178 139.89
625\& <o WITH ACUTE> 243 206 206 206 195.179 139.98
626\& <o WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 244 203 203 203 195.180 139.99
627\& <o WITH TILDE> 245 207 207 207 195.181 139.100
628\& <o WITH DIAERESIS> 246 204 204 204 195.182 139.101
629\& <DIVISION SIGN> 247 225 225 225 195.183 139.102
630\& <o WITH STROKE> 248 112 112 112 195.184 139.103
631\& <u WITH GRAVE> 249 221 221 192 195.185 139.104 ###
632\& <u WITH ACUTE> 250 222 222 222 195.186 139.105
633\& <u WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 251 219 219 219 195.187 139.106
634\& <u WITH DIAERESIS> 252 220 220 220 195.188 139.112
635\& <y WITH ACUTE> 253 141 141 141 195.189 139.113
636\& <SMALL LETTER thorn> 254 142 142 142 195.190 139.114
637\& <y WITH DIAERESIS> 255 223 223 223 195.191 139.115
638.Ve
639.PP
640If you would rather see the above table in \s-1CCSID\s0 0037 order rather than
641\&\s-1ASCII\s0 + Latin\-1 order then run the table through:
642.IP "recipe 4" 4
643.IX Item "recipe 4"
644.PP
645.Vb 5
646\& perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\ed{1,3}\es{6,8}\ed{1,3}\es{6,8}\ed{1,3}\es{6,8}\ed{1,3}/)'\e
647\& -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \e
648\& -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \e
649\& -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \e
650\& -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,42,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
651.Ve
652.PP
653If you would rather see it in \s-1CCSID\s0 1047 order then change the digit
65442 in the last line to 51, like this:
655.IP "recipe 5" 4
656.IX Item "recipe 5"
657.PP
658.Vb 5
659\& perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\ed{1,3}\es{6,8}\ed{1,3}\es{6,8}\ed{1,3}\es{6,8}\ed{1,3}/)'\e
660\& -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \e
661\& -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \e
662\& -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \e
663\& -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,51,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
664.Ve
665.PP
666If you would rather see it in POSIX-BC order then change the digit
66751 in the last line to 60, like this:
668.IP "recipe 6" 4
669.IX Item "recipe 6"
670.PP
671.Vb 5
672\& perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\ed{1,3}\es{6,8}\ed{1,3}\es{6,8}\ed{1,3}\es{6,8}\ed{1,3}/)'\e
673\& -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \e
674\& -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \e
675\& -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \e
676\& -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,60,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
677.Ve
678.SH "IDENTIFYING CHARACTER CODE SETS"
679.IX Header "IDENTIFYING CHARACTER CODE SETS"
680To determine the character set you are running under from perl one
681could use the return value of \fIord()\fR or \fIchr()\fR to test one or more
682character values. For example:
683.PP
684.Vb 2
685\& $is_ascii = "A" eq chr(65);
686\& $is_ebcdic = "A" eq chr(193);
687.Ve
688.PP
689Also, \*(L"\et\*(R" is a \f(CW\*(C`HORIZONTAL TABULATION\*(C'\fR character so that:
690.PP
691.Vb 2
692\& $is_ascii = ord("\et") == 9;
693\& $is_ebcdic = ord("\et") == 5;
694.Ve
695.PP
696To distinguish \s-1EBCDIC\s0 code pages try looking at one or more of
697the characters that differ between them. For example:
698.PP
699.Vb 2
700\& $is_ebcdic_37 = "\en" eq chr(37);
701\& $is_ebcdic_1047 = "\en" eq chr(21);
702.Ve
703.PP
704Or better still choose a character that is uniquely encoded in any
705of the code sets, e.g.:
706.PP
707.Vb 4
708\& $is_ascii = ord('[') == 91;
709\& $is_ebcdic_37 = ord('[') == 186;
710\& $is_ebcdic_1047 = ord('[') == 173;
711\& $is_ebcdic_POSIX_BC = ord('[') == 187;
712.Ve
713.PP
714However, it would be unwise to write tests such as:
715.PP
716.Vb 2
717\& $is_ascii = "\er" ne chr(13); # WRONG
718\& $is_ascii = "\en" ne chr(10); # ILL ADVISED
719.Ve
720.PP
721Obviously the first of these will fail to distinguish most \s-1ASCII\s0 machines
722from either a \s-1CCSID\s0 0037, a 1047, or a POSIX-BC \s-1EBCDIC\s0 machine since \*(L"\er\*(R" eq
723chr(13) under all of those coded character sets. But note too that
724because \*(L"\en\*(R" is chr(13) and \*(L"\er\*(R" is chr(10) on the MacIntosh (which is an
725\&\s-1ASCII\s0 machine) the second \f(CW$is_ascii\fR test will lead to trouble there.
726.PP
727To determine whether or not perl was built under an \s-1EBCDIC\s0
728code page you can use the Config module like so:
729.PP
730.Vb 2
731\& use Config;
732\& $is_ebcdic = $Config{'ebcdic'} eq 'define';
733.Ve
734.SH "CONVERSIONS"
735.IX Header "CONVERSIONS"
736.Sh "tr///"
737.IX Subsection "tr///"
738In order to convert a string of characters from one character set to
739another a simple list of numbers, such as in the right columns in the
740above table, along with perl's tr/// operator is all that is needed.
741The data in the table are in \s-1ASCII\s0 order hence the \s-1EBCDIC\s0 columns
742provide easy to use \s-1ASCII\s0 to \s-1EBCDIC\s0 operations that are also easily
743reversed.
744.PP
745For example, to convert \s-1ASCII\s0 to code page 037 take the output of the second
746column from the output of recipe 0 (modified to add \e\e characters) and use
747it in tr/// like so:
748.PP
749.Vb 17
750\& $cp_037 =
751\& '\e000\e001\e002\e003\e234\e011\e206\e177\e227\e215\e216\e013\e014\e015\e016\e017' .
752\& '\e020\e021\e022\e023\e235\e205\e010\e207\e030\e031\e222\e217\e034\e035\e036\e037' .
753\& '\e200\e201\e202\e203\e204\e012\e027\e033\e210\e211\e212\e213\e214\e005\e006\e007' .
754\& '\e220\e221\e026\e223\e224\e225\e226\e004\e230\e231\e232\e233\e024\e025\e236\e032' .
755\& '\e040\e240\e342\e344\e340\e341\e343\e345\e347\e361\e242\e056\e074\e050\e053\e174' .
756\& '\e046\e351\e352\e353\e350\e355\e356\e357\e354\e337\e041\e044\e052\e051\e073\e254' .
757\& '\e055\e057\e302\e304\e300\e301\e303\e305\e307\e321\e246\e054\e045\e137\e076\e077' .
758\& '\e370\e311\e312\e313\e310\e315\e316\e317\e314\e140\e072\e043\e100\e047\e075\e042' .
759\& '\e330\e141\e142\e143\e144\e145\e146\e147\e150\e151\e253\e273\e360\e375\e376\e261' .
760\& '\e260\e152\e153\e154\e155\e156\e157\e160\e161\e162\e252\e272\e346\e270\e306\e244' .
761\& '\e265\e176\e163\e164\e165\e166\e167\e170\e171\e172\e241\e277\e320\e335\e336\e256' .
762\& '\e136\e243\e245\e267\e251\e247\e266\e274\e275\e276\e133\e135\e257\e250\e264\e327' .
763\& '\e173\e101\e102\e103\e104\e105\e106\e107\e110\e111\e255\e364\e366\e362\e363\e365' .
764\& '\e175\e112\e113\e114\e115\e116\e117\e120\e121\e122\e271\e373\e374\e371\e372\e377' .
765\& '\e134\e367\e123\e124\e125\e126\e127\e130\e131\e132\e262\e324\e326\e322\e323\e325' .
766\& '\e060\e061\e062\e063\e064\e065\e066\e067\e070\e071\e263\e333\e334\e331\e332\e237' ;
767.Ve
768.PP
769.Vb 2
770\& my $ebcdic_string = $ascii_string;
771\& eval '$ebcdic_string =~ tr/\e000-\e377/' . $cp_037 . '/';
772.Ve
773.PP
774To convert from \s-1EBCDIC\s0 037 to \s-1ASCII\s0 just reverse the order of the tr///
775arguments like so:
776.PP
777.Vb 2
778\& my $ascii_string = $ebcdic_string;
779\& eval '$ascii_string = tr/' . $cp_037 . '/\e000-\e377/';
780.Ve
781.PP
782Similarly one could take the output of the third column from recipe 0 to
783obtain a \f(CW$cp_1047\fR table. The fourth column of the output from recipe
7840 could provide a \f(CW$cp_posix_bc\fR table suitable for transcoding as well.
785.Sh "iconv"
786.IX Subsection "iconv"
787\&\s-1XPG\s0 operability often implies the presence of an \fIiconv\fR utility
788available from the shell or from the C library. Consult your system's
789documentation for information on iconv.
790.PP
791On \s-1OS/390\s0 or z/OS see the \fIiconv\fR\|(1) manpage. One way to invoke the iconv
792shell utility from within perl would be to:
793.PP
794.Vb 2
795\& # OS/390 or z/OS example
796\& $ascii_data = `echo '$ebcdic_data'| iconv -f IBM-1047 -t ISO8859-1`
797.Ve
798.PP
799or the inverse map:
800.PP
801.Vb 2
802\& # OS/390 or z/OS example
803\& $ebcdic_data = `echo '$ascii_data'| iconv -f ISO8859-1 -t IBM-1047`
804.Ve
805.PP
806For other perl based conversion options see the Convert::* modules on \s-1CPAN\s0.
807.Sh "C \s-1RTL\s0"
808.IX Subsection "C RTL"
809The \s-1OS/390\s0 and z/OS C run time libraries provide \fI_atoe()\fR and \fI_etoa()\fR functions.
810.SH "OPERATOR DIFFERENCES"
811.IX Header "OPERATOR DIFFERENCES"
812The \f(CW\*(C`..\*(C'\fR range operator treats certain character ranges with
813care on \s-1EBCDIC\s0 machines. For example the following array
814will have twenty six elements on either an \s-1EBCDIC\s0 machine
815or an \s-1ASCII\s0 machine:
816.PP
817.Vb 1
818\& @alphabet = ('A'..'Z'); # $#alphabet == 25
819.Ve
820.PP
821The bitwise operators such as & ^ | may return different results
822when operating on string or character data in a perl program running
823on an \s-1EBCDIC\s0 machine than when run on an \s-1ASCII\s0 machine. Here is
824an example adapted from the one in perlop:
825.PP
826.Vb 5
827\& # EBCDIC-based examples
828\& print "j p \en" ^ " a h"; # prints "JAPH\en"
829\& print "JA" | " ph\en"; # prints "japh\en"
830\& print "JAPH\enJunk" & "\e277\e277\e277\e277\e277"; # prints "japh\en";
831\& print 'p N$' ^ " E<H\en"; # prints "Perl\en";
832.Ve
833.PP
834An interesting property of the 32 C0 control characters
835in the \s-1ASCII\s0 table is that they can \*(L"literally\*(R" be constructed
836as control characters in perl, e.g. \f(CW\*(C`(chr(0) eq "\ec@")\*(C'\fR
837\&\f(CW\*(C`(chr(1) eq "\ecA")\*(C'\fR, and so on. Perl on \s-1EBCDIC\s0 machines has been
838ported to take \*(L"\ec@\*(R" to \fIchr\fR\|(0) and \*(L"\ecA\*(R" to \fIchr\fR\|(1) as well, but the
839thirty three characters that result depend on which code page you are
840using. The table below uses the character names from the previous table
841but with substitutions such as s/START \s-1OF/S\s0.O./; s/END \s-1OF\s0 /E.O./;
842s/TRANSMISSION/TRANS./; s/TABULATION/TAB./; s/VERTICAL/VERT./;
843s/HORIZONTAL/HORIZ./; s/DEVICE \s-1CONTROL/D\s0.C./; s/SEPARATOR/SEP./;
844s/NEGATIVE \s-1ACKNOWLEDGE/NEG\s0. \s-1ACK\s0./;. The POSIX-BC and 1047 sets are
845identical throughout this range and differ from the 0037 set at only
846one spot (21 decimal). Note that the \f(CW\*(C`LINE FEED\*(C'\fR character
847may be generated by \*(L"\ecJ\*(R" on \s-1ASCII\s0 machines but by \*(L"\ecU\*(R" on 1047 or POSIX-BC
848machines and cannot be generated as a \f(CW"\ec.letter."\fR control character on
8490037 machines. Note also that \*(L"\ec\e\e\*(R" maps to two characters
850not one.
851.PP
852.Vb 35
853\& chr ord 8859-1 0037 1047 && POSIX-BC
854\& ------------------------------------------------------------------------
855\& "\ec?" 127 <DELETE> " " ***><
856\& "\ec@" 0 <NULL> <NULL> <NULL> ***><
857\& "\ecA" 1 <S.O. HEADING> <S.O. HEADING> <S.O. HEADING>
858\& "\ecB" 2 <S.O. TEXT> <S.O. TEXT> <S.O. TEXT>
859\& "\ecC" 3 <E.O. TEXT> <E.O. TEXT> <E.O. TEXT>
860\& "\ecD" 4 <E.O. TRANS.> <C1 28> <C1 28>
861\& "\ecE" 5 <ENQUIRY> <HORIZ. TAB.> <HORIZ. TAB.>
862\& "\ecF" 6 <ACKNOWLEDGE> <C1 6> <C1 6>
863\& "\ecG" 7 <BELL> <DELETE> <DELETE>
864\& "\ecH" 8 <BACKSPACE> <C1 23> <C1 23>
865\& "\ecI" 9 <HORIZ. TAB.> <C1 13> <C1 13>
866\& "\ecJ" 10 <LINE FEED> <C1 14> <C1 14>
867\& "\ecK" 11 <VERT. TAB.> <VERT. TAB.> <VERT. TAB.>
868\& "\ecL" 12 <FORM FEED> <FORM FEED> <FORM FEED>
869\& "\ecM" 13 <CARRIAGE RETURN> <CARRIAGE RETURN> <CARRIAGE RETURN>
870\& "\ecN" 14 <SHIFT OUT> <SHIFT OUT> <SHIFT OUT>
871\& "\ecO" 15 <SHIFT IN> <SHIFT IN> <SHIFT IN>
872\& "\ecP" 16 <DATA LINK ESCAPE> <DATA LINK ESCAPE> <DATA LINK ESCAPE>
873\& "\ecQ" 17 <D.C. ONE> <D.C. ONE> <D.C. ONE>
874\& "\ecR" 18 <D.C. TWO> <D.C. TWO> <D.C. TWO>
875\& "\ecS" 19 <D.C. THREE> <D.C. THREE> <D.C. THREE>
876\& "\ecT" 20 <D.C. FOUR> <C1 29> <C1 29>
877\& "\ecU" 21 <NEG. ACK.> <C1 5> <LINE FEED> ***
878\& "\ecV" 22 <SYNCHRONOUS IDLE> <BACKSPACE> <BACKSPACE>
879\& "\ecW" 23 <E.O. TRANS. BLOCK> <C1 7> <C1 7>
880\& "\ecX" 24 <CANCEL> <CANCEL> <CANCEL>
881\& "\ecY" 25 <E.O. MEDIUM> <E.O. MEDIUM> <E.O. MEDIUM>
882\& "\ecZ" 26 <SUBSTITUTE> <C1 18> <C1 18>
883\& "\ec[" 27 <ESCAPE> <C1 15> <C1 15>
884\& "\ec\e\e" 28 <FILE SEP.>\e <FILE SEP.>\e <FILE SEP.>\e
885\& "\ec]" 29 <GROUP SEP.> <GROUP SEP.> <GROUP SEP.>
886\& "\ec^" 30 <RECORD SEP.> <RECORD SEP.> <RECORD SEP.> ***><
887\& "\ec_" 31 <UNIT SEP.> <UNIT SEP.> <UNIT SEP.> ***><
888.Ve
889.SH "FUNCTION DIFFERENCES"
890.IX Header "FUNCTION DIFFERENCES"
891.IP "\fIchr()\fR" 8
892.IX Item "chr()"
893\&\fIchr()\fR must be given an \s-1EBCDIC\s0 code number argument to yield a desired
894character return value on an \s-1EBCDIC\s0 machine. For example:
895.Sp
896.Vb 1
897\& $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = chr(193);
898.Ve
899.IP "\fIord()\fR" 8
900.IX Item "ord()"
901\&\fIord()\fR will return \s-1EBCDIC\s0 code number values on an \s-1EBCDIC\s0 machine.
902For example:
903.Sp
904.Vb 1
905\& $the_number_193 = ord("A");
906.Ve
907.IP "\fIpack()\fR" 8
908.IX Item "pack()"
909The c and C templates for \fIpack()\fR are dependent upon character set
910encoding. Examples of usage on \s-1EBCDIC\s0 include:
911.Sp
912.Vb 4
913\& $foo = pack("CCCC",193,194,195,196);
914\& # $foo eq "ABCD"
915\& $foo = pack("C4",193,194,195,196);
916\& # same thing
917.Ve
918.Sp
919.Vb 2
920\& $foo = pack("ccxxcc",193,194,195,196);
921\& # $foo eq "AB\e0\e0CD"
922.Ve
923.IP "\fIprint()\fR" 8
924.IX Item "print()"
925One must be careful with scalars and strings that are passed to
926print that contain \s-1ASCII\s0 encodings. One common place
927for this to occur is in the output of the \s-1MIME\s0 type header for
928\&\s-1CGI\s0 script writing. For example, many perl programming guides
929recommend something similar to:
930.Sp
931.Vb 2
932\& print "Content-type:\ettext/html\e015\e012\e015\e012";
933\& # this may be wrong on EBCDIC
934.Ve
935.Sp
936Under the \s-1IBM\s0 \s-1OS/390\s0 \s-1USS\s0 Web Server or WebSphere on z/OS for example
937you should instead write that as:
938.Sp
939.Vb 1
940\& print "Content-type:\ettext/html\er\en\er\en"; # OK for DGW et alia
941.Ve
942.Sp
943That is because the translation from \s-1EBCDIC\s0 to \s-1ASCII\s0 is done
944by the web server in this case (such code will not be appropriate for
945the Macintosh however). Consult your web server's documentation for
946further details.
947.IP "\fIprintf()\fR" 8
948.IX Item "printf()"
949The formats that can convert characters to numbers and vice versa
950will be different from their \s-1ASCII\s0 counterparts when executed
951on an \s-1EBCDIC\s0 machine. Examples include:
952.Sp
953.Vb 1
954\& printf("%c%c%c",193,194,195); # prints ABC
955.Ve
956.IP "\fIsort()\fR" 8
957.IX Item "sort()"
958\&\s-1EBCDIC\s0 sort results may differ from \s-1ASCII\s0 sort results especially for
959mixed case strings. This is discussed in more detail below.
960.IP "\fIsprintf()\fR" 8
961.IX Item "sprintf()"
962See the discussion of \fIprintf()\fR above. An example of the use
963of sprintf would be:
964.Sp
965.Vb 1
966\& $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = sprintf("%c",193);
967.Ve
968.IP "\fIunpack()\fR" 8
969.IX Item "unpack()"
970See the discussion of \fIpack()\fR above.
971.SH "REGULAR EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES"
972.IX Header "REGULAR EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES"
973As of perl 5.005_03 the letter range regular expression such as
974[A\-Z] and [a\-z] have been especially coded to not pick up gap
975characters. For example, characters such as o\*^ \f(CW\*(C`o WITH CIRCUMFLEX\*(C'\fR
976that lie between I and J would not be matched by the
977regular expression range \f(CW\*(C`/[H\-K]/\*(C'\fR. This works in
978the other direction, too, if either of the range end points is
979explicitly numeric: \f(CW\*(C`[\ex89\-\ex91]\*(C'\fR will match \f(CW\*(C`\ex8e\*(C'\fR, even
980though \f(CW\*(C`\ex89\*(C'\fR is \f(CW\*(C`i\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`\ex91 \*(C'\fR is \f(CW\*(C`j\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`\ex8e\*(C'\fR
981is a gap character from the alphabetic viewpoint.
982.PP
983If you do want to match the alphabet gap characters in a single octet
984regular expression try matching the hex or octal code such
985as \f(CW\*(C`/\e313/\*(C'\fR on \s-1EBCDIC\s0 or \f(CW\*(C`/\e364/\*(C'\fR on \s-1ASCII\s0 machines to
986have your regular expression match \f(CW\*(C`o WITH CIRCUMFLEX\*(C'\fR.
987.PP
988Another construct to be wary of is the inappropriate use of hex or
989octal constants in regular expressions. Consider the following
990set of subs:
991.PP
992.Vb 4
993\& sub is_c0 {
994\& my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
995\& $char =~ /[\e000-\e037]/;
996\& }
997.Ve
998.PP
999.Vb 4
1000\& sub is_print_ascii {
1001\& my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1002\& $char =~ /[\e040-\e176]/;
1003\& }
1004.Ve
1005.PP
1006.Vb 4
1007\& sub is_delete {
1008\& my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1009\& $char eq "\e177";
1010\& }
1011.Ve
1012.PP
1013.Vb 4
1014\& sub is_c1 {
1015\& my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1016\& $char =~ /[\e200-\e237]/;
1017\& }
1018.Ve
1019.PP
1020.Vb 4
1021\& sub is_latin_1 {
1022\& my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1023\& $char =~ /[\e240-\e377]/;
1024\& }
1025.Ve
1026.PP
1027The above would be adequate if the concern was only with numeric code points.
1028However, the concern may be with characters rather than code points
1029and on an \s-1EBCDIC\s0 machine it may be desirable for constructs such as
1030\&\f(CW\*(C`if (is_print_ascii("A")) {print "A is a printable character\en";}\*(C'\fR to print
1031out the expected message. One way to represent the above collection
1032of character classification subs that is capable of working across the
1033four coded character sets discussed in this document is as follows:
1034.PP
1035.Vb 12
1036\& sub Is_c0 {
1037\& my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1038\& if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii
1039\& return $char =~ /[\e000-\e037]/;
1040\& }
1041\& if (ord('^')==176) { # 37
1042\& return $char =~ /[\e000-\e003\e067\e055-\e057\e026\e005\e045\e013-\e023\e074\e075\e062\e046\e030\e031\e077\e047\e034-\e037]/;
1043\& }
1044\& if (ord('^')==95 || ord('^')==106) { # 1047 || posix-bc
1045\& return $char =~ /[\e000-\e003\e067\e055-\e057\e026\e005\e025\e013-\e023\e074\e075\e062\e046\e030\e031\e077\e047\e034-\e037]/;
1046\& }
1047\& }
1048.Ve
1049.PP
1050.Vb 4
1051\& sub Is_print_ascii {
1052\& my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1053\& $char =~ /[ !"\e#\e$%&'()*+,\e-.\e/0-9:;<=>?\e@A-Z[\e\e\e]^_`a-z{|}~]/;
1054\& }
1055.Ve
1056.PP
1057.Vb 9
1058\& sub Is_delete {
1059\& my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1060\& if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii
1061\& return $char eq "\e177";
1062\& }
1063\& else { # ebcdic
1064\& return $char eq "\e007";
1065\& }
1066\& }
1067.Ve
1068.PP
1069.Vb 16
1070\& sub Is_c1 {
1071\& my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1072\& if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii
1073\& return $char =~ /[\e200-\e237]/;
1074\& }
1075\& if (ord('^')==176) { # 37
1076\& return $char =~ /[\e040-\e044\e025\e006\e027\e050-\e054\e011\e012\e033\e060\e061\e032\e063-\e066\e010\e070-\e073\e040\e024\e076\e377]/;
1077\& }
1078\& if (ord('^')==95) { # 1047
1079\& return $char =~ /[\e040-\e045\e006\e027\e050-\e054\e011\e012\e033\e060\e061\e032\e063-\e066\e010\e070-\e073\e040\e024\e076\e377]/;
1080\& }
1081\& if (ord('^')==106) { # posix-bc
1082\& return $char =~
1083\& /[\e040-\e045\e006\e027\e050-\e054\e011\e012\e033\e060\e061\e032\e063-\e066\e010\e070-\e073\e040\e024\e076\e137]/;
1084\& }
1085\& }
1086.Ve
1087.PP
1088.Vb 18
1089\& sub Is_latin_1 {
1090\& my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1091\& if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii
1092\& return $char =~ /[\e240-\e377]/;
1093\& }
1094\& if (ord('^')==176) { # 37
1095\& return $char =~
1096\& /[\e101\e252\e112\e261\e237\e262\e152\e265\e275\e264\e232\e212\e137\e312\e257\e274\e220\e217\e352\e372\e276\e240\e266\e263\e235\e332\e233\e213\e267\e270\e271\e253\e144\e145\e142\e146\e143\e147\e236\e150\e164\e161-\e163\e170\e165-\e167\e254\e151\e355\e356\e353\e357\e354\e277\e200\e375\e376\e373\e374\e255\e256\e131\e104\e105\e102\e106\e103\e107\e234\e110\e124\e121-\e123\e130\e125-\e127\e214\e111\e315\e316\e313\e317\e314\e341\e160\e335\e336\e333\e334\e215\e216\e337]/;
1097\& }
1098\& if (ord('^')==95) { # 1047
1099\& return $char =~
1100\& /[\e101\e252\e112\e261\e237\e262\e152\e265\e273\e264\e232\e212\e260\e312\e257\e274\e220\e217\e352\e372\e276\e240\e266\e263\e235\e332\e233\e213\e267\e270\e271\e253\e144\e145\e142\e146\e143\e147\e236\e150\e164\e161-\e163\e170\e165-\e167\e254\e151\e355\e356\e353\e357\e354\e277\e200\e375\e376\e373\e374\e272\e256\e131\e104\e105\e102\e106\e103\e107\e234\e110\e124\e121-\e123\e130\e125-\e127\e214\e111\e315\e316\e313\e317\e314\e341\e160\e335\e336\e333\e334\e215\e216\e337]/;
1101\& }
1102\& if (ord('^')==106) { # posix-bc
1103\& return $char =~
1104\& /[\e101\e252\e260\e261\e237\e262\e320\e265\e171\e264\e232\e212\e272\e312\e257\e241\e220\e217\e352\e372\e276\e240\e266\e263\e235\e332\e233\e213\e267\e270\e271\e253\e144\e145\e142\e146\e143\e147\e236\e150\e164\e161-\e163\e170\e165-\e167\e254\e151\e355\e356\e353\e357\e354\e277\e200\e340\e376\e335\e374\e255\e256\e131\e104\e105\e102\e106\e103\e107\e234\e110\e124\e121-\e123\e130\e125-\e127\e214\e111\e315\e316\e313\e317\e314\e341\e160\e300\e336\e333\e334\e215\e216\e337]/;
1105\& }
1106\& }
1107.Ve
1108.PP
1109Note however that only the \f(CW\*(C`Is_ascii_print()\*(C'\fR sub is really independent
1110of coded character set. Another way to write \f(CW\*(C`Is_latin_1()\*(C'\fR would be
1111to use the characters in the range explicitly:
1112.PP
1113.Vb 4
1114\& sub Is_latin_1 {
1115\& my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1116