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<H1><A NAME="SECTION0071800000000000000000">
5.18 <tt class="module">fileinput</tt> --
         Iterate over lines from multiple input streams</A>
</H1>
<A NAME="module-fileinput"></A>

<P>

<P>
This module implements a helper class and functions to quickly write a
loop over standard input or a list of files.

<P>
The typical use is:

<P>
<div class="verbatim"><pre>
import fileinput
for line in fileinput.input():
    process(line)
</pre></div>

<P>
This iterates over the lines of all files listed in
<code>sys.argv[1:]</code>, defaulting to <code>sys.stdin</code> if the list is
empty.  If a filename is <code>'-'</code>, it is also replaced by
<code>sys.stdin</code>.  To specify an alternative list of filenames, pass
it as the first argument to <tt class="function">input()</tt>.  A single file name is
also allowed.

<P>
All files are opened in text mode.  If an I/O error occurs during
opening or reading a file, <tt class="exception">IOError</tt> is raised.

<P>
If <code>sys.stdin</code> is used more than once, the second and further use
will return no lines, except perhaps for interactive use, or if it has
been explicitly reset (e.g. using <code>sys.stdin.seek(0)</code>).

<P>
Empty files are opened and immediately closed; the only time their
presence in the list of filenames is noticeable at all is when the
last file opened is empty.

<P>
It is possible that the last line of a file does not end in a newline
character; lines are returned including the trailing newline when it
is present.

<P>
The following function is the primary interface of this module:

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1436' xml:id='l2h-1436' class="function">input</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var><big>[</big><var>files</var><big>[</big><var>,
                       inplace</var><big>[</big><var>, backup</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
  Create an instance of the <tt class="class">FileInput</tt> class.  The instance
  will be used as global state for the functions of this module, and
  is also returned to use during iteration.  The parameters to this
  function will be passed along to the constructor of the
  <tt class="class">FileInput</tt> class.
</dl>

<P>
The following functions use the global state created by
<tt class="function">input()</tt>; if there is no active state,
<tt class="exception">RuntimeError</tt> is raised.

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1437' xml:id='l2h-1437' class="function">filename</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
  Return the name of the file currently being read.  Before the first
  line has been read, returns <code>None</code>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1438' xml:id='l2h-1438' class="function">lineno</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
  Return the cumulative line number of the line that has just been
  read.  Before the first line has been read, returns <code>0</code>.  After
  the last line of the last file has been read, returns the line
  number of that line.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1439' xml:id='l2h-1439' class="function">filelineno</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
  Return the line number in the current file.  Before the first line
  has been read, returns <code>0</code>.  After the last line of the last
  file has been read, returns the line number of that line within the
  file.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1440' xml:id='l2h-1440' class="function">isfirstline</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
  Returns true if the line just read is the first line of its file,
  otherwise returns false.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1441' xml:id='l2h-1441' class="function">isstdin</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
  Returns true if the last line was read from <code>sys.stdin</code>,
  otherwise returns false.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1442' xml:id='l2h-1442' class="function">nextfile</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
  Close the current file so that the next iteration will read the
  first line from the next file (if any); lines not read from the file
  will not count towards the cumulative line count.  The filename is
  not changed until after the first line of the next file has been
  read.  Before the first line has been read, this function has no
  effect; it cannot be used to skip the first file.  After the last
  line of the last file has been read, this function has no effect.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1443' xml:id='l2h-1443' class="function">close</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
  Close the sequence.
</dl>

<P>
The class which implements the sequence behavior provided by the
module is available for subclassing as well:

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><span class="typelabel">class</span>&nbsp;<tt id='l2h-1444' xml:id='l2h-1444' class="class">FileInput</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var><big>[</big><var>files</var><big>[</big><var>,
                             inplace</var><big>[</big><var>, backup</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
  Class <tt class="class">FileInput</tt> is the implementation; its methods
  <tt class="method">filename()</tt>, <tt class="method">lineno()</tt>, <tt class="method">fileline()</tt>,
  <tt class="method">isfirstline()</tt>, <tt class="method">isstdin()</tt>, <tt class="method">nextfile()</tt> and
  <tt class="method">close()</tt> correspond to the functions of the same name in the
  module.  In addition it has a <tt class="method">readline()</tt> method which
  returns the next input line, and a <tt class="method">__getitem__()</tt> method
  which implements the sequence behavior.  The sequence must be
  accessed in strictly sequential order; random access and
  <tt class="method">readline()</tt> cannot be mixed.
</dl>

<P>
<strong>Optional in-place filtering:</strong> if the keyword argument
<code><var>inplace</var>=1</code> is passed to <tt class="function">input()</tt> or to the
<tt class="class">FileInput</tt> constructor, the file is moved to a backup file and
standard output is directed to the input file (if a file of the same
name as the backup file already exists, it will be replaced silently).
This makes it possible to write a filter that rewrites its input file
in place.  If the keyword argument <code><var>backup</var>='.&lt;some
extension&gt;'</code> is also given, it specifies the extension for the backup
file, and the backup file remains around; by default, the extension is
<code>'.bak'</code> and it is deleted when the output file is closed.  In-place
filtering is disabled when standard input is read.

<P>
<strong>Caveat:</strong> The current implementation does not work for MS-DOS
8+3 filesystems.

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	54
	55	<H1><A NAME="SECTION0071800000000000000000">
	56	5.18 <tt class="module">fileinput</tt> --
	57	Iterate over lines from multiple input streams</A>
	58	</H1>
	59	<A NAME="module-fileinput"></A>
	60
	61	<P>
	62
	63	<P>
	64	This module implements a helper class and functions to quickly write a
65	loop over standard input or a list of files.
66
67	<P>
68	The typical use is:
69
70	<P>
71	<div class="verbatim"><pre>
72	import fileinput
73	for line in fileinput.input():
74	process(line)
75	</pre></div>
76
77	<P>
78	This iterates over the lines of all files listed in
79	<code>sys.argv[1:]</code>, defaulting to <code>sys.stdin</code> if the list is
80	empty. If a filename is <code>'-'</code>, it is also replaced by
81	<code>sys.stdin</code>. To specify an alternative list of filenames, pass
82	it as the first argument to <tt class="function">input()</tt>. A single file name is
83	also allowed.
84
85	<P>
86	All files are opened in text mode. If an I/O error occurs during
87	opening or reading a file, <tt class="exception">IOError</tt> is raised.
88
89	<P>
90	If <code>sys.stdin</code> is used more than once, the second and further use
91	will return no lines, except perhaps for interactive use, or if it has
92	been explicitly reset (e.g. using <code>sys.stdin.seek(0)</code>).
93
94	<P>
95	Empty files are opened and immediately closed; the only time their
96	presence in the list of filenames is noticeable at all is when the
97	last file opened is empty.
98
99	<P>
100	It is possible that the last line of a file does not end in a newline
101	character; lines are returned including the trailing newline when it
102	is present.
103
104	<P>
105	The following function is the primary interface of this module:
106
107	<P>
108	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
109	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1436' xml:id='l2h-1436' class="function">input</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
110	<td><var></var><big>[</big><var>files</var><big>[</big><var>,
111	inplace</var><big>[</big><var>, backup</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
112	<dd>
113	Create an instance of the <tt class="class">FileInput</tt> class. The instance
114	will be used as global state for the functions of this module, and
115	is also returned to use during iteration. The parameters to this
116	function will be passed along to the constructor of the
117	<tt class="class">FileInput</tt> class.
118	</dl>
119
120	<P>
121	The following functions use the global state created by
122	<tt class="function">input()</tt>; if there is no active state,
123	<tt class="exception">RuntimeError</tt> is raised.
124
125	<P>
126	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
127	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1437' xml:id='l2h-1437' class="function">filename</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
128	<td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
129	<dd>
130	Return the name of the file currently being read. Before the first
131	line has been read, returns <code>None</code>.
132	</dl>
133
134	<P>
135	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
136	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1438' xml:id='l2h-1438' class="function">lineno</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
137	<td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
138	<dd>
139	Return the cumulative line number of the line that has just been
140	read. Before the first line has been read, returns <code>0</code>. After
141	the last line of the last file has been read, returns the line
142	number of that line.
143	</dl>
144
145	<P>
146	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
147	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1439' xml:id='l2h-1439' class="function">filelineno</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
148	<td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
149	<dd>
150	Return the line number in the current file. Before the first line
151	has been read, returns <code>0</code>. After the last line of the last
152	file has been read, returns the line number of that line within the
153	file.
154	</dl>
155
156	<P>
157	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
158	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1440' xml:id='l2h-1440' class="function">isfirstline</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
159	<td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
160	<dd>
161	Returns true if the line just read is the first line of its file,
162	otherwise returns false.
163	</dl>
164
165	<P>
166	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
167	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1441' xml:id='l2h-1441' class="function">isstdin</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
168	<td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
169	<dd>
170	Returns true if the last line was read from <code>sys.stdin</code>,
171	otherwise returns false.
172	</dl>
173
174	<P>
175	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
176	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1442' xml:id='l2h-1442' class="function">nextfile</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
177	<td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
178	<dd>
179	Close the current file so that the next iteration will read the
180	first line from the next file (if any); lines not read from the file
181	will not count towards the cumulative line count. The filename is
182	not changed until after the first line of the next file has been
183	read. Before the first line has been read, this function has no
184	effect; it cannot be used to skip the first file. After the last
185	line of the last file has been read, this function has no effect.
186	</dl>
187
188	<P>
189	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
190	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1443' xml:id='l2h-1443' class="function">close</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
191	<td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
192	<dd>
193	Close the sequence.
194	</dl>
195
196	<P>
197	The class which implements the sequence behavior provided by the
198	module is available for subclassing as well:
199
200	<P>
201	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
202	<td><nobr><b><span class="typelabel">class</span> <tt id='l2h-1444' xml:id='l2h-1444' class="class">FileInput</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
203	<td><var></var><big>[</big><var>files</var><big>[</big><var>,
204	inplace</var><big>[</big><var>, backup</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
205	<dd>
206	Class <tt class="class">FileInput</tt> is the implementation; its methods
207	<tt class="method">filename()</tt>, <tt class="method">lineno()</tt>, <tt class="method">fileline()</tt>,
208	<tt class="method">isfirstline()</tt>, <tt class="method">isstdin()</tt>, <tt class="method">nextfile()</tt> and
209	<tt class="method">close()</tt> correspond to the functions of the same name in the
210	module. In addition it has a <tt class="method">readline()</tt> method which
211	returns the next input line, and a <tt class="method">__getitem__()</tt> method
212	which implements the sequence behavior. The sequence must be
213	accessed in strictly sequential order; random access and
214	<tt class="method">readline()</tt> cannot be mixed.
215	</dl>
216
217	<P>
218	<strong>Optional in-place filtering:</strong> if the keyword argument
219	<code><var>inplace</var>=1</code> is passed to <tt class="function">input()</tt> or to the
220	<tt class="class">FileInput</tt> constructor, the file is moved to a backup file and
221	standard output is directed to the input file (if a file of the same
222	name as the backup file already exists, it will be replaced silently).
223	This makes it possible to write a filter that rewrites its input file
224	in place. If the keyword argument <code><var>backup</var>='.<some
225	extension>'</code> is also given, it specifies the extension for the backup
226	file, and the backup file remains around; by default, the extension is
227	<code>'.bak'</code> and it is deleted when the output file is closed. In-place
228	filtering is disabled when standard input is read.
229
230	<P>
231	<strong>Caveat:</strong> The current implementation does not work for MS-DOS
232	8+3 filesystems.
233
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