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<H2><A NAME="SECTION0014240000000000000000">
12.2.4 Creating email and MIME objects from scratch</A>
</H2>
Ordinarily, you get a message object structure by passing a file or
some text to a parser, which parses the text and returns the root
message object.  However you can also build a complete message
structure from scratch, or even individual <tt class="class">Message</tt> objects by
hand.  In fact, you can also take an existing structure and add new
<tt class="class">Message</tt> objects, move them around, etc.  This makes a very
convenient interface for slicing-and-dicing MIME messages.

<P>
You can create a new object structure by creating <tt class="class">Message</tt>
instances, adding attachments and all the appropriate headers manually.
For MIME messages though, the <tt class="module">email</tt> package provides some
convenient subclasses to make things easier.  Each of these classes
should be imported from a module with the same name as the class, from
within the <tt class="module">email</tt> package.  E.g.:

<P>
<div class="verbatim"><pre>
import email.MIMEImage.MIMEImage
</pre></div>

<P>
or

<P>
<div class="verbatim"><pre>
from email.MIMEText import MIMEText
</pre></div>

<P>
Here are the classes:

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><span class="typelabel">class</span>&nbsp;<tt id='l2h-3891' xml:id='l2h-3891' class="class">MIMEBase</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>_maintype, _subtype, **_params</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
This is the base class for all the MIME-specific subclasses of
<tt class="class">Message</tt>.  Ordinarily you won't create instances specifically
of <tt class="class">MIMEBase</tt>, although you could.  <tt class="class">MIMEBase</tt> is provided
primarily as a convenient base class for more specific MIME-aware
subclasses.

<P>
<var>_maintype</var> is the <span class="mailheader">Content-Type:</span> major type
(e.g. <span class="mimetype">text</span> or <span class="mimetype">image</span>), and <var>_subtype</var> is the
<span class="mailheader">Content-Type:</span> minor type 
(e.g. <span class="mimetype">plain</span> or <span class="mimetype">gif</span>).  <var>_params</var> is a parameter
key/value dictionary and is passed directly to
<tt class="method">Message.add_header()</tt>.

<P>
The <tt class="class">MIMEBase</tt> class always adds a <span class="mailheader">Content-Type:</span> header
(based on <var>_maintype</var>, <var>_subtype</var>, and <var>_params</var>), and a
<span class="mailheader">MIME-Version:</span> header (always set to <code>1.0</code>).
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><span class="typelabel">class</span>&nbsp;<tt id='l2h-3892' xml:id='l2h-3892' class="class">MIMENonMultipart</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
A subclass of <tt class="class">MIMEBase</tt>, this is an intermediate base class for
MIME messages that are not <span class="mimetype">multipart</span>.  The primary purpose
of this class is to prevent the use of the <tt class="method">attach()</tt> method,
which only makes sense for <span class="mimetype">multipart</span> messages.  If
<tt class="method">attach()</tt> is called, a <tt class="exception">MultipartConversionError</tt>
exception is raised.

<P>

<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.2.2.</span>

</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><span class="typelabel">class</span>&nbsp;<tt id='l2h-3893' xml:id='l2h-3893' class="class">MIMEMultipart</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var><big>[</big><var>subtype</var><big>[</big><var>,
    boundary</var><big>[</big><var>, _subparts</var><big>[</big><var>, _params</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>

<P>
A subclass of <tt class="class">MIMEBase</tt>, this is an intermediate base class for
MIME messages that are <span class="mimetype">multipart</span>.  Optional <var>_subtype</var>
defaults to <span class="mimetype">mixed</span>, but can be used to specify the subtype
of the message.  A <span class="mailheader">Content-Type:</span> header of
<span class="mimetype">multipart/</span><var>_subtype</var> will be added to the message
object.  A <span class="mailheader">MIME-Version:</span> header will also be added.

<P>
Optional <var>boundary</var> is the multipart boundary string.  When
<code>None</code> (the default), the boundary is calculated when needed.

<P>
<var>_subparts</var> is a sequence of initial subparts for the payload.  It
must be possible to convert this sequence to a list.  You can always
attach new subparts to the message by using the
<tt class="method">Message.attach()</tt> method.

<P>
Additional parameters for the <span class="mailheader">Content-Type:</span> header are
taken from the keyword arguments, or passed into the <var>_params</var>
argument, which is a keyword dictionary.

<P>

<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.2.2.</span>

</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><span class="typelabel">class</span>&nbsp;<tt id='l2h-3894' xml:id='l2h-3894' class="class">MIMEAudio</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>_audiodata</var><big>[</big><var>, _subtype</var><big>[</big><var>,
    _encoder</var><big>[</big><var>, **_params</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>

<P>
A subclass of <tt class="class">MIMENonMultipart</tt>, the <tt class="class">MIMEAudio</tt> class
is used to create MIME message objects of major type <span class="mimetype">audio</span>.
<var>_audiodata</var> is a string containing the raw audio data.  If this
data can be decoded by the standard Python module <tt class="module"><a href="module-sndhdr.html">sndhdr</a></tt>,
then the subtype will be automatically included in the
<span class="mailheader">Content-Type:</span> header.  Otherwise you can explicitly specify the
audio subtype via the <var>_subtype</var> parameter.  If the minor type could
not be guessed and <var>_subtype</var> was not given, then <tt class="exception">TypeError</tt>
is raised.

<P>
Optional <var>_encoder</var> is a callable (i.e. function) which will
perform the actual encoding of the audio data for transport.  This
callable takes one argument, which is the <tt class="class">MIMEAudio</tt> instance.
It should use <tt class="method">get_payload()</tt> and <tt class="method">set_payload()</tt> to
change the payload to encoded form.  It should also add any
<span class="mailheader">Content-Transfer-Encoding:</span> or other headers to the message
object as necessary.  The default encoding is base64.  See the
<tt class="module"><a href="module-email.Encoders.html">email.Encoders</a></tt> module for a list of the built-in encoders.

<P>
<var>_params</var> are passed straight through to the base class constructor.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><span class="typelabel">class</span>&nbsp;<tt id='l2h-3895' xml:id='l2h-3895' class="class">MIMEImage</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>_imagedata</var><big>[</big><var>, _subtype</var><big>[</big><var>,
    _encoder</var><big>[</big><var>, **_params</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>

<P>
A subclass of <tt class="class">MIMENonMultipart</tt>, the <tt class="class">MIMEImage</tt> class is
used to create MIME message objects of major type <span class="mimetype">image</span>.
<var>_imagedata</var> is a string containing the raw image data.  If this
data can be decoded by the standard Python module <tt class="module"><a href="module-imghdr.html">imghdr</a></tt>,
then the subtype will be automatically included in the
<span class="mailheader">Content-Type:</span> header.  Otherwise you can explicitly specify the
image subtype via the <var>_subtype</var> parameter.  If the minor type could
not be guessed and <var>_subtype</var> was not given, then <tt class="exception">TypeError</tt>
is raised.

<P>
Optional <var>_encoder</var> is a callable (i.e. function) which will
perform the actual encoding of the image data for transport.  This
callable takes one argument, which is the <tt class="class">MIMEImage</tt> instance.
It should use <tt class="method">get_payload()</tt> and <tt class="method">set_payload()</tt> to
change the payload to encoded form.  It should also add any
<span class="mailheader">Content-Transfer-Encoding:</span> or other headers to the message
object as necessary.  The default encoding is base64.  See the
<tt class="module"><a href="module-email.Encoders.html">email.Encoders</a></tt> module for a list of the built-in encoders.

<P>
<var>_params</var> are passed straight through to the <tt class="class">MIMEBase</tt>
constructor.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><span class="typelabel">class</span>&nbsp;<tt id='l2h-3896' xml:id='l2h-3896' class="class">MIMEMessage</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>_msg</var><big>[</big><var>, _subtype</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
A subclass of <tt class="class">MIMENonMultipart</tt>, the <tt class="class">MIMEMessage</tt> class
is used to create MIME objects of main type <span class="mimetype">message</span>.
<var>_msg</var> is used as the payload, and must be an instance of class
<tt class="class">Message</tt> (or a subclass thereof), otherwise a
<tt class="exception">TypeError</tt> is raised.

<P>
Optional <var>_subtype</var> sets the subtype of the message; it defaults
to <span class="mimetype">rfc822</span>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><span class="typelabel">class</span>&nbsp;<tt id='l2h-3897' xml:id='l2h-3897' class="class">MIMEText</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>_text</var><big>[</big><var>, _subtype</var><big>[</big><var>, _charset</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
A subclass of <tt class="class">MIMENonMultipart</tt>, the <tt class="class">MIMEText</tt> class is
used to create MIME objects of major type <span class="mimetype">text</span>.
<var>_text</var> is the string for the payload.  <var>_subtype</var> is the
minor type and defaults to <span class="mimetype">plain</span>.  <var>_charset</var> is the
character set of the text and is passed as a parameter to the
<tt class="class">MIMENonMultipart</tt> constructor; it defaults to <code>us-ascii</code>.  No
guessing or encoding is performed on the text data.

<P>

<span class="versionnote">Changed in version 2.4:
The previously deprecated <var>_encoding</var> argument has
been removed.  Encoding happens implicitly based on the <var>_charset</var>
argument.</span>

</dl>

<P>

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	54
	55	<H2><A NAME="SECTION0014240000000000000000">
	56	12.2.4 Creating email and MIME objects from scratch</A>
	57	</H2>
	58	Ordinarily, you get a message object structure by passing a file or
	59	some text to a parser, which parses the text and returns the root
	60	message object. However you can also build a complete message
	61	structure from scratch, or even individual <tt class="class">Message</tt> objects by
	62	hand. In fact, you can also take an existing structure and add new
	63	<tt class="class">Message</tt> objects, move them around, etc. This makes a very
	64	convenient interface for slicing-and-dicing MIME messages.
65
66	<P>
67	You can create a new object structure by creating <tt class="class">Message</tt>
68	instances, adding attachments and all the appropriate headers manually.
69	For MIME messages though, the <tt class="module">email</tt> package provides some
70	convenient subclasses to make things easier. Each of these classes
71	should be imported from a module with the same name as the class, from
72	within the <tt class="module">email</tt> package. E.g.:
73
74	<P>
75	<div class="verbatim"><pre>
76	import email.MIMEImage.MIMEImage
77	</pre></div>
78
79	<P>
80	or
81
82	<P>
83	<div class="verbatim"><pre>
84	from email.MIMEText import MIMEText
85	</pre></div>
86
87	<P>
88	Here are the classes:
89
90	<P>
91	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
92	<td><nobr><b><span class="typelabel">class</span> <tt id='l2h-3891' xml:id='l2h-3891' class="class">MIMEBase</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
93	<td><var>_maintype, _subtype, **_params</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
94	<dd>
95	This is the base class for all the MIME-specific subclasses of
96	<tt class="class">Message</tt>. Ordinarily you won't create instances specifically
97	of <tt class="class">MIMEBase</tt>, although you could. <tt class="class">MIMEBase</tt> is provided
98	primarily as a convenient base class for more specific MIME-aware
99	subclasses.
100
101	<P>
102	<var>_maintype</var> is the <span class="mailheader">Content-Type:</span> major type
103	(e.g. <span class="mimetype">text</span> or <span class="mimetype">image</span>), and <var>_subtype</var> is the
104	<span class="mailheader">Content-Type:</span> minor type
105	(e.g. <span class="mimetype">plain</span> or <span class="mimetype">gif</span>). <var>_params</var> is a parameter
106	key/value dictionary and is passed directly to
107	<tt class="method">Message.add_header()</tt>.
108
109	<P>
110	The <tt class="class">MIMEBase</tt> class always adds a <span class="mailheader">Content-Type:</span> header
111	(based on <var>_maintype</var>, <var>_subtype</var>, and <var>_params</var>), and a
112	<span class="mailheader">MIME-Version:</span> header (always set to <code>1.0</code>).
113	</dl>
114
115	<P>
116	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
117	<td><nobr><b><span class="typelabel">class</span> <tt id='l2h-3892' xml:id='l2h-3892' class="class">MIMENonMultipart</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
118	<td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
119	<dd>
120	A subclass of <tt class="class">MIMEBase</tt>, this is an intermediate base class for
121	MIME messages that are not <span class="mimetype">multipart</span>. The primary purpose
122	of this class is to prevent the use of the <tt class="method">attach()</tt> method,
123	which only makes sense for <span class="mimetype">multipart</span> messages. If
124	<tt class="method">attach()</tt> is called, a <tt class="exception">MultipartConversionError</tt>
125	exception is raised.
126
127	<P>
128
129	<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.2.2.</span>
130
131	</dl>
132
133	<P>
134	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
135	<td><nobr><b><span class="typelabel">class</span> <tt id='l2h-3893' xml:id='l2h-3893' class="class">MIMEMultipart</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
136	<td><var></var><big>[</big><var>subtype</var><big>[</big><var>,
137	boundary</var><big>[</big><var>, _subparts</var><big>[</big><var>, _params</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
138	<dd>
139
140	<P>
141	A subclass of <tt class="class">MIMEBase</tt>, this is an intermediate base class for
142	MIME messages that are <span class="mimetype">multipart</span>. Optional <var>_subtype</var>
143	defaults to <span class="mimetype">mixed</span>, but can be used to specify the subtype
144	of the message. A <span class="mailheader">Content-Type:</span> header of
145	<span class="mimetype">multipart/</span><var>_subtype</var> will be added to the message
146	object. A <span class="mailheader">MIME-Version:</span> header will also be added.
147
148	<P>
149	Optional <var>boundary</var> is the multipart boundary string. When
150	<code>None</code> (the default), the boundary is calculated when needed.
151
152	<P>
153	<var>_subparts</var> is a sequence of initial subparts for the payload. It
154	must be possible to convert this sequence to a list. You can always
155	attach new subparts to the message by using the
156	<tt class="method">Message.attach()</tt> method.
157
158	<P>
159	Additional parameters for the <span class="mailheader">Content-Type:</span> header are
160	taken from the keyword arguments, or passed into the <var>_params</var>
161	argument, which is a keyword dictionary.
162
163	<P>
164
165	<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.2.2.</span>
166
167	</dl>
168
169	<P>
170	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
171	<td><nobr><b><span class="typelabel">class</span> <tt id='l2h-3894' xml:id='l2h-3894' class="class">MIMEAudio</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
172	<td><var>_audiodata</var><big>[</big><var>, _subtype</var><big>[</big><var>,
173	_encoder</var><big>[</big><var>, **_params</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
174	<dd>
175
176	<P>
177	A subclass of <tt class="class">MIMENonMultipart</tt>, the <tt class="class">MIMEAudio</tt> class
178	is used to create MIME message objects of major type <span class="mimetype">audio</span>.
179	<var>_audiodata</var> is a string containing the raw audio data. If this
180	data can be decoded by the standard Python module <tt class="module"><a href="module-sndhdr.html">sndhdr</a></tt>,
181	then the subtype will be automatically included in the
182	<span class="mailheader">Content-Type:</span> header. Otherwise you can explicitly specify the
183	audio subtype via the <var>_subtype</var> parameter. If the minor type could
184	not be guessed and <var>_subtype</var> was not given, then <tt class="exception">TypeError</tt>
185	is raised.
186
187	<P>
188	Optional <var>_encoder</var> is a callable (i.e. function) which will
189	perform the actual encoding of the audio data for transport. This
190	callable takes one argument, which is the <tt class="class">MIMEAudio</tt> instance.
191	It should use <tt class="method">get_payload()</tt> and <tt class="method">set_payload()</tt> to
192	change the payload to encoded form. It should also add any
193	<span class="mailheader">Content-Transfer-Encoding:</span> or other headers to the message
194	object as necessary. The default encoding is base64. See the
195	<tt class="module"><a href="module-email.Encoders.html">email.Encoders</a></tt> module for a list of the built-in encoders.
196
197	<P>
198	<var>_params</var> are passed straight through to the base class constructor.
199	</dl>
200
201	<P>
202	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
203	<td><nobr><b><span class="typelabel">class</span> <tt id='l2h-3895' xml:id='l2h-3895' class="class">MIMEImage</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
204	<td><var>_imagedata</var><big>[</big><var>, _subtype</var><big>[</big><var>,
205	_encoder</var><big>[</big><var>, **_params</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
206	<dd>
207
208	<P>
209	A subclass of <tt class="class">MIMENonMultipart</tt>, the <tt class="class">MIMEImage</tt> class is
210	used to create MIME message objects of major type <span class="mimetype">image</span>.
211	<var>_imagedata</var> is a string containing the raw image data. If this
212	data can be decoded by the standard Python module <tt class="module"><a href="module-imghdr.html">imghdr</a></tt>,
213	then the subtype will be automatically included in the
214	<span class="mailheader">Content-Type:</span> header. Otherwise you can explicitly specify the
215	image subtype via the <var>_subtype</var> parameter. If the minor type could
216	not be guessed and <var>_subtype</var> was not given, then <tt class="exception">TypeError</tt>
217	is raised.
218
219	<P>
220	Optional <var>_encoder</var> is a callable (i.e. function) which will
221	perform the actual encoding of the image data for transport. This
222	callable takes one argument, which is the <tt class="class">MIMEImage</tt> instance.
223	It should use <tt class="method">get_payload()</tt> and <tt class="method">set_payload()</tt> to
224	change the payload to encoded form. It should also add any
225	<span class="mailheader">Content-Transfer-Encoding:</span> or other headers to the message
226	object as necessary. The default encoding is base64. See the
227	<tt class="module"><a href="module-email.Encoders.html">email.Encoders</a></tt> module for a list of the built-in encoders.
228
229	<P>
230	<var>_params</var> are passed straight through to the <tt class="class">MIMEBase</tt>
231	constructor.
232	</dl>
233
234	<P>
235	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
236	<td><nobr><b><span class="typelabel">class</span> <tt id='l2h-3896' xml:id='l2h-3896' class="class">MIMEMessage</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
237	<td><var>_msg</var><big>[</big><var>, _subtype</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
238	<dd>
239	A subclass of <tt class="class">MIMENonMultipart</tt>, the <tt class="class">MIMEMessage</tt> class
240	is used to create MIME objects of main type <span class="mimetype">message</span>.
241	<var>_msg</var> is used as the payload, and must be an instance of class
242	<tt class="class">Message</tt> (or a subclass thereof), otherwise a
243	<tt class="exception">TypeError</tt> is raised.
244
245	<P>
246	Optional <var>_subtype</var> sets the subtype of the message; it defaults
247	to <span class="mimetype">rfc822</span>.
248	</dl>
249
250	<P>
251	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
252	<td><nobr><b><span class="typelabel">class</span> <tt id='l2h-3897' xml:id='l2h-3897' class="class">MIMEText</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
253	<td><var>_text</var><big>[</big><var>, _subtype</var><big>[</big><var>, _charset</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
254	<dd>
255	A subclass of <tt class="class">MIMENonMultipart</tt>, the <tt class="class">MIMEText</tt> class is
256	used to create MIME objects of major type <span class="mimetype">text</span>.
257	<var>_text</var> is the string for the payload. <var>_subtype</var> is the
258	minor type and defaults to <span class="mimetype">plain</span>. <var>_charset</var> is the
259	character set of the text and is passed as a parameter to the
260	<tt class="class">MIMENonMultipart</tt> constructor; it defaults to <code>us-ascii</code>. No
261	guessing or encoding is performed on the text data.
262
263	<P>
264
265	<span class="versionnote">Changed in version 2.4:
266	The previously deprecated <var>_encoding</var> argument has
267	been removed. Encoding happens implicitly based on the <var>_charset</var>
268	argument.</span>
269
270	</dl>
271
272	<P>
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