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54 | ||
55 | <H2><A NAME="SECTION008150000000000000000"></A><A NAME="os-process"></A> | |
56 | <BR> | |
57 | 6.1.5 Process Management | |
58 | </H2> | |
59 | ||
60 | <P> | |
61 | These functions may be used to create and manage processes. | |
62 | ||
63 | <P> | |
64 | The various <tt class="function">exec*()</tt> functions take a list of arguments for | |
65 | the new program loaded into the process. In each case, the first of | |
66 | these arguments is passed to the new program as its own name rather | |
67 | than as an argument a user may have typed on a command line. For the | |
68 | C programmer, this is the <code>argv[0]</code> passed to a program's | |
69 | <tt class="cfunction">main()</tt>. For example, "<tt class="samp">os.execv('/bin/echo', ['foo', | |
70 | 'bar'])</tt>" will only print "<tt class="samp">bar</tt>" on standard output; "<tt class="samp">foo</tt>"will seem to be ignored. | |
71 | ||
72 | <P> | |
73 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
74 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1647' xml:id='l2h-1647' class="function">abort</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
75 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
76 | <dd> | |
77 | Generate a <tt class="constant">SIGABRT</tt> signal to the current process. On | |
78 | <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, the default behavior is to produce a core dump; on Windows, the | |
79 | process immediately returns an exit code of <code>3</code>. Be aware that | |
80 | programs which use <tt class="function">signal.signal()</tt> to register a handler | |
81 | for <tt class="constant">SIGABRT</tt> will behave differently. | |
82 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows. | |
83 | </dl> | |
84 | ||
85 | <P> | |
86 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
87 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1648' xml:id='l2h-1648' class="function">execl</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
88 | <td><var>path, arg0, arg1, ...</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
89 | <dd> | |
90 | <dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
91 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">execle</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
92 | <td><var>path, arg0, arg1, ..., env</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
93 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
94 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">execlp</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
95 | <td><var>file, arg0, arg1, ...</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
96 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
97 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">execlpe</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
98 | <td><var>file, arg0, arg1, ..., env</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
99 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
100 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">execv</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
101 | <td><var>path, args</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
102 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
103 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">execve</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
104 | <td><var>path, args, env</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
105 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
106 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">execvp</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
107 | <td><var>file, args</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
108 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
109 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">execvpe</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
110 | <td><var>file, args, env</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
111 | <dd>These functions all execute a new program, replacing the current | |
112 | process; they do not return. On <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, the new executable is loaded | |
113 | into the current process, and will have the same process ID as the | |
114 | caller. Errors will be reported as <tt class="exception">OSError</tt> exceptions. | |
115 | ||
116 | <P> | |
117 | The "<tt class="character">l</tt>" and "<tt class="character">v</tt>" variants of the | |
118 | <tt class="function">exec*()</tt> functions differ in how command-line arguments are | |
119 | passed. The "<tt class="character">l</tt>" variants are perhaps the easiest to work | |
120 | with if the number of parameters is fixed when the code is written; | |
121 | the individual parameters simply become additional parameters to the | |
122 | <tt class="function">execl*()</tt> functions. The "<tt class="character">v</tt>" variants are good | |
123 | when the number of parameters is variable, with the arguments being | |
124 | passed in a list or tuple as the <var>args</var> parameter. In either | |
125 | case, the arguments to the child process should start with the name of | |
126 | the command being run, but this is not enforced. | |
127 | ||
128 | <P> | |
129 | The variants which include a "<tt class="character">p</tt>" near the end | |
130 | (<tt class="function">execlp()</tt>, <tt class="function">execlpe()</tt>, <tt class="function">execvp()</tt>, | |
131 | and <tt class="function">execvpe()</tt>) will use the <a class="envvar" id='l2h-1707' xml:id='l2h-1707'>PATH</a> environment | |
132 | variable to locate the program <var>file</var>. When the environment is | |
133 | being replaced (using one of the <tt class="function">exec*e()</tt> variants, | |
134 | discussed in the next paragraph), the | |
135 | new environment is used as the source of the <a class="envvar" id='l2h-1708' xml:id='l2h-1708'>PATH</a> variable. | |
136 | The other variants, <tt class="function">execl()</tt>, <tt class="function">execle()</tt>, | |
137 | <tt class="function">execv()</tt>, and <tt class="function">execve()</tt>, will not use the | |
138 | <a class="envvar" id='l2h-1709' xml:id='l2h-1709'>PATH</a> variable to locate the executable; <var>path</var> must | |
139 | contain an appropriate absolute or relative path. | |
140 | ||
141 | <P> | |
142 | For <tt class="function">execle()</tt>, <tt class="function">execlpe()</tt>, <tt class="function">execve()</tt>, | |
143 | and <tt class="function">execvpe()</tt> (note that these all end in "<tt class="character">e</tt>"), | |
144 | the <var>env</var> parameter must be a mapping which is used to define the | |
145 | environment variables for the new process; the <tt class="function">execl()</tt>, | |
146 | <tt class="function">execlp()</tt>, <tt class="function">execv()</tt>, and <tt class="function">execvp()</tt> | |
147 | all cause the new process to inherit the environment of the current | |
148 | process. | |
149 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows. | |
150 | </dl> | |
151 | ||
152 | <P> | |
153 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
154 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1656' xml:id='l2h-1656' class="function">_exit</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
155 | <td><var>n</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
156 | <dd> | |
157 | Exit to the system with status <var>n</var>, without calling cleanup | |
158 | handlers, flushing stdio buffers, etc. | |
159 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows. | |
160 | ||
161 | <P> | |
162 | <div class="note"><b class="label">Note:</b> | |
163 | The standard way to exit is <code>sys.exit(<var>n</var>)</code>. | |
164 | <tt class="function">_exit()</tt> should normally only be used in the child process | |
165 | after a <tt class="function">fork()</tt>. | |
166 | </div> | |
167 | </dl> | |
168 | ||
169 | <P> | |
170 | The following exit codes are a defined, and can be used with | |
171 | <tt class="function">_exit()</tt>, although they are not required. These are | |
172 | typically used for system programs written in Python, such as a | |
173 | mail server's external command delivery program. | |
174 | <span class="note"><b class="label">Note:</b> | |
175 | Some of these may not be available on all <span class="Unix">Unix</span> platforms, | |
176 | since there is some variation. These constants are defined where they | |
177 | are defined by the underlying platform.</span> | |
178 | ||
179 | <P> | |
180 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1657' xml:id='l2h-1657'>EX_OK</tt></b></dt> | |
181 | <dd> | |
182 | Exit code that means no error occurred. | |
183 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
184 | ||
185 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> | |
186 | ||
187 | </dd></dl> | |
188 | ||
189 | <P> | |
190 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1658' xml:id='l2h-1658'>EX_USAGE</tt></b></dt> | |
191 | <dd> | |
192 | Exit code that means the command was used incorrectly, such as when | |
193 | the wrong number of arguments are given. | |
194 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
195 | ||
196 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> | |
197 | ||
198 | </dd></dl> | |
199 | ||
200 | <P> | |
201 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1659' xml:id='l2h-1659'>EX_DATAERR</tt></b></dt> | |
202 | <dd> | |
203 | Exit code that means the input data was incorrect. | |
204 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
205 | ||
206 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> | |
207 | ||
208 | </dd></dl> | |
209 | ||
210 | <P> | |
211 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1660' xml:id='l2h-1660'>EX_NOINPUT</tt></b></dt> | |
212 | <dd> | |
213 | Exit code that means an input file did not exist or was not readable. | |
214 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
215 | ||
216 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> | |
217 | ||
218 | </dd></dl> | |
219 | ||
220 | <P> | |
221 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1661' xml:id='l2h-1661'>EX_NOUSER</tt></b></dt> | |
222 | <dd> | |
223 | Exit code that means a specified user did not exist. | |
224 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
225 | ||
226 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> | |
227 | ||
228 | </dd></dl> | |
229 | ||
230 | <P> | |
231 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1662' xml:id='l2h-1662'>EX_NOHOST</tt></b></dt> | |
232 | <dd> | |
233 | Exit code that means a specified host did not exist. | |
234 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
235 | ||
236 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> | |
237 | ||
238 | </dd></dl> | |
239 | ||
240 | <P> | |
241 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1663' xml:id='l2h-1663'>EX_UNAVAILABLE</tt></b></dt> | |
242 | <dd> | |
243 | Exit code that means that a required service is unavailable. | |
244 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
245 | ||
246 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> | |
247 | ||
248 | </dd></dl> | |
249 | ||
250 | <P> | |
251 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1664' xml:id='l2h-1664'>EX_SOFTWARE</tt></b></dt> | |
252 | <dd> | |
253 | Exit code that means an internal software error was detected. | |
254 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
255 | ||
256 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> | |
257 | ||
258 | </dd></dl> | |
259 | ||
260 | <P> | |
261 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1665' xml:id='l2h-1665'>EX_OSERR</tt></b></dt> | |
262 | <dd> | |
263 | Exit code that means an operating system error was detected, such as | |
264 | the inability to fork or create a pipe. | |
265 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
266 | ||
267 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> | |
268 | ||
269 | </dd></dl> | |
270 | ||
271 | <P> | |
272 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1666' xml:id='l2h-1666'>EX_OSFILE</tt></b></dt> | |
273 | <dd> | |
274 | Exit code that means some system file did not exist, could not be | |
275 | opened, or had some other kind of error. | |
276 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
277 | ||
278 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> | |
279 | ||
280 | </dd></dl> | |
281 | ||
282 | <P> | |
283 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1667' xml:id='l2h-1667'>EX_CANTCREAT</tt></b></dt> | |
284 | <dd> | |
285 | Exit code that means a user specified output file could not be created. | |
286 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
287 | ||
288 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> | |
289 | ||
290 | </dd></dl> | |
291 | ||
292 | <P> | |
293 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1668' xml:id='l2h-1668'>EX_IOERR</tt></b></dt> | |
294 | <dd> | |
295 | Exit code that means that an error occurred while doing I/O on some file. | |
296 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
297 | ||
298 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> | |
299 | ||
300 | </dd></dl> | |
301 | ||
302 | <P> | |
303 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1669' xml:id='l2h-1669'>EX_TEMPFAIL</tt></b></dt> | |
304 | <dd> | |
305 | Exit code that means a temporary failure occurred. This indicates | |
306 | something that may not really be an error, such as a network | |
307 | connection that couldn't be made during a retryable operation. | |
308 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
309 | ||
310 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> | |
311 | ||
312 | </dd></dl> | |
313 | ||
314 | <P> | |
315 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1670' xml:id='l2h-1670'>EX_PROTOCOL</tt></b></dt> | |
316 | <dd> | |
317 | Exit code that means that a protocol exchange was illegal, invalid, or | |
318 | not understood. | |
319 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
320 | ||
321 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> | |
322 | ||
323 | </dd></dl> | |
324 | ||
325 | <P> | |
326 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1671' xml:id='l2h-1671'>EX_NOPERM</tt></b></dt> | |
327 | <dd> | |
328 | Exit code that means that there were insufficient permissions to | |
329 | perform the operation (but not intended for file system problems). | |
330 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
331 | ||
332 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> | |
333 | ||
334 | </dd></dl> | |
335 | ||
336 | <P> | |
337 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1672' xml:id='l2h-1672'>EX_CONFIG</tt></b></dt> | |
338 | <dd> | |
339 | Exit code that means that some kind of configuration error occurred. | |
340 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
341 | ||
342 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> | |
343 | ||
344 | </dd></dl> | |
345 | ||
346 | <P> | |
347 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1673' xml:id='l2h-1673'>EX_NOTFOUND</tt></b></dt> | |
348 | <dd> | |
349 | Exit code that means something like ``an entry was not found''. | |
350 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
351 | ||
352 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> | |
353 | ||
354 | </dd></dl> | |
355 | ||
356 | <P> | |
357 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
358 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1674' xml:id='l2h-1674' class="function">fork</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
359 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
360 | <dd> | |
361 | Fork a child process. Return <code>0</code> in the child, the child's | |
362 | process id in the parent. | |
363 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
364 | </dl> | |
365 | ||
366 | <P> | |
367 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
368 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1675' xml:id='l2h-1675' class="function">forkpty</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
369 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
370 | <dd> | |
371 | Fork a child process, using a new pseudo-terminal as the child's | |
372 | controlling terminal. Return a pair of <code>(<var>pid</var>, <var>fd</var>)</code>, | |
373 | where <var>pid</var> is <code>0</code> in the child, the new child's process id | |
374 | in the parent, and <var>fd</var> is the file descriptor of the master end | |
375 | of the pseudo-terminal. For a more portable approach, use the | |
376 | <tt class="module"><a href="module-pty.html">pty</a></tt> module. | |
377 | Availability: Macintosh, Some flavors of <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
378 | </dl> | |
379 | ||
380 | <P> | |
381 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
382 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1676' xml:id='l2h-1676' class="function">kill</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
383 | <td><var>pid, sig</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
384 | <dd> | |
385 | <a id='l2h-1710' xml:id='l2h-1710'></a> | |
386 | Kill the process <var>pid</var> with signal <var>sig</var>. Constants for the | |
387 | specific signals available on the host platform are defined in the | |
388 | <tt class="module"><a href="module-signal.html">signal</a></tt> module. | |
389 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
390 | </dl> | |
391 | ||
392 | <P> | |
393 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
394 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1677' xml:id='l2h-1677' class="function">killpg</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
395 | <td><var>pgid, sig</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
396 | <dd> | |
397 | <a id='l2h-1711' xml:id='l2h-1711'></a> | |
398 | Kill the process group <var>pgid</var> with the signal <var>sig</var>. | |
399 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
400 | ||
401 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> | |
402 | ||
403 | </dl> | |
404 | ||
405 | <P> | |
406 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
407 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1678' xml:id='l2h-1678' class="function">nice</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
408 | <td><var>increment</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
409 | <dd> | |
410 | Add <var>increment</var> to the process's ``niceness''. Return the new | |
411 | niceness. | |
412 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
413 | </dl> | |
414 | ||
415 | <P> | |
416 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
417 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1679' xml:id='l2h-1679' class="function">plock</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
418 | <td><var>op</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
419 | <dd> | |
420 | Lock program segments into memory. The value of <var>op</var> | |
421 | (defined in <code><sys/lock.h></code>) determines which segments are locked. | |
422 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
423 | </dl> | |
424 | ||
425 | <P> | |
426 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
427 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">popen</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
428 | <td><var>...</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
429 | <dd> | |
430 | <dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
431 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">popen2</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
432 | <td><var>...</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
433 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
434 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">popen3</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
435 | <td><var>...</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
436 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
437 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">popen4</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
438 | <td><var>...</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
439 | <dd>Run child processes, returning opened pipes for communications. These | |
440 | functions are described in section <A href="os-newstreams.html#os-newstreams">6.1.2</A>. | |
441 | </dl> | |
442 | ||
443 | <P> | |
444 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
445 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1680' xml:id='l2h-1680' class="function">spawnl</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
446 | <td><var>mode, path, ...</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
447 | <dd> | |
448 | <dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
449 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">spawnle</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
450 | <td><var>mode, path, ..., env</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
451 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
452 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">spawnlp</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
453 | <td><var>mode, file, ...</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
454 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
455 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">spawnlpe</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
456 | <td><var>mode, file, ..., env</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
457 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
458 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">spawnv</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
459 | <td><var>mode, path, args</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
460 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
461 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">spawnve</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
462 | <td><var>mode, path, args, env</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
463 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
464 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">spawnvp</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
465 | <td><var>mode, file, args</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
466 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
467 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">spawnvpe</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
468 | <td><var>mode, file, args, env</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
469 | <dd>Execute the program <var>path</var> in a new process. If <var>mode</var> is | |
470 | <tt class="constant">P_NOWAIT</tt>, this function returns the process ID of the new | |
471 | process; if <var>mode</var> is <tt class="constant">P_WAIT</tt>, returns the process's | |
472 | exit code if it exits normally, or <code>-<var>signal</var></code>, where | |
473 | <var>signal</var> is the signal that killed the process. On Windows, the | |
474 | process ID will actually be the process handle, so can be used with | |
475 | the <tt class="function">waitpid()</tt> function. | |
476 | ||
477 | <P> | |
478 | The "<tt class="character">l</tt>" and "<tt class="character">v</tt>" variants of the | |
479 | <tt class="function">spawn*()</tt> functions differ in how command-line arguments are | |
480 | passed. The "<tt class="character">l</tt>" variants are perhaps the easiest to work | |
481 | with if the number of parameters is fixed when the code is written; | |
482 | the individual parameters simply become additional parameters to the | |
483 | <tt class="function">spawnl*()</tt> functions. The "<tt class="character">v</tt>" variants are good | |
484 | when the number of parameters is variable, with the arguments being | |
485 | passed in a list or tuple as the <var>args</var> parameter. In either | |
486 | case, the arguments to the child process must start with the name of | |
487 | the command being run. | |
488 | ||
489 | <P> | |
490 | The variants which include a second "<tt class="character">p</tt>" near the end | |
491 | (<tt class="function">spawnlp()</tt>, <tt class="function">spawnlpe()</tt>, <tt class="function">spawnvp()</tt>, | |
492 | and <tt class="function">spawnvpe()</tt>) will use the <a class="envvar" id='l2h-1712' xml:id='l2h-1712'>PATH</a> environment | |
493 | variable to locate the program <var>file</var>. When the environment is | |
494 | being replaced (using one of the <tt class="function">spawn*e()</tt> variants, | |
495 | discussed in the next paragraph), the new environment is used as the | |
496 | source of the <a class="envvar" id='l2h-1713' xml:id='l2h-1713'>PATH</a> variable. The other variants, | |
497 | <tt class="function">spawnl()</tt>, <tt class="function">spawnle()</tt>, <tt class="function">spawnv()</tt>, and | |
498 | <tt class="function">spawnve()</tt>, will not use the <a class="envvar" id='l2h-1714' xml:id='l2h-1714'>PATH</a> variable to | |
499 | locate the executable; <var>path</var> must contain an appropriate absolute | |
500 | or relative path. | |
501 | ||
502 | <P> | |
503 | For <tt class="function">spawnle()</tt>, <tt class="function">spawnlpe()</tt>, <tt class="function">spawnve()</tt>, | |
504 | and <tt class="function">spawnvpe()</tt> (note that these all end in "<tt class="character">e</tt>"), | |
505 | the <var>env</var> parameter must be a mapping which is used to define the | |
506 | environment variables for the new process; the <tt class="function">spawnl()</tt>, | |
507 | <tt class="function">spawnlp()</tt>, <tt class="function">spawnv()</tt>, and <tt class="function">spawnvp()</tt> | |
508 | all cause the new process to inherit the environment of the current | |
509 | process. | |
510 | ||
511 | <P> | |
512 | As an example, the following calls to <tt class="function">spawnlp()</tt> and | |
513 | <tt class="function">spawnvpe()</tt> are equivalent: | |
514 | ||
515 | <P> | |
516 | <div class="verbatim"><pre> | |
517 | import os | |
518 | os.spawnlp(os.P_WAIT, 'cp', 'cp', 'index.html', '/dev/null') | |
519 | ||
520 | L = ['cp', 'index.html', '/dev/null'] | |
521 | os.spawnvpe(os.P_WAIT, 'cp', L, os.environ) | |
522 | </pre></div> | |
523 | ||
524 | <P> | |
525 | Availability: <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows. <tt class="function">spawnlp()</tt>, | |
526 | <tt class="function">spawnlpe()</tt>, <tt class="function">spawnvp()</tt> and <tt class="function">spawnvpe()</tt> | |
527 | are not available on Windows. | |
528 | ||
529 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 1.6.</span> | |
530 | ||
531 | </dl> | |
532 | ||
533 | <P> | |
534 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1688' xml:id='l2h-1688'>P_NOWAIT</tt></b></dt> | |
535 | <dd> | |
536 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-1715' xml:id='l2h-1715'>P_NOWAITO</tt></b></dt><dd> | |
537 | Possible values for the <var>mode</var> parameter to the <tt class="function">spawn*()</tt> | |
538 | family of functions. If either of these values is given, the | |
539 | <tt class="function">spawn*()</tt> functions will return as soon as the new process | |
540 | has been created, with the process ID as the return value. | |
541 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows. | |
542 | ||
543 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 1.6.</span> | |
544 | ||
545 | </dd></dl> | |
546 | ||
547 | <P> | |
548 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1689' xml:id='l2h-1689'>P_WAIT</tt></b></dt> | |
549 | <dd> | |
550 | Possible value for the <var>mode</var> parameter to the <tt class="function">spawn*()</tt> | |
551 | family of functions. If this is given as <var>mode</var>, the | |
552 | <tt class="function">spawn*()</tt> functions will not return until the new process | |
553 | has run to completion and will return the exit code of the process the | |
554 | run is successful, or <code>-<var>signal</var></code> if a signal kills the | |
555 | process. | |
556 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows. | |
557 | ||
558 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 1.6.</span> | |
559 | ||
560 | </dd></dl> | |
561 | ||
562 | <P> | |
563 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1690' xml:id='l2h-1690'>P_DETACH</tt></b></dt> | |
564 | <dd> | |
565 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-1716' xml:id='l2h-1716'>P_OVERLAY</tt></b></dt><dd> | |
566 | Possible values for the <var>mode</var> parameter to the | |
567 | <tt class="function">spawn*()</tt> family of functions. These are less portable than | |
568 | those listed above. | |
569 | <tt class="constant">P_DETACH</tt> is similar to <tt class="constant">P_NOWAIT</tt>, but the new | |
570 | process is detached from the console of the calling process. | |
571 | If <tt class="constant">P_OVERLAY</tt> is used, the current process will be replaced; | |
572 | the <tt class="function">spawn*()</tt> function will not return. | |
573 | Availability: Windows. | |
574 | ||
575 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 1.6.</span> | |
576 | ||
577 | </dd></dl> | |
578 | ||
579 | <P> | |
580 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
581 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1691' xml:id='l2h-1691' class="function">startfile</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
582 | <td><var>path</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
583 | <dd> | |
584 | Start a file with its associated application. This acts like | |
585 | double-clicking the file in Windows Explorer, or giving the file name | |
586 | as an argument to the <b class="program">start</b> command from the interactive | |
587 | command shell: the file is opened with whatever application (if any) | |
588 | its extension is associated. | |
589 | ||
590 | <P> | |
591 | <tt class="function">startfile()</tt> returns as soon as the associated application | |
592 | is launched. There is no option to wait for the application to close, | |
593 | and no way to retrieve the application's exit status. The <var>path</var> | |
594 | parameter is relative to the current directory. If you want to use an | |
595 | absolute path, make sure the first character is not a slash | |
596 | ("<tt class="character">/</tt>"); the underlying Win32 <tt class="cfunction">ShellExecute()</tt> | |
597 | function doesn't work if it is. Use the <tt class="function">os.path.normpath()</tt> | |
598 | function to ensure that the path is properly encoded for Win32. | |
599 | Availability: Windows. | |
600 | ||
601 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.0.</span> | |
602 | ||
603 | </dl> | |
604 | ||
605 | <P> | |
606 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
607 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1692' xml:id='l2h-1692' class="function">system</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
608 | <td><var>command</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
609 | <dd> | |
610 | Execute the command (a string) in a subshell. This is implemented by | |
611 | calling the Standard C function <tt class="cfunction">system()</tt>, and has the | |
612 | same limitations. Changes to <code>posix.environ</code>, <code>sys.stdin</code>, | |
613 | etc. are not reflected in the environment of the executed command. | |
614 | ||
615 | <P> | |
616 | On <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, the return value is the exit status of the process encoded in the | |
617 | format specified for <tt class="function">wait()</tt>. Note that POSIX does not | |
618 | specify the meaning of the return value of the C <tt class="cfunction">system()</tt> | |
619 | function, so the return value of the Python function is system-dependent. | |
620 | ||
621 | <P> | |
622 | On Windows, the return value is that returned by the system shell after | |
623 | running <var>command</var>, given by the Windows environment variable | |
624 | <a class="envvar" id='l2h-1717' xml:id='l2h-1717'>COMSPEC</a>: on <b class="program">command.com</b> systems (Windows 95, 98 and ME) | |
625 | this is always <code>0</code>; on <b class="program">cmd.exe</b> systems (Windows NT, 2000 | |
626 | and XP) this is the exit status of the command run; on systems using | |
627 | a non-native shell, consult your shell documentation. | |
628 | ||
629 | <P> | |
630 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows. | |
631 | </dl> | |
632 | ||
633 | <P> | |
634 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
635 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1693' xml:id='l2h-1693' class="function">times</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
636 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
637 | <dd> | |
638 | Return a 5-tuple of floating point numbers indicating accumulated | |
639 | (processor or other) | |
640 | times, in seconds. The items are: user time, system time, children's | |
641 | user time, children's system time, and elapsed real time since a fixed | |
642 | point in the past, in that order. See the <span class="Unix">Unix</span> manual page | |
643 | <span class="manpage"><i>times</i>(2)</span> or the corresponding Windows Platform API | |
644 | documentation. | |
645 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>, Windows. | |
646 | </dl> | |
647 | ||
648 | <P> | |
649 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
650 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1694' xml:id='l2h-1694' class="function">wait</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
651 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
652 | <dd> | |
653 | Wait for completion of a child process, and return a tuple containing | |
654 | its pid and exit status indication: a 16-bit number, whose low byte is | |
655 | the signal number that killed the process, and whose high byte is the | |
656 | exit status (if the signal number is zero); the high bit of the low | |
657 | byte is set if a core file was produced. | |
658 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
659 | </dl> | |
660 | ||
661 | <P> | |
662 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
663 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1695' xml:id='l2h-1695' class="function">waitpid</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
664 | <td><var>pid, options</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
665 | <dd> | |
666 | The details of this function differ on <span class="Unix">Unix</span> and Windows. | |
667 | ||
668 | <P> | |
669 | On <span class="Unix">Unix</span>: | |
670 | Wait for completion of a child process given by process id <var>pid</var>, | |
671 | and return a tuple containing its process id and exit status | |
672 | indication (encoded as for <tt class="function">wait()</tt>). The semantics of the | |
673 | call are affected by the value of the integer <var>options</var>, which | |
674 | should be <code>0</code> for normal operation. | |
675 | ||
676 | <P> | |
677 | If <var>pid</var> is greater than <code>0</code>, <tt class="function">waitpid()</tt> requests | |
678 | status information for that specific process. If <var>pid</var> is | |
679 | <code>0</code>, the request is for the status of any child in the process | |
680 | group of the current process. If <var>pid</var> is <code>-1</code>, the request | |
681 | pertains to any child of the current process. If <var>pid</var> is less | |
682 | than <code>-1</code>, status is requested for any process in the process | |
683 | group <code>-<var>pid</var></code> (the absolute value of <var>pid</var>). | |
684 | ||
685 | <P> | |
686 | On Windows: | |
687 | Wait for completion of a process given by process handle <var>pid</var>, | |
688 | and return a tuple containing <var>pid</var>, | |
689 | and its exit status shifted left by 8 bits (shifting makes cross-platform | |
690 | use of the function easier). | |
691 | A <var>pid</var> less than or equal to <code>0</code> has no special meaning on | |
692 | Windows, and raises an exception. | |
693 | The value of integer <var>options</var> has no effect. | |
694 | <var>pid</var> can refer to any process whose id is known, not necessarily a | |
695 | child process. | |
696 | The <tt class="function">spawn()</tt> functions called with <tt class="constant">P_NOWAIT</tt> | |
697 | return suitable process handles. | |
698 | </dl> | |
699 | ||
700 | <P> | |
701 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1696' xml:id='l2h-1696'>WNOHANG</tt></b></dt> | |
702 | <dd> | |
703 | The option for <tt class="function">waitpid()</tt> to return immediately if no child | |
704 | process status is available immediately. The function returns | |
705 | <code>(0, 0)</code> in this case. | |
706 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
707 | </dd></dl> | |
708 | ||
709 | <P> | |
710 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1697' xml:id='l2h-1697'>WCONTINUED</tt></b></dt> | |
711 | <dd> | |
712 | This option causes child processes to be reported if they have been | |
713 | continued from a job control stop since their status was last | |
714 | reported. | |
715 | Availability: Some <span class="Unix">Unix</span> systems. | |
716 | ||
717 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> | |
718 | ||
719 | </dd></dl> | |
720 | ||
721 | <P> | |
722 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1698' xml:id='l2h-1698'>WUNTRACED</tt></b></dt> | |
723 | <dd> | |
724 | This option causes child processes to be reported if they have been | |
725 | stopped but their current state has not been reported since they were | |
726 | stopped. | |
727 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
728 | ||
729 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> | |
730 | ||
731 | </dd></dl> | |
732 | ||
733 | <P> | |
734 | The following functions take a process status code as returned by | |
735 | <tt class="function">system()</tt>, <tt class="function">wait()</tt>, or <tt class="function">waitpid()</tt> as a | |
736 | parameter. They may be used to determine the disposition of a | |
737 | process. | |
738 | ||
739 | <P> | |
740 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
741 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1699' xml:id='l2h-1699' class="function">WCOREDUMP</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
742 | <td><var>status</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
743 | <dd> | |
744 | Returns <code>True</code> if a core dump was generated for the process, | |
745 | otherwise it returns <code>False</code>. | |
746 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
747 | ||
748 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> | |
749 | ||
750 | </dl> | |
751 | ||
752 | <P> | |
753 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
754 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1700' xml:id='l2h-1700' class="function">WIFCONTINUED</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
755 | <td><var>status</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
756 | <dd> | |
757 | Returns <code>True</code> if the process has been continued from a job | |
758 | control stop, otherwise it returns <code>False</code>. | |
759 | Availability: <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
760 | ||
761 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> | |
762 | ||
763 | </dl> | |
764 | ||
765 | <P> | |
766 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
767 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1701' xml:id='l2h-1701' class="function">WIFSTOPPED</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
768 | <td><var>status</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
769 | <dd> | |
770 | Returns <code>True</code> if the process has been stopped, otherwise it | |
771 | returns <code>False</code>. | |
772 | Availability: <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
773 | </dl> | |
774 | ||
775 | <P> | |
776 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
777 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1702' xml:id='l2h-1702' class="function">WIFSIGNALED</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
778 | <td><var>status</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
779 | <dd> | |
780 | Returns <code>True</code> if the process exited due to a signal, otherwise | |
781 | it returns <code>False</code>. | |
782 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
783 | </dl> | |
784 | ||
785 | <P> | |
786 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
787 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1703' xml:id='l2h-1703' class="function">WIFEXITED</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
788 | <td><var>status</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
789 | <dd> | |
790 | Returns <code>True</code> if the process exited using the <span class="manpage"><i>exit</i>(2)</span> | |
791 | system call, otherwise it returns <code>False</code>. | |
792 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
793 | </dl> | |
794 | ||
795 | <P> | |
796 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
797 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1704' xml:id='l2h-1704' class="function">WEXITSTATUS</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
798 | <td><var>status</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
799 | <dd> | |
800 | If <code>WIFEXITED(<var>status</var>)</code> is true, return the integer | |
801 | parameter to the <span class="manpage"><i>exit</i>(2)</span> system call. Otherwise, the return | |
802 | value is meaningless. | |
803 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
804 | </dl> | |
805 | ||
806 | <P> | |
807 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
808 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1705' xml:id='l2h-1705' class="function">WSTOPSIG</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
809 | <td><var>status</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
810 | <dd> | |
811 | Return the signal which caused the process to stop. | |
812 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
813 | </dl> | |
814 | ||
815 | <P> | |
816 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
817 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1706' xml:id='l2h-1706' class="function">WTERMSIG</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
818 | <td><var>status</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
819 | <dd> | |
820 | Return the signal which caused the process to exit. | |
821 | Availability: Macintosh, <span class="Unix">Unix</span>. | |
822 | </dl> | |
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860 | <span class="release-info">Release 2.4.2, documentation updated on 28 September 2005.</span> | |
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