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<H2><A NAME="SECTION009560000000000000000"></A><A NAME="thread-objects"></A>
<BR>
7.5.6 Thread Objects 
</H2>

<P>
This class represents an activity that is run in a separate thread
of control.  There are two ways to specify the activity: by
passing a callable object to the constructor, or by overriding the
<tt class="method">run()</tt> method in a subclass.  No other methods (except for the
constructor) should be overridden in a subclass.  In other words, 
<em>only</em>  override the <tt class="method">__init__()</tt> and <tt class="method">run()</tt>
methods of this class.

<P>
Once a thread object is created, its activity must be started by
calling the thread's <tt class="method">start()</tt> method.  This invokes the
<tt class="method">run()</tt> method in a separate thread of control.

<P>
Once the thread's activity is started, the thread is considered
'alive' and 'active' (these concepts are almost, but not quite
exactly, the same; their definition is intentionally somewhat
vague).  It stops being alive and active when its <tt class="method">run()</tt>
method terminates - either normally, or by raising an unhandled
exception.  The <tt class="method">isAlive()</tt> method tests whether the thread is
alive.

<P>
Other threads can call a thread's <tt class="method">join()</tt> method.  This blocks
the calling thread until the thread whose <tt class="method">join()</tt> method is
called is terminated.

<P>
A thread has a name.  The name can be passed to the constructor,
set with the <tt class="method">setName()</tt> method, and retrieved with the
<tt class="method">getName()</tt> method.

<P>
A thread can be flagged as a ``daemon thread''.  The significance
of this flag is that the entire Python program exits when only
daemon threads are left.  The initial value is inherited from the
creating thread.  The flag can be set with the <tt class="method">setDaemon()</tt>
method and retrieved with the <tt class="method">isDaemon()</tt> method.

<P>
There is a ``main thread'' object; this corresponds to the
initial thread of control in the Python program.  It is not a
daemon thread.

<P>
There is the possibility that ``dummy thread objects'' are
created.  These are thread objects corresponding to ``alien
threads''.  These are threads of control started outside the
threading module, such as directly from C code.  Dummy thread objects
have limited functionality; they are always considered alive,
active, and daemonic, and cannot be <tt class="method">join()</tt>ed.  They are never 
deleted, since it is impossible to detect the termination of alien
threads.

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><span class="typelabel">class</span>&nbsp;<tt id='l2h-2738' xml:id='l2h-2738' class="class">Thread</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>group=None, target=None, name=None,
                          args=(), kwargs={}</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
This constructor should always be called with keyword
arguments.  Arguments are:

<P>
<var>group</var> should be <code>None</code>; reserved for future extension when
a <tt class="class">ThreadGroup</tt> class is implemented.

<P>
<var>target</var> is the callable object to be invoked by the
<tt class="method">run()</tt> method.  Defaults to <code>None</code>, meaning nothing is
called.

<P>
<var>name</var> is the thread name.  By default, a unique name is
constructed of the form ``Thread-<var>N</var>'' where <var>N</var> is a small
decimal number.

<P>
<var>args</var> is the argument tuple for the target invocation.  Defaults
to <code>()</code>.

<P>
<var>kwargs</var> is a dictionary of keyword arguments for the target
invocation.  Defaults to <code>{}</code>.

<P>
If the subclass overrides the constructor, it must make sure
to invoke the base class constructor (<code>Thread.__init__()</code>)
before doing anything else to the thread.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2739' xml:id='l2h-2739' class="method">start</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Start the thread's activity.

<P>
This must be called at most once per thread object.  It
arranges for the object's <tt class="method">run()</tt> method to be invoked in a
separate thread of control.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2740' xml:id='l2h-2740' class="method">run</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Method representing the thread's activity.

<P>
You may override this method in a subclass.  The standard
<tt class="method">run()</tt> method invokes the callable object passed to the
object's constructor as the <var>target</var> argument, if any, with
sequential and keyword arguments taken from the <var>args</var> and
<var>kwargs</var> arguments, respectively.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2741' xml:id='l2h-2741' class="method">join</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var><big>[</big><var>timeout</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Wait until the thread terminates.
This blocks the calling thread until the thread whose <tt class="method">join()</tt>
method is called terminates - either normally or through an
unhandled exception - or until the optional timeout occurs.

<P>
When the <var>timeout</var> argument is present and not <code>None</code>, it
should be a floating point number specifying a timeout for the
operation in seconds (or fractions thereof). As <tt class="method">join()</tt> always 
returns <code>None</code>, you must call <tt class="method">isAlive()</tt> to decide whether 
a timeout happened.

<P>
When the <var>timeout</var> argument is not present or <code>None</code>, the
operation will block until the thread terminates.

<P>
A thread can be <tt class="method">join()</tt>ed many times.

<P>
A thread cannot join itself because this would cause a
deadlock.

<P>
It is an error to attempt to <tt class="method">join()</tt> a thread before it has
been started.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2742' xml:id='l2h-2742' class="method">getName</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Return the thread's name.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2743' xml:id='l2h-2743' class="method">setName</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>name</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Set the thread's name.

<P>
The name is a string used for identification purposes only.
It has no semantics.  Multiple threads may be given the same
name.  The initial name is set by the constructor.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2744' xml:id='l2h-2744' class="method">isAlive</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Return whether the thread is alive.

<P>
Roughly, a thread is alive from the moment the <tt class="method">start()</tt> method
returns until its <tt class="method">run()</tt> method terminates.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2745' xml:id='l2h-2745' class="method">isDaemon</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Return the thread's daemon flag.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2746' xml:id='l2h-2746' class="method">setDaemon</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>daemonic</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Set the thread's daemon flag to the Boolean value <var>daemonic</var>.
This must be called before <tt class="method">start()</tt> is called.

<P>
The initial value is inherited from the creating thread.

<P>
The entire Python program exits when no active non-daemon
threads are left.
</dl>

<P>

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	54
	55	<H2><A NAME="SECTION009560000000000000000"></A><A NAME="thread-objects"></A>
	56	<BR>
	57	7.5.6 Thread Objects
	58	</H2>
	59
	60	<P>
	61	This class represents an activity that is run in a separate thread
	62	of control. There are two ways to specify the activity: by
	63	passing a callable object to the constructor, or by overriding the
	64	<tt class="method">run()</tt> method in a subclass. No other methods (except for the
65	constructor) should be overridden in a subclass. In other words,
66	<em>only</em> override the <tt class="method">__init__()</tt> and <tt class="method">run()</tt>
67	methods of this class.
68
69	<P>
70	Once a thread object is created, its activity must be started by
71	calling the thread's <tt class="method">start()</tt> method. This invokes the
72	<tt class="method">run()</tt> method in a separate thread of control.
73
74	<P>
75	Once the thread's activity is started, the thread is considered
76	'alive' and 'active' (these concepts are almost, but not quite
77	exactly, the same; their definition is intentionally somewhat
78	vague). It stops being alive and active when its <tt class="method">run()</tt>
79	method terminates - either normally, or by raising an unhandled
80	exception. The <tt class="method">isAlive()</tt> method tests whether the thread is
81	alive.
82
83	<P>
84	Other threads can call a thread's <tt class="method">join()</tt> method. This blocks
85	the calling thread until the thread whose <tt class="method">join()</tt> method is
86	called is terminated.
87
88	<P>
89	A thread has a name. The name can be passed to the constructor,
90	set with the <tt class="method">setName()</tt> method, and retrieved with the
91	<tt class="method">getName()</tt> method.
92
93	<P>
94	A thread can be flagged as a ``daemon thread''. The significance
95	of this flag is that the entire Python program exits when only
96	daemon threads are left. The initial value is inherited from the
97	creating thread. The flag can be set with the <tt class="method">setDaemon()</tt>
98	method and retrieved with the <tt class="method">isDaemon()</tt> method.
99
100	<P>
101	There is a ``main thread'' object; this corresponds to the
102	initial thread of control in the Python program. It is not a
103	daemon thread.
104
105	<P>
106	There is the possibility that ``dummy thread objects'' are
107	created. These are thread objects corresponding to ``alien
108	threads''. These are threads of control started outside the
109	threading module, such as directly from C code. Dummy thread objects
110	have limited functionality; they are always considered alive,
111	active, and daemonic, and cannot be <tt class="method">join()</tt>ed. They are never
112	deleted, since it is impossible to detect the termination of alien
113	threads.
114
115	<P>
116	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
117	<td><nobr><b><span class="typelabel">class</span> <tt id='l2h-2738' xml:id='l2h-2738' class="class">Thread</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
118	<td><var>group=None, target=None, name=None,
119	args=(), kwargs={}</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
120	<dd>
121	This constructor should always be called with keyword
122	arguments. Arguments are:
123
124	<P>
125	<var>group</var> should be <code>None</code>; reserved for future extension when
126	a <tt class="class">ThreadGroup</tt> class is implemented.
127
128	<P>
129	<var>target</var> is the callable object to be invoked by the
130	<tt class="method">run()</tt> method. Defaults to <code>None</code>, meaning nothing is
131	called.
132
133	<P>
134	<var>name</var> is the thread name. By default, a unique name is
135	constructed of the form ``Thread-<var>N</var>'' where <var>N</var> is a small
136	decimal number.
137
138	<P>
139	<var>args</var> is the argument tuple for the target invocation. Defaults
140	to <code>()</code>.
141
142	<P>
143	<var>kwargs</var> is a dictionary of keyword arguments for the target
144	invocation. Defaults to <code>{}</code>.
145
146	<P>
147	If the subclass overrides the constructor, it must make sure
148	to invoke the base class constructor (<code>Thread.__init__()</code>)
149	before doing anything else to the thread.
150	</dl>
151
152	<P>
153	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
154	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2739' xml:id='l2h-2739' class="method">start</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
155	<td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
156	<dd>
157	Start the thread's activity.
158
159	<P>
160	This must be called at most once per thread object. It
161	arranges for the object's <tt class="method">run()</tt> method to be invoked in a
162	separate thread of control.
163	</dl>
164
165	<P>
166	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
167	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2740' xml:id='l2h-2740' class="method">run</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
168	<td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
169	<dd>
170	Method representing the thread's activity.
171
172	<P>
173	You may override this method in a subclass. The standard
174	<tt class="method">run()</tt> method invokes the callable object passed to the
175	object's constructor as the <var>target</var> argument, if any, with
176	sequential and keyword arguments taken from the <var>args</var> and
177	<var>kwargs</var> arguments, respectively.
178	</dl>
179
180	<P>
181	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
182	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2741' xml:id='l2h-2741' class="method">join</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
183	<td><var></var><big>[</big><var>timeout</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
184	<dd>
185	Wait until the thread terminates.
186	This blocks the calling thread until the thread whose <tt class="method">join()</tt>
187	method is called terminates - either normally or through an
188	unhandled exception - or until the optional timeout occurs.
189
190	<P>
191	When the <var>timeout</var> argument is present and not <code>None</code>, it
192	should be a floating point number specifying a timeout for the
193	operation in seconds (or fractions thereof). As <tt class="method">join()</tt> always
194	returns <code>None</code>, you must call <tt class="method">isAlive()</tt> to decide whether
195	a timeout happened.
196
197	<P>
198	When the <var>timeout</var> argument is not present or <code>None</code>, the
199	operation will block until the thread terminates.
200
201	<P>
202	A thread can be <tt class="method">join()</tt>ed many times.
203
204	<P>
205	A thread cannot join itself because this would cause a
206	deadlock.
207
208	<P>
209	It is an error to attempt to <tt class="method">join()</tt> a thread before it has
210	been started.
211	</dl>
212
213	<P>
214	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
215	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2742' xml:id='l2h-2742' class="method">getName</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
216	<td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
217	<dd>
218	Return the thread's name.
219	</dl>
220
221	<P>
222	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
223	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2743' xml:id='l2h-2743' class="method">setName</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
224	<td><var>name</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
225	<dd>
226	Set the thread's name.
227
228	<P>
229	The name is a string used for identification purposes only.
230	It has no semantics. Multiple threads may be given the same
231	name. The initial name is set by the constructor.
232	</dl>
233
234	<P>
235	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
236	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2744' xml:id='l2h-2744' class="method">isAlive</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
237	<td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
238	<dd>
239	Return whether the thread is alive.
240
241	<P>
242	Roughly, a thread is alive from the moment the <tt class="method">start()</tt> method
243	returns until its <tt class="method">run()</tt> method terminates.
244	</dl>
245
246	<P>
247	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
248	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2745' xml:id='l2h-2745' class="method">isDaemon</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
249	<td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
250	<dd>
251	Return the thread's daemon flag.
252	</dl>
253
254	<P>
255	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
256	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2746' xml:id='l2h-2746' class="method">setDaemon</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
257	<td><var>daemonic</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
258	<dd>
259	Set the thread's daemon flag to the Boolean value <var>daemonic</var>.
260	This must be called before <tt class="method">start()</tt> is called.
261
262	<P>
263	The initial value is inherited from the creating thread.
264
265	<P>
266	The entire Python program exits when no active non-daemon
267	threads are left.
268	</dl>
269
270	<P>
271
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