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<H1><A NAME="SECTION0081200000000000000000"></A><A NAME="import"></A>
<BR>
6.12 The <tt class="keyword">import</tt> statement 
</H1>
<a id='l2h-529' xml:id='l2h-529'></a><a id='l2h-550' xml:id='l2h-550'></a>
<a id='l2h-530' xml:id='l2h-530'></a><a id='l2h-531' xml:id='l2h-531'></a>
<P>
<dl><dd class="grammar">
<div class="productions">
<table>
<tr>
    <td><a id='tok-import_stmt' xml:id='tok-import_stmt'>import_stmt</a></td>
    <td>::=</td>
    <td>"import" <a class='grammartoken' href="import.html#tok-module">module</a> ["as" <a class='grammartoken' href="notation.html#tok-name">name</a>]
                ( "," <a class='grammartoken' href="import.html#tok-module">module</a> ["as" <a class='grammartoken' href="notation.html#tok-name">name</a>] )*</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td></td>
    <td></td>
    <td><code>| "from" <a class='grammartoken' href="import.html#tok-module">module</a> "import" <a class='grammartoken' href="identifiers.html#tok-identifier">identifier</a>
                    ["as" <a class='grammartoken' href="notation.html#tok-name">name</a>]</code></td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td></td>
    <td></td>
    <td><code>&nbsp;&nbsp;( "," <a class='grammartoken' href="identifiers.html#tok-identifier">identifier</a> ["as" <a class='grammartoken' href="notation.html#tok-name">name</a>] )*</code></td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td></td>
    <td></td>
    <td><code>| "from" <a class='grammartoken' href="import.html#tok-module">module</a> "import" "(" <a class='grammartoken' href="identifiers.html#tok-identifier">identifier</a>
                    ["as" <a class='grammartoken' href="notation.html#tok-name">name</a>]</code></td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td></td>
    <td></td>
    <td><code>&nbsp;&nbsp;( "," <a class='grammartoken' href="identifiers.html#tok-identifier">identifier</a> ["as" <a class='grammartoken' href="notation.html#tok-name">name</a>] )* [","] ")"</code></td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td></td>
    <td></td>
    <td><code>| "from" <a class='grammartoken' href="import.html#tok-module">module</a> "import" "*"</code></td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td><a id='tok-module' xml:id='tok-module'>module</a></td>
    <td>::=</td>
    <td>(<a class='grammartoken' href="identifiers.html#tok-identifier">identifier</a> ".")* <a class='grammartoken' href="identifiers.html#tok-identifier">identifier</a></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
<a class="grammar-footer"
  href="grammar.txt" type="text/plain"
  >Download entire grammar as text.</a>
</dd></dl>

<P>
Import statements are executed in two steps: (1) find a module, and
initialize it if necessary; (2) define a name or names in the local
namespace (of the scope where the <tt class="keyword">import</tt> statement occurs).
The first form (without <tt class="keyword">from</tt>) repeats these steps for each
identifier in the list.  The form with <tt class="keyword">from</tt> performs step
(1) once, and then performs step (2) repeatedly.

<P>
In this context, to ``initialize'' a built-in or extension module means to
call an initialization function that the module must provide for the purpose
(in the reference implementation, the function's name is obtained by
prepending string ``init'' to the module's name); to ``initialize'' a
Python-coded module means to execute the module's body.

<P>
The system maintains a table of modules that have been or are being
initialized,
indexed by module name.  This table is
accessible as <code>sys.modules</code>.  When a module name is found in
this table, step (1) is finished.  If not, a search for a module
definition is started.  When a module is found, it is loaded.  Details
of the module searching and loading process are implementation and
platform specific.  It generally involves searching for a ``built-in''
module with the given name and then searching a list of locations
given as <code>sys.path</code>.
<a id='l2h-533' xml:id='l2h-533'></a><a id='l2h-551' xml:id='l2h-551'></a>
<a id='l2h-534' xml:id='l2h-534'></a><a id='l2h-535' xml:id='l2h-535'></a><a id='l2h-536' xml:id='l2h-536'></a><a id='l2h-552' xml:id='l2h-552'></a>
<a id='l2h-537' xml:id='l2h-537'></a><a id='l2h-538' xml:id='l2h-538'></a>
<P>
If a built-in module is found,<a id='l2h-539' xml:id='l2h-539'></a> its
built-in initialization code is executed and step (1) is finished.  If
no matching file is found,
<tt class="exception">ImportError</tt><a id='l2h-540' xml:id='l2h-540'></a> is raised.
<a id='l2h-553' xml:id='l2h-553'></a>If a file is found, it is parsed,
yielding an executable code block.  If a syntax error occurs,
<tt class="exception">SyntaxError</tt><a id='l2h-541' xml:id='l2h-541'></a> is raised.  Otherwise, an
empty module of the given name is created and inserted in the module
table, and then the code block is executed in the context of this
module.  Exceptions during this execution terminate step (1).

<P>
When step (1) finishes without raising an exception, step (2) can
begin.

<P>
The first form of <tt class="keyword">import</tt> statement binds the module name in
the local namespace to the module object, and then goes on to import
the next identifier, if any.  If the module name is followed by
<tt class="keyword">as</tt>, the name following <tt class="keyword">as</tt> is used as the local
name for the module. 

<P>
The <tt class="keyword">from</tt> form does not bind the module name: it goes through the
list of identifiers, looks each one of them up in the module found in step
(1), and binds the name in the local namespace to the object thus found. 
As with the first form of <tt class="keyword">import</tt>, an alternate local name can be
supplied by specifying "<tt class="keyword">as</tt> localname".  If a name is not found,
<tt class="exception">ImportError</tt> is raised.  If the list of identifiers is replaced
by a star ("<tt class="character">*</tt>"), all public names defined in the module are
bound in the local namespace of the <tt class="keyword">import</tt> statement..
<a id='l2h-542' xml:id='l2h-542'></a><a id='l2h-543' xml:id='l2h-543'></a>
<P>
The <em>public names</em> defined by a module are determined by checking
the module's namespace for a variable named <code>__all__</code>; if
defined, it must be a sequence of strings which are names defined or
imported by that module.  The names given in <code>__all__</code> are all
considered public and are required to exist.  If <code>__all__</code> is not
defined, the set of public names includes all names found in the
module's namespace which do not begin with an underscore character
("<tt class="character">_</tt>").  <code>__all__</code> should contain the entire public API.
It is intended to avoid accidentally exporting items that are not part
of the API (such as library modules which were imported and used within
the module).
<a id='l2h-545' xml:id='l2h-545'></a>
<P>
The <tt class="keyword">from</tt> form with "<tt class="samp">*</tt>" may only occur in a module
scope.  If the wild card form of import -- "<tt class="samp">import *</tt>" -- is
used in a function and the function contains or is a nested block with
free variables, the compiler will raise a <tt class="exception">SyntaxError</tt>.

<P>
<a id='l2h-546' xml:id='l2h-546'></a><a id='l2h-547' xml:id='l2h-547'></a>
<P>
<strong>Hierarchical module names:</strong><a id='l2h-548' xml:id='l2h-548'></a>when the module names contains one or more dots, the module search
path is carried out differently.  The sequence of identifiers up to
the last dot is used to find a ``package''<a id='l2h-554' xml:id='l2h-554'></a>; the final
identifier is then searched inside the package.  A package is
generally a subdirectory of a directory on <code>sys.path</code> that has a
file <span class="file">__init__.py</span>.<a id='l2h-555' xml:id='l2h-555'></a>
[XXX Can't be bothered to spell this out right now; see the URL
<a class="url" href="http://www.python.org/doc/essays/packages.html">http://www.python.org/doc/essays/packages.html</a> for more details, also
about how the module search works from inside a package.]

<P>
The built-in function <tt class="function">__import__()</tt> is provided to support
applications that determine which modules need to be loaded
dynamically; refer to <a class="ulink" href="../lib/built-in-funcs.html"
  >Built-in
Functions</a> in the
<em class="citetitle"><a
 href="../lib/lib.html"
 title="Python Library Reference"
 >Python Library Reference</a></em> for additional
information.
<a id='l2h-549' xml:id='l2h-549'></a>
<P>

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	54
	55	<H1><A NAME="SECTION0081200000000000000000"></A><A NAME="import"></A>
	56	<BR>
	57	6.12 The <tt class="keyword">import</tt> statement
	58	</H1>
	59	<a id='l2h-529' xml:id='l2h-529'></a><a id='l2h-550' xml:id='l2h-550'></a>
	60	<a id='l2h-530' xml:id='l2h-530'></a><a id='l2h-531' xml:id='l2h-531'></a>
	61	<P>
	62	<dl><dd class="grammar">
	63	<div class="productions">
	64	<table>
65	<tr>
66	<td><a id='tok-import_stmt' xml:id='tok-import_stmt'>import_stmt</a></td>
67	<td>::=</td>
68	<td>"import" <a class='grammartoken' href="import.html#tok-module">module</a> ["as" <a class='grammartoken' href="notation.html#tok-name">name</a>]
69	( "," <a class='grammartoken' href="import.html#tok-module">module</a> ["as" <a class='grammartoken' href="notation.html#tok-name">name</a>] )*</td></tr>
70	<tr>
71	<td></td>
72	<td></td>
73	<td><code>\| "from" <a class='grammartoken' href="import.html#tok-module">module</a> "import" <a class='grammartoken' href="identifiers.html#tok-identifier">identifier</a>
74	["as" <a class='grammartoken' href="notation.html#tok-name">name</a>]</code></td></tr>
75	<tr>
76	<td></td>
77	<td></td>
78	<td><code>  ( "," <a class='grammartoken' href="identifiers.html#tok-identifier">identifier</a> ["as" <a class='grammartoken' href="notation.html#tok-name">name</a>] )*</code></td></tr>
79	<tr>
80	<td></td>
81	<td></td>
82	<td><code>\| "from" <a class='grammartoken' href="import.html#tok-module">module</a> "import" "(" <a class='grammartoken' href="identifiers.html#tok-identifier">identifier</a>
83	["as" <a class='grammartoken' href="notation.html#tok-name">name</a>]</code></td></tr>
84	<tr>
85	<td></td>
86	<td></td>
87	<td><code>  ( "," <a class='grammartoken' href="identifiers.html#tok-identifier">identifier</a> ["as" <a class='grammartoken' href="notation.html#tok-name">name</a>] )* [","] ")"</code></td></tr>
88	<tr>
89	<td></td>
90	<td></td>
91	<td><code>\| "from" <a class='grammartoken' href="import.html#tok-module">module</a> "import" "*"</code></td></tr>
92	<tr>
93	<td><a id='tok-module' xml:id='tok-module'>module</a></td>
94	<td>::=</td>
95	<td>(<a class='grammartoken' href="identifiers.html#tok-identifier">identifier</a> ".")* <a class='grammartoken' href="identifiers.html#tok-identifier">identifier</a></td></tr>
96	</table>
97	</div>
98	<a class="grammar-footer"
99	href="grammar.txt" type="text/plain"
100	>Download entire grammar as text.</a>
101	</dd></dl>
102
103	<P>
104	Import statements are executed in two steps: (1) find a module, and
105	initialize it if necessary; (2) define a name or names in the local
106	namespace (of the scope where the <tt class="keyword">import</tt> statement occurs).
107	The first form (without <tt class="keyword">from</tt>) repeats these steps for each
108	identifier in the list. The form with <tt class="keyword">from</tt> performs step
109	(1) once, and then performs step (2) repeatedly.
110
111	<P>
112	In this context, to ``initialize'' a built-in or extension module means to
113	call an initialization function that the module must provide for the purpose
114	(in the reference implementation, the function's name is obtained by
115	prepending string ``init'' to the module's name); to ``initialize'' a
116	Python-coded module means to execute the module's body.
117
118	<P>
119	The system maintains a table of modules that have been or are being
120	initialized,
121	indexed by module name. This table is
122	accessible as <code>sys.modules</code>. When a module name is found in
123	this table, step (1) is finished. If not, a search for a module
124	definition is started. When a module is found, it is loaded. Details
125	of the module searching and loading process are implementation and
126	platform specific. It generally involves searching for a ``built-in''
127	module with the given name and then searching a list of locations
128	given as <code>sys.path</code>.
129	<a id='l2h-533' xml:id='l2h-533'></a><a id='l2h-551' xml:id='l2h-551'></a>
130	<a id='l2h-534' xml:id='l2h-534'></a><a id='l2h-535' xml:id='l2h-535'></a><a id='l2h-536' xml:id='l2h-536'></a><a id='l2h-552' xml:id='l2h-552'></a>
131	<a id='l2h-537' xml:id='l2h-537'></a><a id='l2h-538' xml:id='l2h-538'></a>
132	<P>
133	If a built-in module is found,<a id='l2h-539' xml:id='l2h-539'></a> its
134	built-in initialization code is executed and step (1) is finished. If
135	no matching file is found,
136	<tt class="exception">ImportError</tt><a id='l2h-540' xml:id='l2h-540'></a> is raised.
137	<a id='l2h-553' xml:id='l2h-553'></a>If a file is found, it is parsed,
138	yielding an executable code block. If a syntax error occurs,
139	<tt class="exception">SyntaxError</tt><a id='l2h-541' xml:id='l2h-541'></a> is raised. Otherwise, an
140	empty module of the given name is created and inserted in the module
141	table, and then the code block is executed in the context of this
142	module. Exceptions during this execution terminate step (1).
143
144	<P>
145	When step (1) finishes without raising an exception, step (2) can
146	begin.
147
148	<P>
149	The first form of <tt class="keyword">import</tt> statement binds the module name in
150	the local namespace to the module object, and then goes on to import
151	the next identifier, if any. If the module name is followed by
152	<tt class="keyword">as</tt>, the name following <tt class="keyword">as</tt> is used as the local
153	name for the module.
154
155	<P>
156	The <tt class="keyword">from</tt> form does not bind the module name: it goes through the
157	list of identifiers, looks each one of them up in the module found in step
158	(1), and binds the name in the local namespace to the object thus found.
159	As with the first form of <tt class="keyword">import</tt>, an alternate local name can be
160	supplied by specifying "<tt class="keyword">as</tt> localname". If a name is not found,
161	<tt class="exception">ImportError</tt> is raised. If the list of identifiers is replaced
162	by a star ("<tt class="character">*</tt>"), all public names defined in the module are
163	bound in the local namespace of the <tt class="keyword">import</tt> statement..
164	<a id='l2h-542' xml:id='l2h-542'></a><a id='l2h-543' xml:id='l2h-543'></a>
165	<P>
166	The <em>public names</em> defined by a module are determined by checking
167	the module's namespace for a variable named <code>__all__</code>; if
168	defined, it must be a sequence of strings which are names defined or
169	imported by that module. The names given in <code>__all__</code> are all
170	considered public and are required to exist. If <code>__all__</code> is not
171	defined, the set of public names includes all names found in the
172	module's namespace which do not begin with an underscore character
173	("<tt class="character">_</tt>"). <code>__all__</code> should contain the entire public API.
174	It is intended to avoid accidentally exporting items that are not part
175	of the API (such as library modules which were imported and used within
176	the module).
177	<a id='l2h-545' xml:id='l2h-545'></a>
178	<P>
179	The <tt class="keyword">from</tt> form with "<tt class="samp">*</tt>" may only occur in a module
180	scope. If the wild card form of import -- "<tt class="samp">import *</tt>" -- is
181	used in a function and the function contains or is a nested block with
182	free variables, the compiler will raise a <tt class="exception">SyntaxError</tt>.
183
184	<P>
185	<a id='l2h-546' xml:id='l2h-546'></a><a id='l2h-547' xml:id='l2h-547'></a>
186	<P>
187	<strong>Hierarchical module names:</strong><a id='l2h-548' xml:id='l2h-548'></a>when the module names contains one or more dots, the module search
188	path is carried out differently. The sequence of identifiers up to
189	the last dot is used to find a ``package''<a id='l2h-554' xml:id='l2h-554'></a>; the final
190	identifier is then searched inside the package. A package is
191	generally a subdirectory of a directory on <code>sys.path</code> that has a
192	file <span class="file">__init__.py</span>.<a id='l2h-555' xml:id='l2h-555'></a>
193	[XXX Can't be bothered to spell this out right now; see the URL
194	<a class="url" href="http://www.python.org/doc/essays/packages.html">http://www.python.org/doc/essays/packages.html</a> for more details, also
195	about how the module search works from inside a package.]
196
197	<P>
198	The built-in function <tt class="function">__import__()</tt> is provided to support
199	applications that determine which modules need to be loaded
200	dynamically; refer to <a class="ulink" href="../lib/built-in-funcs.html"
201	>Built-in
202	Functions</a> in the
203	<em class="citetitle"><a
204	href="../lib/lib.html"
205	title="Python Library Reference"
206	>Python Library Reference</a></em> for additional
207	information.
208	<a id='l2h-549' xml:id='l2h-549'></a>
209	<P>
210
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