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.TH Format 3 "2002-08-27" "perl v5.8.0" "User Contributed Perl Documentation"
Number::Format \- Perl extension for formatting numbers
\& my $x = new Number::Format %args;
\& $formatted = $x->round($number, $precision);
\& $formatted = $x->format_number($number, $precision, $trailing_zeroes);
\& $formatted = $x->format_negative($number, $picture);
\& $formatted = $x->format_picture($number, $picture);
\& $formatted = $x->format_price($number, $precision);
\& $formatted = $x->format_bytes($number, $precision);
\& $number = $x->unformat_number($formatted);
\& use Number::Format qw(:subs);
\& $formatted = round($number, $precision);
\& $formatted = format_number($number, $precision, $trailing_zeroes);
\& $formatted = format_negative($number, $picture);
\& $formatted = format_picture($number, $picture);
\& $formatted = format_price($number, $precision);
\& $formatted = format_bytes($number, $precision);
\& $number = unformat_number($formatted);
Perl, version 5.003 or higher.
\&\s-1POSIX\s0.pm will be used if present to determine locale settings.
Carp.pm is used for some error reporting.
These functions provide an easy means of formatting numbers in a
manner suitable for displaying to the user.
There are two ways to use this package. One is to declare an object
of type Number::Format, which you can think of as a formatting engine.
The various functions defined here are provided as object methods.
The constructor \f(CW\*(C`new()\*(C'\fR can be used to set the parameters of the
formatting engine. Valid parameters are:
\& THOUSANDS_SEP - character inserted between groups of 3 digits
\& DECIMAL_POINT - character separating integer and fractional parts
\& MON_THOUSANDS_SEP - like THOUSANDS_SEP, but used for format_price
\& MON_DECIMAL_POINT - like DECIMAL_POINT, but used for format_price
\& INT_CURR_SYMBOL - character(s) denoting currency (see format_price())
\& DECIMAL_DIGITS - number of digits to the right of dec point (def 2)
\& DECIMAL_FILL - boolean; whether to add zeroes to fill out decimal
\& NEG_FORMAT - format to display negative numbers (def ``-x'')
\& KILO_SUFFIX - suffix to add when format_bytes formats kilobytes
\& MEGA_SUFFIX - " " " " " " megabytes
\& GIGA_SUFFIX - " " " " " " gigabytes
They may be specified in upper or lower case, with or without a
The defaults for \f(CW\*(C`THOUSANDS_SEP\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`DECIMAL_POINT\*(C'\fR,
\&\f(CW\*(C`MON_THOUSANDS_SEP\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`MON_DECIMAL_POINT\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`INT_CURR_SYMBOL\*(C'\fR
come from the \s-1POSIX\s0 locale information (see perllocale), if
available. If your \s-1POSIX\s0 locale does not provide \f(CW\*(C`MON_THOUSANDS_SEP\*(C'\fR
and/or \f(CW\*(C`MON_DECIMAL_POINT\*(C'\fR fields, then the \f(CW\*(C`THOUSANDS_SEP\*(C'\fR and/or
\&\f(CW\*(C`DECIMAL_POINT\*(C'\fR values are used for those parameters. Some systems
(e.g. Win32 ports of Perl) do not include \s-1POSIX\s0 support. In those
systems, the \s-1POSIX\s0 system is bypassed.
If any of the above parameters are not specified when you invoke
\&\f(CW\*(C`new()\*(C'\fR, then the values are taken from package global variables of
the same name (e.g. \f(CW$DECIMAL_POINT\fR is the default for the
\&\f(CW\*(C`DECIMAL_POINT\*(C'\fR parameter). If you use the \f(CW\*(C`:vars\*(C'\fR keyword on your
\&\f(CW\*(C`use Number::Format\*(C'\fR line (see non-object-oriented example below) you
will import those variables into your namesapce and can assign values
as if they were your own local variables. The default values for all
\& MON_THOUSANDS_SEP = ','
\& MON_DECIMAL_POINT = '.'
\& INT_CURR_SYMBOL = 'USD'
Note however that when you first call one of the functions in this
module \fIwithout\fR using the object-oriented interface, further setting
of those global variables will have no effect on non-OO calls. It is
recommended that you use the object-oriented interface instead for
fewer headaches and a cleaner design.
The \f(CW\*(C`DECIMAL_FILL\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`DECIMAL_DIGITS\*(C'\fR values are not set by the
Locale system, but are definable by the user. They affect the output
of \f(CW\*(C`format_number()\*(C'\fR. Setting \f(CW\*(C`DECIMAL_DIGITS\*(C'\fR is like giving that
value as the \f(CW$precision\fR argument to that function. Setting
\&\f(CW\*(C`DECIMAL_FILL\*(C'\fR to a true value causes \f(CW\*(C`format_number()\*(C'\fR to append
zeroes to the right of the decimal digits until the length is the
specified number of digits.
\&\f(CW\*(C`NEG_FORMAT\*(C'\fR is only used by \f(CW\*(C`format_negative()\*(C'\fR and is a string
containing the letter 'x', where that letter will be replaced by a
positive representation of the number being passed to that function.
\&\f(CW\*(C`format_number()\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`format_price()\*(C'\fR utilize this feature by
calling \f(CW\*(C`format_negative()\*(C'\fR if the number was less than 0.
\&\f(CW\*(C`KILO_SUFFIX\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`MEGA_SUFFIX\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`GIGA_SUFFIX\*(C'\fR are used by
\&\f(CW\*(C`format_bytes()\*(C'\fR when the value is over 1024, 1024*1024, or
1024*1024*1024, respectively. The default values are \*(L"K\*(R", \*(L"M\*(R", and
\&\*(L"G\*(R". Note: we can't do \s-1TERA\s0 because of integer overflows on 32\-bit
The only restrictions on \f(CW\*(C`DECIMAL_POINT\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`THOUSANDS_SEP\*(C'\fR are that
they must not be digits, must not be identical, and must each be one
character. There are no restrictions on \f(CW\*(C`INT_CURR_SYMBOL\*(C'\fR.
For example, a German user might include this in their code:
\& my $de = new Number::Format(-thousands_sep => '.',
\& -decimal_point => ',',
\& -int_curr_symbol => 'DEM');
\& my $formatted = $de->format_number($number);
Or, if you prefer not to use the object oriented interface, you can do
\& use Number::Format qw(:subs :vars);
\& $INT_CURR_SYMBOL = 'DEM';
\& my $formatted = format_number($number);
Nothing is exported by default. To export the functions or the global
variables defined herein, specify the function name(s) on the import
list of the \f(CW\*(C`use Number::Format\*(C'\fR statement. To export all functions
defined herein, use the special tag \f(CW\*(C`:subs\*(C'\fR. To export the
variables, use the special tag \f(CW\*(C`:vars\*(C'\fR; to export both subs and vars
you can use the tag \f(CW\*(C`:all\*(C'\fR.
.ie n .IP "new( %args )" 4
.el .IP "new( \f(CW%args\fR )" 4
Creates a new Number::Format object. Valid keys for \f(CW%args\fR are any of
the parameters described above. Keys may be in all uppercase or all
lowercase, and may optionally be preceded by a hyphen (\-) character.
\& my $de = new Number::Format(-thousands_sep => '.',
\& -decimal_point => ',',
\& -int_curr_symbol => 'DEM');
.ie n .IP "round($number, $precision)" 4
.el .IP "round($number, \f(CW$precision\fR)" 4
.IX Item "round($number, $precision)"
Rounds the number to the specified precision. If \f(CW$precision\fR is
omitted, the value of the \f(CW\*(C`DECIMAL_DIGITS\*(C'\fR parameter is used (default
value 2). Both input and output are numeric (the function uses math
operators rather than string manipulation to do its job), The value of
\&\f(CW$precision\fR may be any integer, positive or negative. Examples:
\& round(3.14159) yields 3.14
\& round(3.14159, 4) yields 3.1416
\& round(42.00, 4) yields 42
\& round(1234, -2) yields 1200
Since this is a mathematical rather than string oriented function,
there will be no trailing zeroes to the right of the decimal point,
and the \f(CW\*(C`DECIMAL_POINT\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`THOUSANDS_SEP\*(C'\fR variables are ignored.
To format your number using the \f(CW\*(C`DECIMAL_POINT\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`THOUSANDS_SEP\*(C'\fR
variables, use \f(CW\*(C`format_number()\*(C'\fR instead.
.ie n .IP "format_number($number, $precision\fR, \f(CW$trailing_zeroes)" 4
.el .IP "format_number($number, \f(CW$precision\fR, \f(CW$trailing_zeroes\fR)" 4
.IX Item "format_number($number, $precision, $trailing_zeroes)"
Formats a number by adding \f(CW\*(C`THOUSANDS_SEP\*(C'\fR between each set of 3
digits to the left of the decimal point, substituting \f(CW\*(C`DECIMAL_POINT\*(C'\fR
for the decimal point, and rounding to the specified precision using
\&\f(CW\*(C`round()\*(C'\fR. Note that \f(CW$precision\fR is a \fImaximum\fR precision
specifier; trailing zeroes will only appear in the output if
\&\f(CW$trailing_zeroes\fR is provided, or the parameter \f(CW\*(C`DECIMAL_FILL\*(C'\fR is
set, with a value that is true (not zero, undef, or the empty string).
If \f(CW$precision\fR is omitted, the value of the \f(CW\*(C`DECIMAL_DIGITS\*(C'\fR
parameter (default value of 2) is used. Examples:
\& format_number(12345.6789) yields '12,345.68'
\& format_number(123456.789, 2) yields '123,456.79'
\& format_number(1234567.89, 2) yields '1,234,567.89'
\& format_number(1234567.8, 2) yields '1,234,567.8'
\& format_number(1234567.8, 2, 1) yields '1,234,567.80'
\& format_number(1.23456789, 6) yields '1.234568'
Of course the output would have your values of \f(CW\*(C`THOUSANDS_SEP\*(C'\fR and
\&\f(CW\*(C`DECIMAL_POINT\*(C'\fR instead of ',' and '.' respectively.
.ie n .IP "format_negative($number, $picture)" 4
.el .IP "format_negative($number, \f(CW$picture\fR)" 4
.IX Item "format_negative($number, $picture)"
Formats a negative number. Picture should be a string that contains
the letter \f(CW\*(C`x\*(C'\fR where the number should be inserted. For example, for
standard negative numbers you might use ``\f(CW\*(C`\-x\*(C'\fR'', while for
accounting purposes you might use ``\f(CW\*(C`(x)\*(C'\fR''. If the specified number
begins with a ``\-'' character, that will be removed before formatting,
but formatting will occur whether or not the number is negative.
.ie n .IP "format_picture($number, $picture)" 4
.el .IP "format_picture($number, \f(CW$picture\fR)" 4
.IX Item "format_picture($number, $picture)"
Returns a string based on \f(CW$picture\fR with the \f(CW\*(C`#\*(C'\fR characters
replaced by digits from \f(CW$number\fR. If the length of the integer part
of \f(CW$number\fR is too large to fit, the \f(CW\*(C`#\*(C'\fR characters are replaced with
asterisks (\f(CW\*(C`*\*(C'\fR) instead. Examples:
\& format_picture(100.023, 'USD ##,###.##') yields 'USD 100.02'
\& format_picture(1000.23, 'USD ##,###.##') yields 'USD 1,000.23'
\& format_picture(10002.3, 'USD ##,###.##') yields 'USD 10,002.30'
\& format_picture(100023, 'USD ##,###.##') yields 'USD **,***.**'
\& format_picture(1.00023, 'USD #.###,###') yields 'USD 1.002,300'
The comma (,) and period (.) you see in the picture examples should
match the values of \f(CW\*(C`THOUSANDS_SEP\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`DECIMAL_POINT\*(C'\fR,
respectively, for proper operation. However, the \f(CW\*(C`THOUSANDS_SEP\*(C'\fR
characters in \f(CW$picture\fR need not occur every three digits; the
\&\fIonly\fR use of that variable by this function is to remove leading
commas (see the first example above). There may not be more than one
instance of \f(CW\*(C`DECIMAL_POINT\*(C'\fR in \f(CW$picture\fR.
The value of \f(CW\*(C`NEG_FORMAT\*(C'\fR is used to determine how negative numbers
are displayed. The result of this is that the output of this function
my have unexpected spaces before and/or after the number. This is
necessary so that positive and negative numbers are formatted into a
space the same size. If you are only using positive numbers and want
to avoid this problem, set \s-1NEG_FORMAT\s0 to \*(L"x\*(R".
.ie n .IP "format_price($number, $precision)" 4
.el .IP "format_price($number, \f(CW$precision\fR)" 4
.IX Item "format_price($number, $precision)"
Returns a string containing \f(CW$number\fR formatted similarly to
\&\f(CW\*(C`format_number()\*(C'\fR, except that the decimal portion may have trailing
zeroes added to make it be exactly \f(CW$precision\fR characters long, and
the currency string will be prefixed.
If the \f(CW\*(C`INT_CURR_SYMBOL\*(C'\fR attribute of the object is the empty string, no
If \f(CW$precision\fR is not provided, the default of 2 will be used.
\& format_price(12.95) yields 'USD 12.95'
\& format_price(12) yields 'USD 12.00'
\& format_price(12, 3) yields '12.000'
The third example assumes that \f(CW\*(C`INT_CURR_SYMBOL\*(C'\fR is the empty string.
.ie n .IP "format_bytes($number, $precision)" 4
.el .IP "format_bytes($number, \f(CW$precision\fR)" 4
.IX Item "format_bytes($number, $precision)"
Returns a string containing \f(CW$number\fR formatted similarly to
\&\f(CW\*(C`format_number()\*(C'\fR, except that if the number is over 1024, it will be
divided by 1024 and \*(L"K\*(R" appended to the end; or if it is over 1048576
(1024*1024), it will be divided by 1048576 and \*(L"M\*(R" appended to the
end. Negative values will result in an error.
If \f(CW$precision\fR is not provided, the default of 2 will be used.
\& format_bytes(12.95) yields '12.95'
\& format_bytes(2048) yields '2K'
\& format_bytes(1048576) yields '1M'
.IP "unformat_number($formatted)" 4
.IX Item "unformat_number($formatted)"
Converts a string as returned by \f(CW\*(C`format_number()\*(C'\fR,
\&\f(CW\*(C`format_price()\*(C'\fR, or \f(CW\*(C`format_picture()\*(C'\fR, and returns the
corresponding value as a numeric scalar. Returns \f(CW\*(C`undef\*(C'\fR if the
number does not contain any digits. Examples:
\& unformat_number('USD 12.95') yields 12.95
\& unformat_number('USD 12.00') yields 12
\& unformat_number('foobar') yields undef
\& unformat_number('1234-567@.8') yields 1234567.8
The value of \f(CW\*(C`DECIMAL_POINT\*(C'\fR is used to determine where to separate
the integer and decimal portions of the input. All other non-digit
characters, including but not limited to \f(CW\*(C`INT_CURR_SYMBOL\*(C'\fR and
\&\f(CW\*(C`THOUSANDS_SEP\*(C'\fR, are removed.
If the number matches the pattern of \f(CW\*(C`NEG_FORMAT\*(C'\fR \fIor\fR there is a
``\-'' character before any of the digits, then a negative number is
If the number ends with the \f(CW\*(C`KILO_SUFFIX\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`MEGA_SUFFIX\*(C'\fR
characters, then the number returned will be multiplied by 1024 or
1024*1024 as appropriate.
No known bugs at this time. Please report any problems to the author.
William R. Ward, wrw@bayview.com
projects / OpenSPARC-T2-DV / blob