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<H1><A NAME="SECTION0071200000000000000000">
5.12 <tt class="module">collections</tt> --
         High-performance container datatypes</A>
</H1>

<P>
<A NAME="module-collections"></A>

<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.4.</span>

<P>
This module implements high-performance container datatypes.  Currently, the
only datatype is a deque.  Future additions may include B-trees
and Fibonacci heaps.

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1337' xml:id='l2h-1337' class="function">deque</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var><big>[</big><var>iterable</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
  Returns a new deque objected initialized left-to-right (using
  <tt class="method">append()</tt>) with data from <var>iterable</var>.  If <var>iterable</var>
  is not specified, the new deque is empty.

<P>
Deques are a generalization of stacks and queues (the name is pronounced
  ``deck'' and is short for ``double-ended queue'').  Deques support
  thread-safe, memory efficient appends and pops from either side of the deque
  with approximately the same <code>O(1)</code> performance in either direction.

<P>
Though <tt class="class">list</tt> objects support similar operations, they are optimized
  for fast fixed-length operations and incur <code>O(n)</code> memory movement costs
  for "<tt class="samp">pop(0)</tt>" and "<tt class="samp">insert(0, v)</tt>" operations which change both the
  size and position of the underlying data representation.
  
<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.4.</span>

</dl>

<P>
Deque objects support the following methods:

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1338' xml:id='l2h-1338' class="method">append</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>x</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
   Add <var>x</var> to the right side of the deque.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1339' xml:id='l2h-1339' class="method">appendleft</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>x</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
   Add <var>x</var> to the left side of the deque.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1340' xml:id='l2h-1340' class="method">clear</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
   Remove all elements from the deque leaving it with length 0.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1341' xml:id='l2h-1341' class="method">extend</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>iterable</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
   Extend the right side of the deque by appending elements from
   the iterable argument.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1342' xml:id='l2h-1342' class="method">extendleft</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>iterable</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
   Extend the left side of the deque by appending elements from
   <var>iterable</var>.  Note, the series of left appends results in
   reversing the order of elements in the iterable argument.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1343' xml:id='l2h-1343' class="method">pop</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
   Remove and return an element from the right side of the deque.
   If no elements are present, raises a <tt class="exception">IndexError</tt>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1344' xml:id='l2h-1344' class="method">popleft</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
   Remove and return an element from the left side of the deque.
   If no elements are present, raises a <tt class="exception">IndexError</tt>.   
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1345' xml:id='l2h-1345' class="method">rotate</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>n</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
   Rotate the deque <var>n</var> steps to the right.  If <var>n</var> is
   negative, rotate to the left.  Rotating one step to the right
   is equivalent to:  "<tt class="samp">d.appendleft(d.pop())</tt>". 
</dl>

<P>
In addition to the above, deques support iteration, pickling, "<tt class="samp">len(d)</tt>",
"<tt class="samp">reversed(d)</tt>", "<tt class="samp">copy.copy(d)</tt>", "<tt class="samp">copy.deepcopy(d)</tt>",
membership testing with the <tt class="keyword">in</tt> operator, and subscript references
such as "<tt class="samp">d[-1]</tt>".

<P>
Example:

<P>
<div class="verbatim"><pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; from collections import deque
&gt;&gt;&gt; d = deque('ghi')                 # make a new deque with three items
&gt;&gt;&gt; for elem in d:                   # iterate over the deque's elements
...     print elem.upper()	
G
H
I

&gt;&gt;&gt; d.append('j')                    # add a new entry to the right side
&gt;&gt;&gt; d.appendleft('f')                # add a new entry to the left side
&gt;&gt;&gt; d                                # show the representation of the deque
deque(['f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j'])

&gt;&gt;&gt; d.pop()                          # return and remove the rightmost item
'j'
&gt;&gt;&gt; d.popleft()                      # return and remove the leftmost item
'f'
&gt;&gt;&gt; list(d)                          # list the contents of the deque
['g', 'h', 'i']
&gt;&gt;&gt; d[0]                             # peek at leftmost item
'g'
&gt;&gt;&gt; d[-1]                            # peek at rightmost item
'i'

&gt;&gt;&gt; list(reversed(d))                # list the contents of a deque in reverse
['i', 'h', 'g']
&gt;&gt;&gt; 'h' in d                         # search the deque
True
&gt;&gt;&gt; d.extend('jkl')                  # add multiple elements at once
&gt;&gt;&gt; d
deque(['g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l'])
&gt;&gt;&gt; d.rotate(1)                      # right rotation
&gt;&gt;&gt; d
deque(['l', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k'])
&gt;&gt;&gt; d.rotate(-1)                     # left rotation
&gt;&gt;&gt; d
deque(['g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l'])

&gt;&gt;&gt; deque(reversed(d))               # make a new deque in reverse order
deque(['l', 'k', 'j', 'i', 'h', 'g'])
&gt;&gt;&gt; d.clear()                        # empty the deque
&gt;&gt;&gt; d.pop()                          # cannot pop from an empty deque
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "&lt;pyshell#6&gt;", line 1, in -toplevel-
    d.pop()
IndexError: pop from an empty deque

&gt;&gt;&gt; d.extendleft('abc')              # extendleft() reverses the input order
&gt;&gt;&gt; d
deque(['c', 'b', 'a'])
</pre></div>

<P>

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	54
	55	<H1><A NAME="SECTION0071200000000000000000">
	56	5.12 <tt class="module">collections</tt> --
	57	High-performance container datatypes</A>
	58	</H1>
	59
	60	<P>
	61	<A NAME="module-collections"></A>
	62
	63	<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.4.</span>
	64
65	<P>
66	This module implements high-performance container datatypes. Currently, the
67	only datatype is a deque. Future additions may include B-trees
68	and Fibonacci heaps.
69
70	<P>
71	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
72	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1337' xml:id='l2h-1337' class="function">deque</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
73	<td><var></var><big>[</big><var>iterable</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
74	<dd>
75	Returns a new deque objected initialized left-to-right (using
76	<tt class="method">append()</tt>) with data from <var>iterable</var>. If <var>iterable</var>
77	is not specified, the new deque is empty.
78
79	<P>
80	Deques are a generalization of stacks and queues (the name is pronounced
81	``deck'' and is short for ``double-ended queue''). Deques support
82	thread-safe, memory efficient appends and pops from either side of the deque
83	with approximately the same <code>O(1)</code> performance in either direction.
84
85	<P>
86	Though <tt class="class">list</tt> objects support similar operations, they are optimized
87	for fast fixed-length operations and incur <code>O(n)</code> memory movement costs
88	for "<tt class="samp">pop(0)</tt>" and "<tt class="samp">insert(0, v)</tt>" operations which change both the
89	size and position of the underlying data representation.
90
91	<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.4.</span>
92
93	</dl>
94
95	<P>
96	Deque objects support the following methods:
97
98	<P>
99	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
100	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1338' xml:id='l2h-1338' class="method">append</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
101	<td><var>x</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
102	<dd>
103	Add <var>x</var> to the right side of the deque.
104	</dl>
105
106	<P>
107	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
108	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1339' xml:id='l2h-1339' class="method">appendleft</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
109	<td><var>x</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
110	<dd>
111	Add <var>x</var> to the left side of the deque.
112	</dl>
113
114	<P>
115	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
116	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1340' xml:id='l2h-1340' class="method">clear</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
117	<td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
118	<dd>
119	Remove all elements from the deque leaving it with length 0.
120	</dl>
121
122	<P>
123	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
124	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1341' xml:id='l2h-1341' class="method">extend</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
125	<td><var>iterable</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
126	<dd>
127	Extend the right side of the deque by appending elements from
128	the iterable argument.
129	</dl>
130
131	<P>
132	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
133	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1342' xml:id='l2h-1342' class="method">extendleft</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
134	<td><var>iterable</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
135	<dd>
136	Extend the left side of the deque by appending elements from
137	<var>iterable</var>. Note, the series of left appends results in
138	reversing the order of elements in the iterable argument.
139	</dl>
140
141	<P>
142	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
143	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1343' xml:id='l2h-1343' class="method">pop</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
144	<td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
145	<dd>
146	Remove and return an element from the right side of the deque.
147	If no elements are present, raises a <tt class="exception">IndexError</tt>.
148	</dl>
149
150	<P>
151	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
152	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1344' xml:id='l2h-1344' class="method">popleft</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
153	<td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
154	<dd>
155	Remove and return an element from the left side of the deque.
156	If no elements are present, raises a <tt class="exception">IndexError</tt>.
157	</dl>
158
159	<P>
160	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
161	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1345' xml:id='l2h-1345' class="method">rotate</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
162	<td><var>n</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
163	<dd>
164	Rotate the deque <var>n</var> steps to the right. If <var>n</var> is
165	negative, rotate to the left. Rotating one step to the right
166	is equivalent to: "<tt class="samp">d.appendleft(d.pop())</tt>".
167	</dl>
168
169	<P>
170	In addition to the above, deques support iteration, pickling, "<tt class="samp">len(d)</tt>",
171	"<tt class="samp">reversed(d)</tt>", "<tt class="samp">copy.copy(d)</tt>", "<tt class="samp">copy.deepcopy(d)</tt>",
172	membership testing with the <tt class="keyword">in</tt> operator, and subscript references
173	such as "<tt class="samp">d[-1]</tt>".
174
175	<P>
176	Example:
177
178	<P>
179	<div class="verbatim"><pre>
180	>>> from collections import deque
181	>>> d = deque('ghi') # make a new deque with three items
182	>>> for elem in d: # iterate over the deque's elements
183	... print elem.upper()
184	G
185	H
186	I
187
188	>>> d.append('j') # add a new entry to the right side
189	>>> d.appendleft('f') # add a new entry to the left side
190	>>> d # show the representation of the deque
191	deque(['f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j'])
192
193	>>> d.pop() # return and remove the rightmost item
194	'j'
195	>>> d.popleft() # return and remove the leftmost item
196	'f'
197	>>> list(d) # list the contents of the deque
198	['g', 'h', 'i']
199	>>> d[0] # peek at leftmost item
200	'g'
201	>>> d[-1] # peek at rightmost item
202	'i'
203
204	>>> list(reversed(d)) # list the contents of a deque in reverse
205	['i', 'h', 'g']
206	>>> 'h' in d # search the deque
207	True
208	>>> d.extend('jkl') # add multiple elements at once
209	>>> d
210	deque(['g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l'])
211	>>> d.rotate(1) # right rotation
212	>>> d
213	deque(['l', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k'])
214	>>> d.rotate(-1) # left rotation
215	>>> d
216	deque(['g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l'])
217
218	>>> deque(reversed(d)) # make a new deque in reverse order
219	deque(['l', 'k', 'j', 'i', 'h', 'g'])
220	>>> d.clear() # empty the deque
221	>>> d.pop() # cannot pop from an empty deque
222	Traceback (most recent call last):
223	File "<pyshell#6>", line 1, in -toplevel-
224	d.pop()
225	IndexError: pop from an empty deque
226
227	>>> d.extendleft('abc') # extendleft() reverses the input order
228	>>> d
229	deque(['c', 'b', 'a'])
230	</pre></div>
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