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<H1><A NAME="SECTION0022800000000000000000">
20.8 <tt class="module">gl</tt> --
         <em>Graphics Library</em> interface</A>
</H1>

<P>
<A NAME="module-gl"></A>  
<p class="availability">Availability: <span
 class="platform">IRIX</span>.</p>

<P>
This module provides access to the Silicon Graphics
<em>Graphics Library</em>.
It is available only on Silicon Graphics machines.

<P>
<span class="warning"><b class="label">Warning:</b>
Some illegal calls to the GL library cause the Python
interpreter to dump core.
In particular, the use of most GL calls is unsafe before the first
window is opened.</span>

<P>
The module is too large to document here in its entirety, but the
following should help you to get started.
The parameter conventions for the C functions are translated to Python as
follows:

<P>

<UL>
<LI>All (short, long, unsigned) int values are represented by Python
integers.
</LI>
<LI>All float and double values are represented by Python floating point
numbers.
In most cases, Python integers are also allowed.
</LI>
<LI>All arrays are represented by one-dimensional Python lists.
In most cases, tuples are also allowed.
</LI>
<LI>All string and character arguments are represented by Python strings,
for instance,
<code>winopen('Hi There!')</code>
and
<code>rotate(900, 'z')</code>.

</LI>
<LI>All (short, long, unsigned) integer arguments or return values that are
only used to specify the length of an array argument are omitted.
For example, the C call

<P>
<div class="verbatim"><pre>
lmdef(deftype, index, np, props)
</pre></div>

<P>
is translated to Python as

<P>
<div class="verbatim"><pre>
lmdef(deftype, index, props)
</pre></div>

<P>
</LI>
<LI>Output arguments are omitted from the argument list; they are
transmitted as function return values instead.
If more than one value must be returned, the return value is a tuple.
If the C function has both a regular return value (that is not omitted
because of the previous rule) and an output argument, the return value
comes first in the tuple.
Examples: the C call

<P>
<div class="verbatim"><pre>
getmcolor(i, &amp;red, &amp;green, &amp;blue)
</pre></div>

<P>
is translated to Python as

<P>
<div class="verbatim"><pre>
red, green, blue = getmcolor(i)
</pre></div>

<P>
</LI>
</UL>

<P>
The following functions are non-standard or have special argument
conventions:

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-5192' xml:id='l2h-5192' class="function">varray</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>argument</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Equivalent to but faster than a number of
<code>v3d()</code>
calls.
The <var>argument</var> is a list (or tuple) of points.
Each point must be a tuple of coordinates
<code>(<var>x</var>, <var>y</var>, <var>z</var>)</code> or <code>(<var>x</var>, <var>y</var>)</code>.
The points may be 2- or 3-dimensional but must all have the
same dimension.
Float and int values may be mixed however.
The points are always converted to 3D double precision points
by assuming <code><var>z</var> = 0.0</code> if necessary (as indicated in the man page),
and for each point
<code>v3d()</code>
is called.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-5193' xml:id='l2h-5193' class="function">nvarray</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Equivalent to but faster than a number of
<code>n3f</code>
and
<code>v3f</code>
calls.
The argument is an array (list or tuple) of pairs of normals and points.
Each pair is a tuple of a point and a normal for that point.
Each point or normal must be a tuple of coordinates
<code>(<var>x</var>, <var>y</var>, <var>z</var>)</code>.
Three coordinates must be given.
Float and int values may be mixed.
For each pair,
<code>n3f()</code>
is called for the normal, and then
<code>v3f()</code>
is called for the point.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-5194' xml:id='l2h-5194' class="function">vnarray</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Similar to 
<code>nvarray()</code>
but the pairs have the point first and the normal second.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-5195' xml:id='l2h-5195' class="function">nurbssurface</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>s_k, t_k, ctl, s_ord, t_ord, type</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Defines a nurbs surface.
The dimensions of
<code><var>ctl</var>[][]</code>
are computed as follows:
<code>[len(<var>s_k</var>) - <var>s_ord</var>]</code>,
<code>[len(<var>t_k</var>) - <var>t_ord</var>]</code>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-5196' xml:id='l2h-5196' class="function">nurbscurve</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>knots, ctlpoints, order, type</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Defines a nurbs curve.
The length of ctlpoints is
<code>len(<var>knots</var>) - <var>order</var></code>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-5197' xml:id='l2h-5197' class="function">pwlcurve</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>points, type</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Defines a piecewise-linear curve.
<var>points</var>
is a list of points.
<var>type</var>
must be
<code>N_ST</code>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-5198' xml:id='l2h-5198' class="function">pick</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>n</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
<dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">select</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>n</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>The only argument to these functions specifies the desired size of the
pick or select buffer.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-5200' xml:id='l2h-5200' class="function">endpick</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
<dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">endselect</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>These functions have no arguments.
They return a list of integers representing the used part of the
pick/select buffer.
No method is provided to detect buffer overrun.
</dl>

<P>
Here is a tiny but complete example GL program in Python:

<P>
<div class="verbatim"><pre>
import gl, GL, time

def main():
    gl.foreground()
    gl.prefposition(500, 900, 500, 900)
    w = gl.winopen('CrissCross')
    gl.ortho2(0.0, 400.0, 0.0, 400.0)
    gl.color(GL.WHITE)
    gl.clear()
    gl.color(GL.RED)
    gl.bgnline()
    gl.v2f(0.0, 0.0)
    gl.v2f(400.0, 400.0)
    gl.endline()
    gl.bgnline()
    gl.v2f(400.0, 0.0)
    gl.v2f(0.0, 400.0)
    gl.endline()
    time.sleep(5)

main()
</pre></div>

<P>
<div class="seealso">
  <p class="heading">See Also:</p>

  <dl compact="compact" class="seetitle">
    <dt><em class="citetitle"><a href="http://pyopengl.sourceforge.net/"
        >PyOpenGL: The Python OpenGL Binding</a></em></dt>
    <dd>An interface to OpenGL<a id='l2h-5202' xml:id='l2h-5202'></a> is also available;
            see information about the
            <strong>PyOpenGL</strong><a id='l2h-5203' xml:id='l2h-5203'></a> project online at
            <a class="url" href="http://pyopengl.sourceforge.net/">http://pyopengl.sourceforge.net/</a>.  This may be a
            better option if support for SGI hardware from before
            about 1996 is not required.</dd>
  </dl>
</div>

<P>

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	54
	55	<H1><A NAME="SECTION0022800000000000000000">
	56	20.8 <tt class="module">gl</tt> --
	57	<em>Graphics Library</em> interface</A>
	58	</H1>
	59
	60	<P>
	61	<A NAME="module-gl"></A>
	62	<p class="availability">Availability: <span
	63	class="platform">IRIX</span>.</p>
	64
65	<P>
66	This module provides access to the Silicon Graphics
67	<em>Graphics Library</em>.
68	It is available only on Silicon Graphics machines.
69
70	<P>
71	<span class="warning"><b class="label">Warning:</b>
72	Some illegal calls to the GL library cause the Python
73	interpreter to dump core.
74	In particular, the use of most GL calls is unsafe before the first
75	window is opened.</span>
76
77	<P>
78	The module is too large to document here in its entirety, but the
79	following should help you to get started.
80	The parameter conventions for the C functions are translated to Python as
81	follows:
82
83	<P>
84
85	<UL>
86	<LI>All (short, long, unsigned) int values are represented by Python
87	integers.
88	</LI>
89	<LI>All float and double values are represented by Python floating point
90	numbers.
91	In most cases, Python integers are also allowed.
92	</LI>
93	<LI>All arrays are represented by one-dimensional Python lists.
94	In most cases, tuples are also allowed.
95	</LI>
96	<LI>All string and character arguments are represented by Python strings,
97	for instance,
98	<code>winopen('Hi There!')</code>
99	and
100	<code>rotate(900, 'z')</code>.
101
102	</LI>
103	<LI>All (short, long, unsigned) integer arguments or return values that are
104	only used to specify the length of an array argument are omitted.
105	For example, the C call
106
107	<P>
108	<div class="verbatim"><pre>
109	lmdef(deftype, index, np, props)
110	</pre></div>
111
112	<P>
113	is translated to Python as
114
115	<P>
116	<div class="verbatim"><pre>
117	lmdef(deftype, index, props)
118	</pre></div>
119
120	<P>
121	</LI>
122	<LI>Output arguments are omitted from the argument list; they are
123	transmitted as function return values instead.
124	If more than one value must be returned, the return value is a tuple.
125	If the C function has both a regular return value (that is not omitted
126	because of the previous rule) and an output argument, the return value
127	comes first in the tuple.
128	Examples: the C call
129
130	<P>
131	<div class="verbatim"><pre>
132	getmcolor(i, &red, &green, &blue)
133	</pre></div>
134
135	<P>
136	is translated to Python as
137
138	<P>
139	<div class="verbatim"><pre>
140	red, green, blue = getmcolor(i)
141	</pre></div>
142
143	<P>
144	</LI>
145	</UL>
146
147	<P>
148	The following functions are non-standard or have special argument
149	conventions:
150
151	<P>
152	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
153	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-5192' xml:id='l2h-5192' class="function">varray</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
154	<td><var>argument</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
155	<dd>
156	Equivalent to but faster than a number of
157	<code>v3d()</code>
158	calls.
159	The <var>argument</var> is a list (or tuple) of points.
160	Each point must be a tuple of coordinates
161	<code>(<var>x</var>, <var>y</var>, <var>z</var>)</code> or <code>(<var>x</var>, <var>y</var>)</code>.
162	The points may be 2- or 3-dimensional but must all have the
163	same dimension.
164	Float and int values may be mixed however.
165	The points are always converted to 3D double precision points
166	by assuming <code><var>z</var> = 0.0</code> if necessary (as indicated in the man page),
167	and for each point
168	<code>v3d()</code>
169	is called.
170	</dl>
171
172	<P>
173	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
174	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-5193' xml:id='l2h-5193' class="function">nvarray</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
175	<td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
176	<dd>
177	Equivalent to but faster than a number of
178	<code>n3f</code>
179	and
180	<code>v3f</code>
181	calls.
182	The argument is an array (list or tuple) of pairs of normals and points.
183	Each pair is a tuple of a point and a normal for that point.
184	Each point or normal must be a tuple of coordinates
185	<code>(<var>x</var>, <var>y</var>, <var>z</var>)</code>.
186	Three coordinates must be given.
187	Float and int values may be mixed.
188	For each pair,
189	<code>n3f()</code>
190	is called for the normal, and then
191	<code>v3f()</code>
192	is called for the point.
193	</dl>
194
195	<P>
196	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
197	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-5194' xml:id='l2h-5194' class="function">vnarray</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
198	<td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
199	<dd>
200	Similar to
201	<code>nvarray()</code>
202	but the pairs have the point first and the normal second.
203	</dl>
204
205	<P>
206	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
207	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-5195' xml:id='l2h-5195' class="function">nurbssurface</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
208	<td><var>s_k, t_k, ctl, s_ord, t_ord, type</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
209	<dd>
210	Defines a nurbs surface.
211	The dimensions of
212	<code><var>ctl</var>[][]</code>
213	are computed as follows:
214	<code>[len(<var>s_k</var>) - <var>s_ord</var>]</code>,
215	<code>[len(<var>t_k</var>) - <var>t_ord</var>]</code>.
216	</dl>
217
218	<P>
219	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
220	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-5196' xml:id='l2h-5196' class="function">nurbscurve</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
221	<td><var>knots, ctlpoints, order, type</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
222	<dd>
223	Defines a nurbs curve.
224	The length of ctlpoints is
225	<code>len(<var>knots</var>) - <var>order</var></code>.
226	</dl>
227
228	<P>
229	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
230	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-5197' xml:id='l2h-5197' class="function">pwlcurve</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
231	<td><var>points, type</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
232	<dd>
233	Defines a piecewise-linear curve.
234	<var>points</var>
235	is a list of points.
236	<var>type</var>
237	must be
238	<code>N_ST</code>.
239	</dl>
240
241	<P>
242	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
243	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-5198' xml:id='l2h-5198' class="function">pick</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
244	<td><var>n</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
245	<dd>
246	<dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
247	<td><nobr><b><tt class="function">select</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
248	<td><var>n</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
249	<dd>The only argument to these functions specifies the desired size of the
250	pick or select buffer.
251	</dl>
252
253	<P>
254	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
255	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-5200' xml:id='l2h-5200' class="function">endpick</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
256	<td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
257	<dd>
258	<dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
259	<td><nobr><b><tt class="function">endselect</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
260	<td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
261	<dd>These functions have no arguments.
262	They return a list of integers representing the used part of the
263	pick/select buffer.
264	No method is provided to detect buffer overrun.
265	</dl>
266
267	<P>
268	Here is a tiny but complete example GL program in Python:
269
270	<P>
271	<div class="verbatim"><pre>
272	import gl, GL, time
273
274	def main():
275	gl.foreground()
276	gl.prefposition(500, 900, 500, 900)
277	w = gl.winopen('CrissCross')
278	gl.ortho2(0.0, 400.0, 0.0, 400.0)
279	gl.color(GL.WHITE)
280	gl.clear()
281	gl.color(GL.RED)
282	gl.bgnline()
283	gl.v2f(0.0, 0.0)
284	gl.v2f(400.0, 400.0)
285	gl.endline()
286	gl.bgnline()
287	gl.v2f(400.0, 0.0)
288	gl.v2f(0.0, 400.0)
289	gl.endline()
290	time.sleep(5)
291
292	main()
293	</pre></div>
294
295	<P>
296	<div class="seealso">
297	<p class="heading">See Also:</p>
298
299	<dl compact="compact" class="seetitle">
300	<dt><em class="citetitle"><a href="http://pyopengl.sourceforge.net/"
301	>PyOpenGL: The Python OpenGL Binding</a></em></dt>
302	<dd>An interface to OpenGL<a id='l2h-5202' xml:id='l2h-5202'></a> is also available;
303	see information about the
304	<strong>PyOpenGL</strong><a id='l2h-5203' xml:id='l2h-5203'></a> project online at
305	<a class="url" href="http://pyopengl.sourceforge.net/">http://pyopengl.sourceforge.net/</a>. This may be a
306	better option if support for SGI hardware from before
307	about 1996 is not required.</dd>
308	</dl>
309	</div>
310
311	<P>
312
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