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129 | .\" ======================================================================== | |
130 | .\" | |
131 | .IX Title "PERLCLIB 1" | |
132 | .TH PERLCLIB 1 "2006-01-07" "perl v5.8.8" "Perl Programmers Reference Guide" | |
133 | .SH "NAME" | |
134 | perlclib \- Internal replacements for standard C library functions | |
135 | .SH "DESCRIPTION" | |
136 | .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" | |
137 | One thing Perl porters should note is that \fIperl\fR doesn't tend to use that | |
138 | much of the C standard library internally; you'll see very little use of, | |
139 | for example, the \fIctype.h\fR functions in there. This is because Perl | |
140 | tends to reimplement or abstract standard library functions, so that we | |
141 | know exactly how they're going to operate. | |
142 | .PP | |
143 | This is a reference card for people who are familiar with the C library | |
144 | and who want to do things the Perl way; to tell them which functions | |
145 | they ought to use instead of the more normal C functions. | |
146 | .Sh "Conventions" | |
147 | .IX Subsection "Conventions" | |
148 | In the following tables: | |
149 | .ie n .IP """t""" 3 | |
150 | .el .IP "\f(CWt\fR" 3 | |
151 | .IX Item "t" | |
152 | is a type. | |
153 | .ie n .IP """p""" 3 | |
154 | .el .IP "\f(CWp\fR" 3 | |
155 | .IX Item "p" | |
156 | is a pointer. | |
157 | .ie n .IP """n""" 3 | |
158 | .el .IP "\f(CWn\fR" 3 | |
159 | .IX Item "n" | |
160 | is a number. | |
161 | .ie n .IP """s""" 3 | |
162 | .el .IP "\f(CWs\fR" 3 | |
163 | .IX Item "s" | |
164 | is a string. | |
165 | .PP | |
166 | \&\f(CW\*(C`sv\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`av\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`hv\*(C'\fR, etc. represent variables of their respective types. | |
167 | .Sh "File Operations" | |
168 | .IX Subsection "File Operations" | |
169 | Instead of the \fIstdio.h\fR functions, you should use the Perl abstraction | |
170 | layer. Instead of \f(CW\*(C`FILE*\*(C'\fR types, you need to be handling \f(CW\*(C`PerlIO*\*(C'\fR | |
171 | types. Don't forget that with the new PerlIO layered I/O abstraction | |
172 | \&\f(CW\*(C`FILE*\*(C'\fR types may not even be available. See also the \f(CW\*(C`perlapio\*(C'\fR | |
173 | documentation for more information about the following functions: | |
174 | .PP | |
175 | .Vb 1 | |
176 | \& Instead Of: Use: | |
177 | .Ve | |
178 | .PP | |
179 | .Vb 3 | |
180 | \& stdin PerlIO_stdin() | |
181 | \& stdout PerlIO_stdout() | |
182 | \& stderr PerlIO_stderr() | |
183 | .Ve | |
184 | .PP | |
185 | .Vb 4 | |
186 | \& fopen(fn, mode) PerlIO_open(fn, mode) | |
187 | \& freopen(fn, mode, stream) PerlIO_reopen(fn, mode, perlio) (Deprecated) | |
188 | \& fflush(stream) PerlIO_flush(perlio) | |
189 | \& fclose(stream) PerlIO_close(perlio) | |
190 | .Ve | |
191 | .Sh "File Input and Output" | |
192 | .IX Subsection "File Input and Output" | |
193 | .Vb 1 | |
194 | \& Instead Of: Use: | |
195 | .Ve | |
196 | .PP | |
197 | .Vb 1 | |
198 | \& fprintf(stream, fmt, ...) PerlIO_printf(perlio, fmt, ...) | |
199 | .Ve | |
200 | .PP | |
201 | .Vb 3 | |
202 | \& [f]getc(stream) PerlIO_getc(perlio) | |
203 | \& [f]putc(stream, n) PerlIO_putc(perlio, n) | |
204 | \& ungetc(n, stream) PerlIO_ungetc(perlio, n) | |
205 | .Ve | |
206 | .PP | |
207 | Note that the PerlIO equivalents of \f(CW\*(C`fread\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`fwrite\*(C'\fR are slightly | |
208 | different from their C library counterparts: | |
209 | .PP | |
210 | .Vb 2 | |
211 | \& fread(p, size, n, stream) PerlIO_read(perlio, buf, numbytes) | |
212 | \& fwrite(p, size, n, stream) PerlIO_write(perlio, buf, numbytes) | |
213 | .Ve | |
214 | .PP | |
215 | .Vb 1 | |
216 | \& fputs(s, stream) PerlIO_puts(perlio, s) | |
217 | .Ve | |
218 | .PP | |
219 | There is no equivalent to \f(CW\*(C`fgets\*(C'\fR; one should use \f(CW\*(C`sv_gets\*(C'\fR instead: | |
220 | .PP | |
221 | .Vb 1 | |
222 | \& fgets(s, n, stream) sv_gets(sv, perlio, append) | |
223 | .Ve | |
224 | .Sh "File Positioning" | |
225 | .IX Subsection "File Positioning" | |
226 | .Vb 1 | |
227 | \& Instead Of: Use: | |
228 | .Ve | |
229 | .PP | |
230 | .Vb 3 | |
231 | \& feof(stream) PerlIO_eof(perlio) | |
232 | \& fseek(stream, n, whence) PerlIO_seek(perlio, n, whence) | |
233 | \& rewind(stream) PerlIO_rewind(perlio) | |
234 | .Ve | |
235 | .PP | |
236 | .Vb 2 | |
237 | \& fgetpos(stream, p) PerlIO_getpos(perlio, sv) | |
238 | \& fsetpos(stream, p) PerlIO_setpos(perlio, sv) | |
239 | .Ve | |
240 | .PP | |
241 | .Vb 2 | |
242 | \& ferror(stream) PerlIO_error(perlio) | |
243 | \& clearerr(stream) PerlIO_clearerr(perlio) | |
244 | .Ve | |
245 | .Sh "Memory Management and String Handling" | |
246 | .IX Subsection "Memory Management and String Handling" | |
247 | .Vb 1 | |
248 | \& Instead Of: Use: | |
249 | .Ve | |
250 | .PP | |
251 | .Vb 9 | |
252 | \& t* p = malloc(n) Newx(id, p, n, t) | |
253 | \& t* p = calloc(n, s) Newxz(id, p, n, t) | |
254 | \& p = realloc(p, n) Renew(p, n, t) | |
255 | \& memcpy(dst, src, n) Copy(src, dst, n, t) | |
256 | \& memmove(dst, src, n) Move(src, dst, n, t) | |
257 | \& memcpy/*(struct foo *) StructCopy(src, dst, t) | |
258 | \& memset(dst, 0, n * sizeof(t)) Zero(dst, n, t) | |
259 | \& memzero(dst, 0) Zero(dst, n, char) | |
260 | \& free(p) Safefree(p) | |
261 | .Ve | |
262 | .PP | |
263 | .Vb 2 | |
264 | \& strdup(p) savepv(p) | |
265 | \& strndup(p, n) savepvn(p, n) (Hey, strndup doesn't exist!) | |
266 | .Ve | |
267 | .PP | |
268 | .Vb 3 | |
269 | \& strstr(big, little) instr(big, little) | |
270 | \& strcmp(s1, s2) strLE(s1, s2) / strEQ(s1, s2) / strGT(s1,s2) | |
271 | \& strncmp(s1, s2, n) strnNE(s1, s2, n) / strnEQ(s1, s2, n) | |
272 | .Ve | |
273 | .PP | |
274 | Notice the different order of arguments to \f(CW\*(C`Copy\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`Move\*(C'\fR than used | |
275 | in \f(CW\*(C`memcpy\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`memmove\*(C'\fR. | |
276 | .PP | |
277 | Most of the time, though, you'll want to be dealing with SVs internally | |
278 | instead of raw \f(CW\*(C`char *\*(C'\fR strings: | |
279 | .PP | |
280 | .Vb 6 | |
281 | \& strlen(s) sv_len(sv) | |
282 | \& strcpy(dt, src) sv_setpv(sv, s) | |
283 | \& strncpy(dt, src, n) sv_setpvn(sv, s, n) | |
284 | \& strcat(dt, src) sv_catpv(sv, s) | |
285 | \& strncat(dt, src) sv_catpvn(sv, s) | |
286 | \& sprintf(s, fmt, ...) sv_setpvf(sv, fmt, ...) | |
287 | .Ve | |
288 | .PP | |
289 | Note also the existence of \f(CW\*(C`sv_catpvf\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`sv_vcatpvfn\*(C'\fR, combining | |
290 | concatenation with formatting. | |
291 | .PP | |
292 | Sometimes instead of zeroing the allocated heap by using \fINewxz()\fR you | |
293 | should consider \*(L"poisoning\*(R" the data. This means writing a bit | |
294 | pattern into it that should be illegal as pointers (and floating point | |
295 | numbers), and also hopefully surprising enough as integers, so that | |
296 | any code attempting to use the data without forethought will break | |
297 | sooner rather than later. Poisoning can be done using the \fIPoison()\fR | |
298 | macro, which has similar arguments as \fIZero()\fR: | |
299 | .PP | |
300 | .Vb 1 | |
301 | \& Poison(dst, n, t) | |
302 | .Ve | |
303 | .Sh "Character Class Tests" | |
304 | .IX Subsection "Character Class Tests" | |
305 | There are two types of character class tests that Perl implements: one | |
306 | type deals in \f(CW\*(C`char\*(C'\fRs and are thus \fBnot\fR Unicode aware (and hence | |
307 | deprecated unless you \fBknow\fR you should use them) and the other type | |
308 | deal in \f(CW\*(C`UV\*(C'\fRs and know about Unicode properties. In the following | |
309 | table, \f(CW\*(C`c\*(C'\fR is a \f(CW\*(C`char\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`u\*(C'\fR is a Unicode codepoint. | |
310 | .PP | |
311 | .Vb 1 | |
312 | \& Instead Of: Use: But better use: | |
313 | .Ve | |
314 | .PP | |
315 | .Vb 11 | |
316 | \& isalnum(c) isALNUM(c) isALNUM_uni(u) | |
317 | \& isalpha(c) isALPHA(c) isALPHA_uni(u) | |
318 | \& iscntrl(c) isCNTRL(c) isCNTRL_uni(u) | |
319 | \& isdigit(c) isDIGIT(c) isDIGIT_uni(u) | |
320 | \& isgraph(c) isGRAPH(c) isGRAPH_uni(u) | |
321 | \& islower(c) isLOWER(c) isLOWER_uni(u) | |
322 | \& isprint(c) isPRINT(c) isPRINT_uni(u) | |
323 | \& ispunct(c) isPUNCT(c) isPUNCT_uni(u) | |
324 | \& isspace(c) isSPACE(c) isSPACE_uni(u) | |
325 | \& isupper(c) isUPPER(c) isUPPER_uni(u) | |
326 | \& isxdigit(c) isXDIGIT(c) isXDIGIT_uni(u) | |
327 | .Ve | |
328 | .PP | |
329 | .Vb 2 | |
330 | \& tolower(c) toLOWER(c) toLOWER_uni(u) | |
331 | \& toupper(c) toUPPER(c) toUPPER_uni(u) | |
332 | .Ve | |
333 | .Sh "\fIstdlib.h\fP functions" | |
334 | .IX Subsection "stdlib.h functions" | |
335 | .Vb 1 | |
336 | \& Instead Of: Use: | |
337 | .Ve | |
338 | .PP | |
339 | .Vb 5 | |
340 | \& atof(s) Atof(s) | |
341 | \& atol(s) Atol(s) | |
342 | \& strtod(s, *p) Nothing. Just don't use it. | |
343 | \& strtol(s, *p, n) Strtol(s, *p, n) | |
344 | \& strtoul(s, *p, n) Strtoul(s, *p, n) | |
345 | .Ve | |
346 | .PP | |
347 | Notice also the \f(CW\*(C`grok_bin\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`grok_hex\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`grok_oct\*(C'\fR functions in | |
348 | \&\fInumeric.c\fR for converting strings representing numbers in the respective | |
349 | bases into \f(CW\*(C`NV\*(C'\fRs. | |
350 | .PP | |
351 | In theory \f(CW\*(C`Strtol\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`Strtoul\*(C'\fR may not be defined if the machine perl is | |
352 | built on doesn't actually have strtol and strtoul. But as those 2 | |
353 | functions are part of the 1989 \s-1ANSI\s0 C spec we suspect you'll find them | |
354 | everywhere by now. | |
355 | .PP | |
356 | .Vb 3 | |
357 | \& int rand() double Drand01() | |
358 | \& srand(n) { seedDrand01((Rand_seed_t)n); | |
359 | \& PL_srand_called = TRUE; } | |
360 | .Ve | |
361 | .PP | |
362 | .Vb 2 | |
363 | \& exit(n) my_exit(n) | |
364 | \& system(s) Don't. Look at pp_system or use my_popen | |
365 | .Ve | |
366 | .PP | |
367 | .Vb 2 | |
368 | \& getenv(s) PerlEnv_getenv(s) | |
369 | \& setenv(s, val) my_putenv(s, val) | |
370 | .Ve | |
371 | .Sh "Miscellaneous functions" | |
372 | .IX Subsection "Miscellaneous functions" | |
373 | You should not even \fBwant\fR to use \fIsetjmp.h\fR functions, but if you | |
374 | think you do, use the \f(CW\*(C`JMPENV\*(C'\fR stack in \fIscope.h\fR instead. | |
375 | .PP | |
376 | For \f(CW\*(C`signal\*(C'\fR/\f(CW\*(C`sigaction\*(C'\fR, use \f(CW\*(C`rsignal(signo, handler)\*(C'\fR. | |
377 | .SH "SEE ALSO" | |
378 | .IX Header "SEE ALSO" | |
379 | \&\f(CW\*(C`perlapi\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`perlapio\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`perlguts\*(C'\fR |