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<H1><A NAME="SECTION0014700000000000000000">
12.7 <tt class="module">mimetypes</tt> --
         Map filenames to MIME types</A>
</H1>

<P>
<A NAME="module-mimetypes"></A>

<P>
<a id='l2h-4019' xml:id='l2h-4019'></a>
<P>
The <tt class="module">mimetypes</tt> module converts between a filename or URL and
the MIME type associated with the filename extension.  Conversions are
provided from filename to MIME type and from MIME type to filename
extension; encodings are not supported for the latter conversion.

<P>
The module provides one class and a number of convenience functions.
The functions are the normal interface to this module, but some
applications may be interested in the class as well.

<P>
The functions described below provide the primary interface for this
module.  If the module has not been initialized, they will call
<tt class="function">init()</tt> if they rely on the information <tt class="function">init()</tt>
sets up.

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-4020' xml:id='l2h-4020' class="function">guess_type</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>filename</var><big>[</big><var>, strict</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Guess the type of a file based on its filename or URL, given by
<var>filename</var>.  The return value is a tuple <code>(<var>type</var>,
<var>encoding</var>)</code> where <var>type</var> is <code>None</code> if the type can't be
guessed (missing or unknown suffix) or a string of the form
<code>'<var>type</var>/<var>subtype</var>'</code>, usable for a MIME
<span class="mailheader">content-type:</span> header<a id='l2h-4021' xml:id='l2h-4021'></a>.

<P>
<var>encoding</var> is <code>None</code> for no encoding or the name of the
program used to encode (e.g. <b class="program">compress</b> or <b class="program">gzip</b>).
The encoding is suitable for use as a <span class="mailheader">Content-Encoding:</span>
header, <em>not</em> as a <span class="mailheader">Content-Transfer-Encoding:</span> header.
The mappings are table driven.  Encoding suffixes are case sensitive;
type suffixes are first tried case sensitively, then case
insensitively.

<P>
Optional <var>strict</var> is a flag specifying whether the list of known
MIME types is limited to only the official types <a class="ulink" href="http://www.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/media-types"
  >registered
with IANA</a>
are recognized.  When <var>strict</var> is true (the default), only the
IANA types are supported; when <var>strict</var> is false, some additional
non-standard but commonly used MIME types are also recognized.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-4022' xml:id='l2h-4022' class="function">guess_all_extensions</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>type</var><big>[</big><var>, strict</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Guess the extensions for a file based on its MIME type, given by
<var>type</var>.
The return value is a list of strings giving all possible filename extensions,
including the leading dot ("<tt class="character">.</tt>").  The extensions are not guaranteed
to have been associated with any particular data stream, but would be mapped
to the MIME type <var>type</var> by <tt class="function">guess_type()</tt>.

<P>
Optional <var>strict</var> has the same meaning as with the
<tt class="function">guess_type()</tt> function.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-4023' xml:id='l2h-4023' class="function">guess_extension</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>type</var><big>[</big><var>, strict</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Guess the extension for a file based on its MIME type, given by
<var>type</var>.
The return value is a string giving a filename extension, including the
leading dot ("<tt class="character">.</tt>").  The extension is not guaranteed to have been
associated with any particular data stream, but would be mapped to the 
MIME type <var>type</var> by <tt class="function">guess_type()</tt>.  If no extension can
be guessed for <var>type</var>, <code>None</code> is returned.

<P>
Optional <var>strict</var> has the same meaning as with the
<tt class="function">guess_type()</tt> function.
</dl>

<P>
Some additional functions and data items are available for controlling
the behavior of the module.

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-4024' xml:id='l2h-4024' class="function">init</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var><big>[</big><var>files</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Initialize the internal data structures.  If given, <var>files</var> must
be a sequence of file names which should be used to augment the
default type map.  If omitted, the file names to use are taken from
<tt class="constant">knownfiles</tt>.  Each file named in <var>files</var> or
<tt class="constant">knownfiles</tt> takes precedence over those named before it.
Calling <tt class="function">init()</tt> repeatedly is allowed.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-4025' xml:id='l2h-4025' class="function">read_mime_types</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>filename</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Load the type map given in the file <var>filename</var>, if it exists.  The 
type map is returned as a dictionary mapping filename extensions,
including the leading dot ("<tt class="character">.</tt>"), to strings of the form
<code>'<var>type</var>/<var>subtype</var>'</code>.  If the file <var>filename</var> does
not exist or cannot be read, <code>None</code> is returned.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-4026' xml:id='l2h-4026' class="function">add_type</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>type, ext</var><big>[</big><var>, strict</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Add a mapping from the mimetype <var>type</var> to the extension <var>ext</var>.
When the extension is already known, the new type will replace the old
one. When the type is already known the extension will be added
to the list of known extensions.

<P>
When <var>strict</var> is the mapping will added to the official
MIME types, otherwise to the non-standard ones.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-4027' xml:id='l2h-4027'>inited</tt></b></dt>
<dd>
Flag indicating whether or not the global data structures have been
initialized.  This is set to true by <tt class="function">init()</tt>.
</dd></dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-4028' xml:id='l2h-4028'>knownfiles</tt></b></dt>
<dd>
List of type map file names commonly installed.  These files are
typically named <span class="file">mime.types</span> and are installed in different
locations by different packages.<a id='l2h-4034' xml:id='l2h-4034'></a>
</dd></dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-4029' xml:id='l2h-4029'>suffix_map</tt></b></dt>
<dd>
Dictionary mapping suffixes to suffixes.  This is used to allow
recognition of encoded files for which the encoding and the type are
indicated by the same extension.  For example, the <span class="file">.tgz</span>
extension is mapped to <span class="file">.tar.gz</span> to allow the encoding and type
to be recognized separately.
</dd></dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-4030' xml:id='l2h-4030'>encodings_map</tt></b></dt>
<dd>
Dictionary mapping filename extensions to encoding types.
</dd></dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-4031' xml:id='l2h-4031'>types_map</tt></b></dt>
<dd>
Dictionary mapping filename extensions to MIME types.
</dd></dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-4032' xml:id='l2h-4032'>common_types</tt></b></dt>
<dd>
Dictionary mapping filename extensions to non-standard, but commonly
found MIME types.
</dd></dl>

<P>
The <tt class="class">MimeTypes</tt> class may be useful for applications which may
want more than one MIME-type database:

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><span class="typelabel">class</span>&nbsp;<tt id='l2h-4033' xml:id='l2h-4033' class="class">MimeTypes</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var></var><big>[</big><var>filenames</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
  This class represents a MIME-types database.  By default, it
  provides access to the same database as the rest of this module.
  The initial database is a copy of that provided by the module, and
  may be extended by loading additional <span class="file">mime.types</span>-style files
  into the database using the <tt class="method">read()</tt> or <tt class="method">readfp()</tt>
  methods.  The mapping dictionaries may also be cleared before
  loading additional data if the default data is not desired.

<P>
The optional <var>filenames</var> parameter can be used to cause
  additional files to be loaded ``on top'' of the default database.

<P>

<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.2.</span>

</dl>

<P>

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	54
	55	<H1><A NAME="SECTION0014700000000000000000">
	56	12.7 <tt class="module">mimetypes</tt> --
	57	Map filenames to MIME types</A>
	58	</H1>
	59
	60	<P>
	61	<A NAME="module-mimetypes"></A>
	62
	63	<P>
	64	<a id='l2h-4019' xml:id='l2h-4019'></a>
65	<P>
66	The <tt class="module">mimetypes</tt> module converts between a filename or URL and
67	the MIME type associated with the filename extension. Conversions are
68	provided from filename to MIME type and from MIME type to filename
69	extension; encodings are not supported for the latter conversion.
70
71	<P>
72	The module provides one class and a number of convenience functions.
73	The functions are the normal interface to this module, but some
74	applications may be interested in the class as well.
75
76	<P>
77	The functions described below provide the primary interface for this
78	module. If the module has not been initialized, they will call
79	<tt class="function">init()</tt> if they rely on the information <tt class="function">init()</tt>
80	sets up.
81
82	<P>
83	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
84	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-4020' xml:id='l2h-4020' class="function">guess_type</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
85	<td><var>filename</var><big>[</big><var>, strict</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
86	<dd>
87	Guess the type of a file based on its filename or URL, given by
88	<var>filename</var>. The return value is a tuple <code>(<var>type</var>,
89	<var>encoding</var>)</code> where <var>type</var> is <code>None</code> if the type can't be
90	guessed (missing or unknown suffix) or a string of the form
91	<code>'<var>type</var>/<var>subtype</var>'</code>, usable for a MIME
92	<span class="mailheader">content-type:</span> header<a id='l2h-4021' xml:id='l2h-4021'></a>.
93
94	<P>
95	<var>encoding</var> is <code>None</code> for no encoding or the name of the
96	program used to encode (e.g. <b class="program">compress</b> or <b class="program">gzip</b>).
97	The encoding is suitable for use as a <span class="mailheader">Content-Encoding:</span>
98	header, <em>not</em> as a <span class="mailheader">Content-Transfer-Encoding:</span> header.
99	The mappings are table driven. Encoding suffixes are case sensitive;
100	type suffixes are first tried case sensitively, then case
101	insensitively.
102
103	<P>
104	Optional <var>strict</var> is a flag specifying whether the list of known
105	MIME types is limited to only the official types <a class="ulink" href="http://www.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/media-types"
106	>registered
107	with IANA</a>
108	are recognized. When <var>strict</var> is true (the default), only the
109	IANA types are supported; when <var>strict</var> is false, some additional
110	non-standard but commonly used MIME types are also recognized.
111	</dl>
112
113	<P>
114	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
115	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-4022' xml:id='l2h-4022' class="function">guess_all_extensions</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
116	<td><var>type</var><big>[</big><var>, strict</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
117	<dd>
118	Guess the extensions for a file based on its MIME type, given by
119	<var>type</var>.
120	The return value is a list of strings giving all possible filename extensions,
121	including the leading dot ("<tt class="character">.</tt>"). The extensions are not guaranteed
122	to have been associated with any particular data stream, but would be mapped
123	to the MIME type <var>type</var> by <tt class="function">guess_type()</tt>.
124
125	<P>
126	Optional <var>strict</var> has the same meaning as with the
127	<tt class="function">guess_type()</tt> function.
128	</dl>
129
130	<P>
131	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
132	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-4023' xml:id='l2h-4023' class="function">guess_extension</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
133	<td><var>type</var><big>[</big><var>, strict</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
134	<dd>
135	Guess the extension for a file based on its MIME type, given by
136	<var>type</var>.
137	The return value is a string giving a filename extension, including the
138	leading dot ("<tt class="character">.</tt>"). The extension is not guaranteed to have been
139	associated with any particular data stream, but would be mapped to the
140	MIME type <var>type</var> by <tt class="function">guess_type()</tt>. If no extension can
141	be guessed for <var>type</var>, <code>None</code> is returned.
142
143	<P>
144	Optional <var>strict</var> has the same meaning as with the
145	<tt class="function">guess_type()</tt> function.
146	</dl>
147
148	<P>
149	Some additional functions and data items are available for controlling
150	the behavior of the module.
151
152	<P>
153	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
154	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-4024' xml:id='l2h-4024' class="function">init</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
155	<td><var></var><big>[</big><var>files</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
156	<dd>
157	Initialize the internal data structures. If given, <var>files</var> must
158	be a sequence of file names which should be used to augment the
159	default type map. If omitted, the file names to use are taken from
160	<tt class="constant">knownfiles</tt>. Each file named in <var>files</var> or
161	<tt class="constant">knownfiles</tt> takes precedence over those named before it.
162	Calling <tt class="function">init()</tt> repeatedly is allowed.
163	</dl>
164
165	<P>
166	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
167	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-4025' xml:id='l2h-4025' class="function">read_mime_types</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
168	<td><var>filename</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
169	<dd>
170	Load the type map given in the file <var>filename</var>, if it exists. The
171	type map is returned as a dictionary mapping filename extensions,
172	including the leading dot ("<tt class="character">.</tt>"), to strings of the form
173	<code>'<var>type</var>/<var>subtype</var>'</code>. If the file <var>filename</var> does
174	not exist or cannot be read, <code>None</code> is returned.
175	</dl>
176
177	<P>
178	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
179	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-4026' xml:id='l2h-4026' class="function">add_type</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
180	<td><var>type, ext</var><big>[</big><var>, strict</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
181	<dd>
182	Add a mapping from the mimetype <var>type</var> to the extension <var>ext</var>.
183	When the extension is already known, the new type will replace the old
184	one. When the type is already known the extension will be added
185	to the list of known extensions.
186
187	<P>
188	When <var>strict</var> is the mapping will added to the official
189	MIME types, otherwise to the non-standard ones.
190	</dl>
191
192	<P>
193	<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-4027' xml:id='l2h-4027'>inited</tt></b></dt>
194	<dd>
195	Flag indicating whether or not the global data structures have been
196	initialized. This is set to true by <tt class="function">init()</tt>.
197	</dd></dl>
198
199	<P>
200	<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-4028' xml:id='l2h-4028'>knownfiles</tt></b></dt>
201	<dd>
202	List of type map file names commonly installed. These files are
203	typically named <span class="file">mime.types</span> and are installed in different
204	locations by different packages.<a id='l2h-4034' xml:id='l2h-4034'></a>
205	</dd></dl>
206
207	<P>
208	<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-4029' xml:id='l2h-4029'>suffix_map</tt></b></dt>
209	<dd>
210	Dictionary mapping suffixes to suffixes. This is used to allow
211	recognition of encoded files for which the encoding and the type are
212	indicated by the same extension. For example, the <span class="file">.tgz</span>
213	extension is mapped to <span class="file">.tar.gz</span> to allow the encoding and type
214	to be recognized separately.
215	</dd></dl>
216
217	<P>
218	<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-4030' xml:id='l2h-4030'>encodings_map</tt></b></dt>
219	<dd>
220	Dictionary mapping filename extensions to encoding types.
221	</dd></dl>
222
223	<P>
224	<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-4031' xml:id='l2h-4031'>types_map</tt></b></dt>
225	<dd>
226	Dictionary mapping filename extensions to MIME types.
227	</dd></dl>
228
229	<P>
230	<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-4032' xml:id='l2h-4032'>common_types</tt></b></dt>
231	<dd>
232	Dictionary mapping filename extensions to non-standard, but commonly
233	found MIME types.
234	</dd></dl>
235
236	<P>
237	The <tt class="class">MimeTypes</tt> class may be useful for applications which may
238	want more than one MIME-type database:
239
240	<P>
241	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
242	<td><nobr><b><span class="typelabel">class</span> <tt id='l2h-4033' xml:id='l2h-4033' class="class">MimeTypes</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
243	<td><var></var><big>[</big><var>filenames</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
244	<dd>
245	This class represents a MIME-types database. By default, it
246	provides access to the same database as the rest of this module.
247	The initial database is a copy of that provided by the module, and
248	may be extended by loading additional <span class="file">mime.types</span>-style files
249	into the database using the <tt class="method">read()</tt> or <tt class="method">readfp()</tt>
250	methods. The mapping dictionaries may also be cleared before
251	loading additional data if the default data is not desired.
252
253	<P>
254	The optional <var>filenames</var> parameter can be used to cause
255	additional files to be loaded ``on top'' of the default database.
256
257	<P>
258
259	<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.2.</span>
260
261	</dl>
262
263	<P>
264
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