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<H1><A NAME="SECTION0082600000000000000000">
6.26 <tt class="module">shutil</tt> --
         High-level file operations</A>
</H1>

<P>
<A NAME="module-shutil"></A>

<P>
The <tt class="module">shutil</tt> module offers a number of high-level operations on
files and collections of files.  In particular, functions are provided 
which support file copying and removal.
<a id='l2h-2359' xml:id='l2h-2359'></a>

<P>
<strong>Caveat:</strong>  On MacOS, the resource fork and other metadata are
not used.  For file copies, this means that resources will be lost and 
file type and creator codes will not be correct.

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2349' xml:id='l2h-2349' class="function">copyfile</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>src, dst</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
  Copy the contents of the file named <var>src</var> to a file named
  <var>dst</var>.  The destination location must be writable; otherwise, 
  an <tt class="exception">IOError</tt> exception will be raised.
  If <var>dst</var> already exists, it will be replaced.  
  Special files such as character or block devices
  and pipes cannot be copied with this function.  <var>src</var> and
  <var>dst</var> are path names given as strings.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2350' xml:id='l2h-2350' class="function">copyfileobj</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>fsrc, fdst</var><big>[</big><var>, length</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
  Copy the contents of the file-like object <var>fsrc</var> to the
  file-like object <var>fdst</var>.  The integer <var>length</var>, if given,
  is the buffer size. In particular, a negative <var>length</var> value
  means to copy the data without looping over the source data in
  chunks; by default the data is read in chunks to avoid uncontrolled
  memory consumption.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2351' xml:id='l2h-2351' class="function">copymode</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>src, dst</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
  Copy the permission bits from <var>src</var> to <var>dst</var>.  The file
  contents, owner, and group are unaffected.  <var>src</var> and <var>dst</var>
  are path names given as strings.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2352' xml:id='l2h-2352' class="function">copystat</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>src, dst</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
  Copy the permission bits, last access time, and last modification
  time from <var>src</var> to <var>dst</var>.  The file contents, owner, and
  group are unaffected.  <var>src</var> and <var>dst</var> are path names given
  as strings.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2353' xml:id='l2h-2353' class="function">copy</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>src, dst</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
  Copy the file <var>src</var> to the file or directory <var>dst</var>.  If
  <var>dst</var> is a directory, a file with the same basename as <var>src</var> 
  is created (or overwritten) in the directory specified.  Permission
  bits are copied.  <var>src</var> and <var>dst</var> are path names given as
  strings.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2354' xml:id='l2h-2354' class="function">copy2</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>src, dst</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
  Similar to <tt class="function">copy()</tt>, but last access time and last
  modification time are copied as well.  This is similar to the
  <span class="Unix">Unix</span> command <b class="program">cp</b> <b class="programopt">-p</b>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2355' xml:id='l2h-2355' class="function">copytree</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>src, dst</var><big>[</big><var>, symlinks</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
  Recursively copy an entire directory tree rooted at <var>src</var>.  The
  destination directory, named by <var>dst</var>, must not already exist;
  it will be created.  Individual files are copied using
  <tt class="function">copy2()</tt>.  If <var>symlinks</var> is true, symbolic links in
  the source tree are represented as symbolic links in the new tree;
  if false or omitted, the contents of the linked files are copied to
  the new tree.  If exception(s) occur, an Error is raised
  with a list of reasons.

<P>
The source code for this should be considered an example rather than 
  a tool.

<span class="versionnote">Changed in version 2.3:
Error is raised if any exceptions occur during copying,
rather than printing a message.</span>

</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2356' xml:id='l2h-2356' class="function">rmtree</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>path</var><big>[</big><var>, ignore_errors</var><big>[</big><var>, onerror</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
  Delete an entire directory tree.<a id='l2h-2360' xml:id='l2h-2360'></a>
  If <var>ignore_errors</var> is true,
  errors resulting from failed removals will be ignored; if false or
  omitted, such errors are handled by calling a handler specified by
  <var>onerror</var> or, if that is omitted, they raise an exception.

<P>
If <var>onerror</var> is provided, it must be a callable that accepts
  three parameters: <var>function</var>, <var>path</var>, and <var>excinfo</var>.
  The first parameter, <var>function</var>, is the function which raised
  the exception; it will be <tt class="function">os.listdir()</tt>, <tt class="function">os.remove()</tt> or
  <tt class="function">os.rmdir()</tt>.  The second parameter, <var>path</var>, will be
  the path name passed to <var>function</var>.  The third parameter,
  <var>excinfo</var>, will be the exception information return by
  <tt class="function">sys.exc_info()</tt>.  Exceptions raised by <var>onerror</var> will
  not be caught.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2357' xml:id='l2h-2357' class="function">move</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>src, dst</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Recursively move a file or directory to another location.

<P>
If the destination is on our current filesystem, then simply use
rename.  Otherwise, copy src to the dst and then remove src.

<P>

<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span>

</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><span class="typelabel">exception</span>&nbsp;<tt id='l2h-2358' xml:id='l2h-2358' class="exception">Error</tt></b></dt>
<dd>
This exception collects exceptions that raised during a mult-file
operation. For <tt class="function">copytree</tt>, the exception argument is a
list of 3-tuples (<var>srcname</var>, <var>dstname</var>, <var>exception</var>).

<P>

<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span>

</dd></dl>

<P>

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	55	<H1><A NAME="SECTION0082600000000000000000">
	56	6.26 <tt class="module">shutil</tt> --
	57	High-level file operations</A>
	58	</H1>
	59
	60	<P>
	61	<A NAME="module-shutil"></A>
	62
	63	<P>
	64	The <tt class="module">shutil</tt> module offers a number of high-level operations on
65	files and collections of files. In particular, functions are provided
66	which support file copying and removal.
67	<a id='l2h-2359' xml:id='l2h-2359'></a>
68
69	<P>
70	<strong>Caveat:</strong> On MacOS, the resource fork and other metadata are
71	not used. For file copies, this means that resources will be lost and
72	file type and creator codes will not be correct.
73
74	<P>
75	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
76	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2349' xml:id='l2h-2349' class="function">copyfile</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
77	<td><var>src, dst</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
78	<dd>
79	Copy the contents of the file named <var>src</var> to a file named
80	<var>dst</var>. The destination location must be writable; otherwise,
81	an <tt class="exception">IOError</tt> exception will be raised.
82	If <var>dst</var> already exists, it will be replaced.
83	Special files such as character or block devices
84	and pipes cannot be copied with this function. <var>src</var> and
85	<var>dst</var> are path names given as strings.
86	</dl>
87
88	<P>
89	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
90	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2350' xml:id='l2h-2350' class="function">copyfileobj</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
91	<td><var>fsrc, fdst</var><big>[</big><var>, length</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
92	<dd>
93	Copy the contents of the file-like object <var>fsrc</var> to the
94	file-like object <var>fdst</var>. The integer <var>length</var>, if given,
95	is the buffer size. In particular, a negative <var>length</var> value
96	means to copy the data without looping over the source data in
97	chunks; by default the data is read in chunks to avoid uncontrolled
98	memory consumption.
99	</dl>
100
101	<P>
102	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
103	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2351' xml:id='l2h-2351' class="function">copymode</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
104	<td><var>src, dst</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
105	<dd>
106	Copy the permission bits from <var>src</var> to <var>dst</var>. The file
107	contents, owner, and group are unaffected. <var>src</var> and <var>dst</var>
108	are path names given as strings.
109	</dl>
110
111	<P>
112	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
113	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2352' xml:id='l2h-2352' class="function">copystat</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
114	<td><var>src, dst</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
115	<dd>
116	Copy the permission bits, last access time, and last modification
117	time from <var>src</var> to <var>dst</var>. The file contents, owner, and
118	group are unaffected. <var>src</var> and <var>dst</var> are path names given
119	as strings.
120	</dl>
121
122	<P>
123	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
124	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2353' xml:id='l2h-2353' class="function">copy</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
125	<td><var>src, dst</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
126	<dd>
127	Copy the file <var>src</var> to the file or directory <var>dst</var>. If
128	<var>dst</var> is a directory, a file with the same basename as <var>src</var>
129	is created (or overwritten) in the directory specified. Permission
130	bits are copied. <var>src</var> and <var>dst</var> are path names given as
131	strings.
132	</dl>
133
134	<P>
135	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
136	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2354' xml:id='l2h-2354' class="function">copy2</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
137	<td><var>src, dst</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
138	<dd>
139	Similar to <tt class="function">copy()</tt>, but last access time and last
140	modification time are copied as well. This is similar to the
141	<span class="Unix">Unix</span> command <b class="program">cp</b> <b class="programopt">-p</b>.
142	</dl>
143
144	<P>
145	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
146	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2355' xml:id='l2h-2355' class="function">copytree</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
147	<td><var>src, dst</var><big>[</big><var>, symlinks</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
148	<dd>
149	Recursively copy an entire directory tree rooted at <var>src</var>. The
150	destination directory, named by <var>dst</var>, must not already exist;
151	it will be created. Individual files are copied using
152	<tt class="function">copy2()</tt>. If <var>symlinks</var> is true, symbolic links in
153	the source tree are represented as symbolic links in the new tree;
154	if false or omitted, the contents of the linked files are copied to
155	the new tree. If exception(s) occur, an Error is raised
156	with a list of reasons.
157
158	<P>
159	The source code for this should be considered an example rather than
160	a tool.
161
162	<span class="versionnote">Changed in version 2.3:
163	Error is raised if any exceptions occur during copying,
164	rather than printing a message.</span>
165
166	</dl>
167
168	<P>
169	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
170	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2356' xml:id='l2h-2356' class="function">rmtree</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
171	<td><var>path</var><big>[</big><var>, ignore_errors</var><big>[</big><var>, onerror</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
172	<dd>
173	Delete an entire directory tree.<a id='l2h-2360' xml:id='l2h-2360'></a>
174	If <var>ignore_errors</var> is true,
175	errors resulting from failed removals will be ignored; if false or
176	omitted, such errors are handled by calling a handler specified by
177	<var>onerror</var> or, if that is omitted, they raise an exception.
178
179	<P>
180	If <var>onerror</var> is provided, it must be a callable that accepts
181	three parameters: <var>function</var>, <var>path</var>, and <var>excinfo</var>.
182	The first parameter, <var>function</var>, is the function which raised
183	the exception; it will be <tt class="function">os.listdir()</tt>, <tt class="function">os.remove()</tt> or
184	<tt class="function">os.rmdir()</tt>. The second parameter, <var>path</var>, will be
185	the path name passed to <var>function</var>. The third parameter,
186	<var>excinfo</var>, will be the exception information return by
187	<tt class="function">sys.exc_info()</tt>. Exceptions raised by <var>onerror</var> will
188	not be caught.
189	</dl>
190
191	<P>
192	<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
193	<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2357' xml:id='l2h-2357' class="function">move</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
194	<td><var>src, dst</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
195	<dd>
196	Recursively move a file or directory to another location.
197
198	<P>
199	If the destination is on our current filesystem, then simply use
200	rename. Otherwise, copy src to the dst and then remove src.
201
202	<P>
203
204	<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span>
205
206	</dl>
207
208	<P>
209	<dl><dt><b><span class="typelabel">exception</span> <tt id='l2h-2358' xml:id='l2h-2358' class="exception">Error</tt></b></dt>
210	<dd>
211	This exception collects exceptions that raised during a mult-file
212	operation. For <tt class="function">copytree</tt>, the exception argument is a
213	list of 3-tuples (<var>srcname</var>, <var>dstname</var>, <var>exception</var>).
214
215	<P>
216
217	<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span>
218
219	</dd></dl>
220
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222
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