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53 | ||
54 | <H2><A NAME="SECTION006140000000000000000"> | |
55 | 4.1.4 Deprecated string functions</A> | |
56 | </H2> | |
57 | ||
58 | <P> | |
59 | The following list of functions are also defined as methods of string and | |
60 | Unicode objects; see ``String Methods'' (section | |
61 | <A href="string-methods.html#string-methods">2.3.6</A>) for more information on those. You should consider | |
62 | these functions as deprecated, although they will not be removed until Python | |
63 | 3.0. The functions defined in this module are: | |
64 | ||
65 | <P> | |
66 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
67 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-836' xml:id='l2h-836' class="function">atof</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
68 | <td><var>s</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
69 | <dd> | |
70 | <div class="versionnote"><b>Deprecated since release 2.0.</b> | |
71 | Use the <tt class="function">float()</tt> built-in function.</div><p></p> | |
72 | Convert a string to a floating point number. The string must have | |
73 | the standard syntax for a floating point literal in Python, | |
74 | optionally preceded by a sign ("<tt class="samp">+</tt>" or "<tt class="samp">-</tt>"). Note that | |
75 | this behaves identical to the built-in function | |
76 | <tt class="function">float()</tt><a id='l2h-837' xml:id='l2h-837'></a> when passed a string. | |
77 | ||
78 | <P> | |
79 | <span class="note"><b class="label">Note:</b> | |
80 | When passing in a string, values for NaN<a id='l2h-838' xml:id='l2h-838'></a> | |
81 | and Infinity<a id='l2h-839' xml:id='l2h-839'></a> may be returned, depending on the | |
82 | underlying C library. The specific set of strings accepted which | |
83 | cause these values to be returned depends entirely on the C library | |
84 | and is known to vary.</span> | |
85 | </dl> | |
86 | ||
87 | <P> | |
88 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
89 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-840' xml:id='l2h-840' class="function">atoi</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
90 | <td><var>s</var><big>[</big><var>, base</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
91 | <dd> | |
92 | <div class="versionnote"><b>Deprecated since release 2.0.</b> | |
93 | Use the <tt class="function">int()</tt> built-in function.</div><p></p> | |
94 | Convert string <var>s</var> to an integer in the given <var>base</var>. The | |
95 | string must consist of one or more digits, optionally preceded by a | |
96 | sign ("<tt class="samp">+</tt>" or "<tt class="samp">-</tt>"). The <var>base</var> defaults to 10. If it | |
97 | is 0, a default base is chosen depending on the leading characters | |
98 | of the string (after stripping the sign): "<tt class="samp">0x</tt>" or "<tt class="samp">0X</tt>" means 16, "<tt class="samp">0</tt>" means 8, anything else means 10. If <var>base</var> | |
99 | is 16, a leading "<tt class="samp">0x</tt>" or "<tt class="samp">0X</tt>" is always accepted, though | |
100 | not required. This behaves identically to the built-in function | |
101 | <tt class="function">int()</tt> when passed a string. (Also note: for a more | |
102 | flexible interpretation of numeric literals, use the built-in | |
103 | function <tt class="function">eval()</tt><a id='l2h-841' xml:id='l2h-841'></a>.) | |
104 | </dl> | |
105 | ||
106 | <P> | |
107 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
108 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-842' xml:id='l2h-842' class="function">atol</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
109 | <td><var>s</var><big>[</big><var>, base</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
110 | <dd> | |
111 | <div class="versionnote"><b>Deprecated since release 2.0.</b> | |
112 | Use the <tt class="function">long()</tt> built-in function.</div><p></p> | |
113 | Convert string <var>s</var> to a long integer in the given <var>base</var>. | |
114 | The string must consist of one or more digits, optionally preceded | |
115 | by a sign ("<tt class="samp">+</tt>" or "<tt class="samp">-</tt>"). The <var>base</var> argument has the | |
116 | same meaning as for <tt class="function">atoi()</tt>. A trailing "<tt class="samp">l</tt>" or | |
117 | "<tt class="samp">L</tt>" is not allowed, except if the base is 0. Note that when | |
118 | invoked without <var>base</var> or with <var>base</var> set to 10, this | |
119 | behaves identical to the built-in function | |
120 | <tt class="function">long()</tt><a id='l2h-843' xml:id='l2h-843'></a> when passed a string. | |
121 | </dl> | |
122 | ||
123 | <P> | |
124 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
125 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-844' xml:id='l2h-844' class="function">capitalize</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
126 | <td><var>word</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
127 | <dd> | |
128 | Return a copy of <var>word</var> with only its first character capitalized. | |
129 | </dl> | |
130 | ||
131 | <P> | |
132 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
133 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-845' xml:id='l2h-845' class="function">expandtabs</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
134 | <td><var>s</var><big>[</big><var>, tabsize</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
135 | <dd> | |
136 | Expand tabs in a string replacing them by one or more spaces, | |
137 | depending on the current column and the given tab size. The column | |
138 | number is reset to zero after each newline occurring in the string. | |
139 | This doesn't understand other non-printing characters or escape | |
140 | sequences. The tab size defaults to 8. | |
141 | </dl> | |
142 | ||
143 | <P> | |
144 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
145 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-846' xml:id='l2h-846' class="function">find</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
146 | <td><var>s, sub</var><big>[</big><var>, start</var><big>[</big><var>,end</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
147 | <dd> | |
148 | Return the lowest index in <var>s</var> where the substring <var>sub</var> is | |
149 | found such that <var>sub</var> is wholly contained in | |
150 | <code><var>s</var>[<var>start</var>:<var>end</var>]</code>. Return <code>-1</code> on failure. | |
151 | Defaults for <var>start</var> and <var>end</var> and interpretation of | |
152 | negative values is the same as for slices. | |
153 | </dl> | |
154 | ||
155 | <P> | |
156 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
157 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-847' xml:id='l2h-847' class="function">rfind</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
158 | <td><var>s, sub</var><big>[</big><var>, start</var><big>[</big><var>, end</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
159 | <dd> | |
160 | Like <tt class="function">find()</tt> but find the highest index. | |
161 | </dl> | |
162 | ||
163 | <P> | |
164 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
165 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-848' xml:id='l2h-848' class="function">index</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
166 | <td><var>s, sub</var><big>[</big><var>, start</var><big>[</big><var>, end</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
167 | <dd> | |
168 | Like <tt class="function">find()</tt> but raise <tt class="exception">ValueError</tt> when the | |
169 | substring is not found. | |
170 | </dl> | |
171 | ||
172 | <P> | |
173 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
174 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-849' xml:id='l2h-849' class="function">rindex</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
175 | <td><var>s, sub</var><big>[</big><var>, start</var><big>[</big><var>, end</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
176 | <dd> | |
177 | Like <tt class="function">rfind()</tt> but raise <tt class="exception">ValueError</tt> when the | |
178 | substring is not found. | |
179 | </dl> | |
180 | ||
181 | <P> | |
182 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
183 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-850' xml:id='l2h-850' class="function">count</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
184 | <td><var>s, sub</var><big>[</big><var>, start</var><big>[</big><var>, end</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
185 | <dd> | |
186 | Return the number of (non-overlapping) occurrences of substring | |
187 | <var>sub</var> in string <code><var>s</var>[<var>start</var>:<var>end</var>]</code>. | |
188 | Defaults for <var>start</var> and <var>end</var> and interpretation of | |
189 | negative values are the same as for slices. | |
190 | </dl> | |
191 | ||
192 | <P> | |
193 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
194 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-851' xml:id='l2h-851' class="function">lower</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
195 | <td><var>s</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
196 | <dd> | |
197 | Return a copy of <var>s</var>, but with upper case letters converted to | |
198 | lower case. | |
199 | </dl> | |
200 | ||
201 | <P> | |
202 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
203 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-852' xml:id='l2h-852' class="function">split</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
204 | <td><var>s</var><big>[</big><var>, sep</var><big>[</big><var>, maxsplit</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
205 | <dd> | |
206 | Return a list of the words of the string <var>s</var>. If the optional | |
207 | second argument <var>sep</var> is absent or <code>None</code>, the words are | |
208 | separated by arbitrary strings of whitespace characters (space, tab, | |
209 | newline, return, formfeed). If the second argument <var>sep</var> is | |
210 | present and not <code>None</code>, it specifies a string to be used as the | |
211 | word separator. The returned list will then have one more item | |
212 | than the number of non-overlapping occurrences of the separator in | |
213 | the string. The optional third argument <var>maxsplit</var> defaults to | |
214 | 0. If it is nonzero, at most <var>maxsplit</var> number of splits occur, | |
215 | and the remainder of the string is returned as the final element of | |
216 | the list (thus, the list will have at most <code><var>maxsplit</var>+1</code> | |
217 | elements). | |
218 | ||
219 | <P> | |
220 | The behavior of split on an empty string depends on the value of <var>sep</var>. | |
221 | If <var>sep</var> is not specified, or specified as <code>None</code>, the result will | |
222 | be an empty list. If <var>sep</var> is specified as any string, the result will | |
223 | be a list containing one element which is an empty string. | |
224 | </dl> | |
225 | ||
226 | <P> | |
227 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
228 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-853' xml:id='l2h-853' class="function">rsplit</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
229 | <td><var>s</var><big>[</big><var>, sep</var><big>[</big><var>, maxsplit</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
230 | <dd> | |
231 | Return a list of the words of the string <var>s</var>, scanning <var>s</var> | |
232 | from the end. To all intents and purposes, the resulting list of | |
233 | words is the same as returned by <tt class="function">split()</tt>, except when the | |
234 | optional third argument <var>maxsplit</var> is explicitly specified and | |
235 | nonzero. When <var>maxsplit</var> is nonzero, at most <var>maxsplit</var> | |
236 | number of splits - the <em>rightmost</em> ones - occur, and the remainder | |
237 | of the string is returned as the first element of the list (thus, the | |
238 | list will have at most <code><var>maxsplit</var>+1</code> elements). | |
239 | ||
240 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.4.</span> | |
241 | ||
242 | </dl> | |
243 | ||
244 | <P> | |
245 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
246 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-854' xml:id='l2h-854' class="function">splitfields</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
247 | <td><var>s</var><big>[</big><var>, sep</var><big>[</big><var>, maxsplit</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
248 | <dd> | |
249 | This function behaves identically to <tt class="function">split()</tt>. (In the | |
250 | past, <tt class="function">split()</tt> was only used with one argument, while | |
251 | <tt class="function">splitfields()</tt> was only used with two arguments.) | |
252 | </dl> | |
253 | ||
254 | <P> | |
255 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
256 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-855' xml:id='l2h-855' class="function">join</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
257 | <td><var>words</var><big>[</big><var>, sep</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
258 | <dd> | |
259 | Concatenate a list or tuple of words with intervening occurrences of | |
260 | <var>sep</var>. The default value for <var>sep</var> is a single space | |
261 | character. It is always true that | |
262 | "<tt class="samp">string.join(string.split(<var>s</var>, <var>sep</var>), <var>sep</var>)</tt>" equals <var>s</var>. | |
263 | </dl> | |
264 | ||
265 | <P> | |
266 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
267 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-856' xml:id='l2h-856' class="function">joinfields</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
268 | <td><var>words</var><big>[</big><var>, sep</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
269 | <dd> | |
270 | This function behaves identically to <tt class="function">join()</tt>. (In the past, | |
271 | <tt class="function">join()</tt> was only used with one argument, while | |
272 | <tt class="function">joinfields()</tt> was only used with two arguments.) | |
273 | Note that there is no <tt class="method">joinfields()</tt> method on string | |
274 | objects; use the <tt class="method">join()</tt> method instead. | |
275 | </dl> | |
276 | ||
277 | <P> | |
278 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
279 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-857' xml:id='l2h-857' class="function">lstrip</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
280 | <td><var>s</var><big>[</big><var>, chars</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
281 | <dd> | |
282 | Return a copy of the string with leading characters removed. If | |
283 | <var>chars</var> is omitted or <code>None</code>, whitespace characters are | |
284 | removed. If given and not <code>None</code>, <var>chars</var> must be a string; | |
285 | the characters in the string will be stripped from the beginning of | |
286 | the string this method is called on. | |
287 | ||
288 | <span class="versionnote">Changed in version 2.2.3: | |
289 | The <var>chars</var> parameter was added. The <var>chars</var> | |
290 | parameter cannot be passed in earlier 2.2 versions.</span> | |
291 | ||
292 | </dl> | |
293 | ||
294 | <P> | |
295 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
296 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-858' xml:id='l2h-858' class="function">rstrip</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
297 | <td><var>s</var><big>[</big><var>, chars</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
298 | <dd> | |
299 | Return a copy of the string with trailing characters removed. If | |
300 | <var>chars</var> is omitted or <code>None</code>, whitespace characters are | |
301 | removed. If given and not <code>None</code>, <var>chars</var> must be a string; | |
302 | the characters in the string will be stripped from the end of the | |
303 | string this method is called on. | |
304 | ||
305 | <span class="versionnote">Changed in version 2.2.3: | |
306 | The <var>chars</var> parameter was added. The <var>chars</var> | |
307 | parameter cannot be passed in earlier 2.2 versions.</span> | |
308 | ||
309 | </dl> | |
310 | ||
311 | <P> | |
312 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
313 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-859' xml:id='l2h-859' class="function">strip</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
314 | <td><var>s</var><big>[</big><var>, chars</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
315 | <dd> | |
316 | Return a copy of the string with leading and trailing characters | |
317 | removed. If <var>chars</var> is omitted or <code>None</code>, whitespace | |
318 | characters are removed. If given and not <code>None</code>, <var>chars</var> | |
319 | must be a string; the characters in the string will be stripped from | |
320 | the both ends of the string this method is called on. | |
321 | ||
322 | <span class="versionnote">Changed in version 2.2.3: | |
323 | The <var>chars</var> parameter was added. The <var>chars</var> | |
324 | parameter cannot be passed in earlier 2.2 versions.</span> | |
325 | ||
326 | </dl> | |
327 | ||
328 | <P> | |
329 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
330 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-860' xml:id='l2h-860' class="function">swapcase</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
331 | <td><var>s</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
332 | <dd> | |
333 | Return a copy of <var>s</var>, but with lower case letters | |
334 | converted to upper case and vice versa. | |
335 | </dl> | |
336 | ||
337 | <P> | |
338 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
339 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-861' xml:id='l2h-861' class="function">translate</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
340 | <td><var>s, table</var><big>[</big><var>, deletechars</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
341 | <dd> | |
342 | Delete all characters from <var>s</var> that are in <var>deletechars</var> (if | |
343 | present), and then translate the characters using <var>table</var>, which | |
344 | must be a 256-character string giving the translation for each | |
345 | character value, indexed by its ordinal. | |
346 | </dl> | |
347 | ||
348 | <P> | |
349 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
350 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-862' xml:id='l2h-862' class="function">upper</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
351 | <td><var>s</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
352 | <dd> | |
353 | Return a copy of <var>s</var>, but with lower case letters converted to | |
354 | upper case. | |
355 | </dl> | |
356 | ||
357 | <P> | |
358 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
359 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-863' xml:id='l2h-863' class="function">ljust</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
360 | <td><var>s, width</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
361 | <dd> | |
362 | <dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
363 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">rjust</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
364 | <td><var>s, width</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
365 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
366 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">center</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
367 | <td><var>s, width</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
368 | <dd> These functions respectively left-justify, right-justify and center | |
369 | a string in a field of given width. They return a string that is at | |
370 | least <var>width</var> characters wide, created by padding the string | |
371 | <var>s</var> with spaces until the given width on the right, left or both | |
372 | sides. The string is never truncated. | |
373 | </dl> | |
374 | ||
375 | <P> | |
376 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
377 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-866' xml:id='l2h-866' class="function">zfill</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
378 | <td><var>s, width</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
379 | <dd> | |
380 | Pad a numeric string on the left with zero digits until the given | |
381 | width is reached. Strings starting with a sign are handled | |
382 | correctly. | |
383 | </dl> | |
384 | ||
385 | <P> | |
386 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> | |
387 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-867' xml:id='l2h-867' class="function">replace</tt></b>(</nobr></td> | |
388 | <td><var>str, old, new</var><big>[</big><var>, maxreplace</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> | |
389 | <dd> | |
390 | Return a copy of string <var>str</var> with all occurrences of substring | |
391 | <var>old</var> replaced by <var>new</var>. If the optional argument | |
392 | <var>maxreplace</var> is given, the first <var>maxreplace</var> occurrences are | |
393 | replaced. | |
394 | </dl> | |
395 | ||
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