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<H2><A NAME="SECTION00142130000000000000000">
12.2.13 Examples</A>
</H2>

<P>
Here are a few examples of how to use the <tt class="module">email</tt> package to
read, write, and send simple email messages, as well as more complex
MIME messages.

<P>
First, let's see how to create and send a simple text message:

<P>
<div class="verbatim">
<pre># Import smtplib for the actual sending function
import smtplib

# Import the email modules we'll need
from email.MIMEText import MIMEText

# Open a plain text file for reading.  For this example, assume that
# the text file contains only ASCII characters.
fp = open(textfile, 'rb')
# Create a text/plain message
msg = MIMEText(fp.read())
fp.close()

# me == the sender's email address
# you == the recipient's email address
msg['Subject'] = 'The contents of %s' % textfile
msg['From'] = me
msg['To'] = you

# Send the message via our own SMTP server, but don't include the
# envelope header.
s = smtplib.SMTP()
s.connect()
s.sendmail(me, [you], msg.as_string())
s.close()
</pre>
<div class="footer">
<a href="email-simple.txt" type="text/plain">Download as text (original file name: <span class="file">email-simple.py</span>).</a>
</div></div>

<P>
Here's an example of how to send a MIME message containing a bunch of
family pictures that may be residing in a directory:

<P>
<div class="verbatim">
<pre># Import smtplib for the actual sending function
import smtplib

# Here are the email pacakge modules we'll need
from email.MIMEImage import MIMEImage
from email.MIMEMultipart import MIMEMultipart

COMMASPACE = ', '

# Create the container (outer) email message.
msg = MIMEMultipart()
msg['Subject'] = 'Our family reunion'
# me == the sender's email address
# family = the list of all recipients' email addresses
msg['From'] = me
msg['To'] = COMMASPACE.join(family)
msg.preamble = 'Our family reunion'
# Guarantees the message ends in a newline
msg.epilogue = ''

# Assume we know that the image files are all in PNG format
for file in pngfiles:
    # Open the files in binary mode.  Let the MIMEImage class automatically
    # guess the specific image type.
    fp = open(file, 'rb')
    img = MIMEImage(fp.read())
    fp.close()
    msg.attach(img)

# Send the email via our own SMTP server.
s = smtplib.SMTP()
s.connect()
s.sendmail(me, family, msg.as_string())
s.close()
</pre>
<div class="footer">
<a href="email-mime.txt" type="text/plain">Download as text (original file name: <span class="file">email-mime.py</span>).</a>
</div></div>

<P>
Here's an example of how to send the entire contents of a directory as
an email message:
<A NAME="tex2html137"
  HREF="#foot58630"><SUP>12.5</SUP></A>
<P>
<div class="verbatim">
<pre>#!/usr/bin/env python

"""Send the contents of a directory as a MIME message.

Usage: dirmail [options] from to [to ...]*

Options:
    -h / -&#45;help
        Print this message and exit.

    -d directory
    -&#45;directory=directory
        Mail the contents of the specified directory, otherwise use the
        current directory.  Only the regular files in the directory are sent,
        and we don't recurse to subdirectories.

`from' is the email address of the sender of the message.

`to' is the email address of the recipient of the message, and multiple
recipients may be given.

The email is sent by forwarding to your local SMTP server, which then does the
normal delivery process.  Your local machine must be running an SMTP server.
"""

import sys
import os
import getopt
import smtplib
# For guessing MIME type based on file name extension
import mimetypes

from email import Encoders
from email.Message import Message
from email.MIMEAudio import MIMEAudio
from email.MIMEBase import MIMEBase
from email.MIMEMultipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.MIMEImage import MIMEImage
from email.MIMEText import MIMEText

COMMASPACE = ', '

def usage(code, msg=''):
    print &gt;&#62; sys.stderr, __doc__
    if msg:
        print &gt;&#62; sys.stderr, msg
    sys.exit(code)

def main():
    try:
        opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'hd:', ['help', 'directory='])
    except getopt.error, msg:
        usage(1, msg)

    dir = os.curdir
    for opt, arg in opts:
        if opt in ('-h', '-&#45;help'):
            usage(0)
        elif opt in ('-d', '-&#45;directory'):
            dir = arg

    if len(args) &lt; 2:
        usage(1)

    sender = args[0]
    recips = args[1:]

    # Create the enclosing (outer) message
    outer = MIMEMultipart()
    outer['Subject'] = 'Contents of directory %s' % os.path.abspath(dir)
    outer['To'] = COMMASPACE.join(recips)
    outer['From'] = sender
    outer.preamble = 'You will not see this in a MIME-aware mail reader.&#92;n'
    # To guarantee the message ends with a newline
    outer.epilogue = ''

    for filename in os.listdir(dir):
        path = os.path.join(dir, filename)
        if not os.path.isfile(path):
            continue
        # Guess the content type based on the file's extension.  Encoding
        # will be ignored, although we should check for simple things like
        # gzip'd or compressed files.
        ctype, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(path)
        if ctype is None or encoding is not None:
            # No guess could be made, or the file is encoded (compressed), so
            # use a generic bag-of-bits type.
            ctype = 'application/octet-stream'
        maintype, subtype = ctype.split('/', 1)
        if maintype == 'text':
            fp = open(path)
            # Note: we should handle calculating the charset
            msg = MIMEText(fp.read(), _subtype=subtype)
            fp.close()
        elif maintype == 'image':
            fp = open(path, 'rb')
            msg = MIMEImage(fp.read(), _subtype=subtype)
            fp.close()
        elif maintype == 'audio':
            fp = open(path, 'rb')
            msg = MIMEAudio(fp.read(), _subtype=subtype)
            fp.close()
        else:
            fp = open(path, 'rb')
            msg = MIMEBase(maintype, subtype)
            msg.set_payload(fp.read())
            fp.close()
            # Encode the payload using Base64
            Encoders.encode_base64(msg)
        # Set the filename parameter
        msg.add_header('Content-Disposition', 'attachment', filename=filename)
        outer.attach(msg)

    # Now send the message
    s = smtplib.SMTP()
    s.connect()
    s.sendmail(sender, recips, outer.as_string())
    s.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()
</pre>
<div class="footer">
<a href="email-dir.txt" type="text/plain">Download as text (original file name: <span class="file">email-dir.py</span>).</a>
</div></div>

<P>
And finally, here's an example of how to unpack a MIME message like
the one above, into a directory of files:

<P>
<div class="verbatim">
<pre>#!/usr/bin/env python

"""Unpack a MIME message into a directory of files.

Usage: unpackmail [options] msgfile

Options:
    -h / -&#45;help
        Print this message and exit.

    -d directory
    -&#45;directory=directory
        Unpack the MIME message into the named directory, which will be
        created if it doesn't already exist.

msgfile is the path to the file containing the MIME message.
"""

import sys
import os
import getopt
import errno
import mimetypes
import email

def usage(code, msg=''):
    print &gt;&#62; sys.stderr, __doc__
    if msg:
        print &gt;&#62; sys.stderr, msg
    sys.exit(code)

def main():
    try:
        opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'hd:', ['help', 'directory='])
    except getopt.error, msg:
        usage(1, msg)

    dir = os.curdir
    for opt, arg in opts:
        if opt in ('-h', '-&#45;help'):
            usage(0)
        elif opt in ('-d', '-&#45;directory'):
            dir = arg

    try:
        msgfile = args[0]
    except IndexError:
        usage(1)

    try:
        os.mkdir(dir)
    except OSError, e:
        # Ignore directory exists error
        if e.errno &lt;&gt; errno.EEXIST: raise

    fp = open(msgfile)
    msg = email.message_from_file(fp)
    fp.close()

    counter = 1
    for part in msg.walk():
        # multipart/* are just containers
        if part.get_content_maintype() == 'multipart':
            continue
        # Applications should really sanitize the given filename so that an
        # email message can't be used to overwrite important files
        filename = part.get_filename()
        if not filename:
            ext = mimetypes.guess_extension(part.get_type())
            if not ext:
                # Use a generic bag-of-bits extension
                ext = '.bin'
            filename = 'part-%03d%s' % (counter, ext)
        counter += 1
        fp = open(os.path.join(dir, filename), 'wb')
        fp.write(part.get_payload(decode=1))
        fp.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()
</pre>
<div class="footer">
<a href="email-unpack.txt" type="text/plain">Download as text (original file name: <span class="file">email-unpack.py</span>).</a>
</div></div>
<BR><HR><H4>Footnotes</H4>
<DL>
<DT><A NAME="foot58630">... message:</A><A
 HREF="node597.html#tex2html137"><SUP>12.5</SUP></A></DT>
<DD>Thanks to Matthew Dixon Cowles for the original inspiration
          and examples.

</DD>
</DL>
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	53
	54	<H2><A NAME="SECTION00142130000000000000000">
	55	12.2.13 Examples</A>
	56	</H2>
	57
	58	<P>
	59	Here are a few examples of how to use the <tt class="module">email</tt> package to
	60	read, write, and send simple email messages, as well as more complex
	61	MIME messages.
	62
	63	<P>
	64	First, let's see how to create and send a simple text message:
65
66	<P>
67	<div class="verbatim">
68	<pre># Import smtplib for the actual sending function
69	import smtplib
70
71	# Import the email modules we'll need
72	from email.MIMEText import MIMEText
73
74	# Open a plain text file for reading. For this example, assume that
75	# the text file contains only ASCII characters.
76	fp = open(textfile, 'rb')
77	# Create a text/plain message
78	msg = MIMEText(fp.read())
79	fp.close()
80
81	# me == the sender's email address
82	# you == the recipient's email address
83	msg['Subject'] = 'The contents of %s' % textfile
84	msg['From'] = me
85	msg['To'] = you
86
87	# Send the message via our own SMTP server, but don't include the
88	# envelope header.
89	s = smtplib.SMTP()
90	s.connect()
91	s.sendmail(me, [you], msg.as_string())
92	s.close()
93	</pre>
94	<div class="footer">
95	<a href="email-simple.txt" type="text/plain">Download as text (original file name: <span class="file">email-simple.py</span>).</a>
96	</div></div>
97
98	<P>
99	Here's an example of how to send a MIME message containing a bunch of
100	family pictures that may be residing in a directory:
101
102	<P>
103	<div class="verbatim">
104	<pre># Import smtplib for the actual sending function
105	import smtplib
106
107	# Here are the email pacakge modules we'll need
108	from email.MIMEImage import MIMEImage
109	from email.MIMEMultipart import MIMEMultipart
110
111	COMMASPACE = ', '
112
113	# Create the container (outer) email message.
114	msg = MIMEMultipart()
115	msg['Subject'] = 'Our family reunion'
116	# me == the sender's email address
117	# family = the list of all recipients' email addresses
118	msg['From'] = me
119	msg['To'] = COMMASPACE.join(family)
120	msg.preamble = 'Our family reunion'
121	# Guarantees the message ends in a newline
122	msg.epilogue = ''
123
124	# Assume we know that the image files are all in PNG format
125	for file in pngfiles:
126	# Open the files in binary mode. Let the MIMEImage class automatically
127	# guess the specific image type.
128	fp = open(file, 'rb')
129	img = MIMEImage(fp.read())
130	fp.close()
131	msg.attach(img)
132
133	# Send the email via our own SMTP server.
134	s = smtplib.SMTP()
135	s.connect()
136	s.sendmail(me, family, msg.as_string())
137	s.close()
138	</pre>
139	<div class="footer">
140	<a href="email-mime.txt" type="text/plain">Download as text (original file name: <span class="file">email-mime.py</span>).</a>
141	</div></div>
142
143	<P>
144	Here's an example of how to send the entire contents of a directory as
145	an email message:
146	<A NAME="tex2html137"
147	HREF="#foot58630"><SUP>12.5</SUP></A>
148	<P>
149	<div class="verbatim">
150	<pre>#!/usr/bin/env python
151
152	"""Send the contents of a directory as a MIME message.
153
154	Usage: dirmail [options] from to [to ...]*
155
156	Options:
157	-h / --help
158	Print this message and exit.
159
160	-d directory
161	--directory=directory
162	Mail the contents of the specified directory, otherwise use the
163	current directory. Only the regular files in the directory are sent,
164	and we don't recurse to subdirectories.
165
166	`from' is the email address of the sender of the message.
167
168	`to' is the email address of the recipient of the message, and multiple
169	recipients may be given.
170
171	The email is sent by forwarding to your local SMTP server, which then does the
172	normal delivery process. Your local machine must be running an SMTP server.
173	"""
174
175	import sys
176	import os
177	import getopt
178	import smtplib
179	# For guessing MIME type based on file name extension
180	import mimetypes
181
182	from email import Encoders
183	from email.Message import Message
184	from email.MIMEAudio import MIMEAudio
185	from email.MIMEBase import MIMEBase
186	from email.MIMEMultipart import MIMEMultipart
187	from email.MIMEImage import MIMEImage
188	from email.MIMEText import MIMEText
189
190	COMMASPACE = ', '
191
192	def usage(code, msg=''):
193	print >> sys.stderr, __doc__
194	if msg:
195	print >> sys.stderr, msg
196	sys.exit(code)
197
198	def main():
199	try:
200	opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'hd:', ['help', 'directory='])
201	except getopt.error, msg:
202	usage(1, msg)
203
204	dir = os.curdir
205	for opt, arg in opts:
206	if opt in ('-h', '--help'):
207	usage(0)
208	elif opt in ('-d', '--directory'):
209	dir = arg
210
211	if len(args) < 2:
212	usage(1)
213
214	sender = args[0]
215	recips = args[1:]
216
217	# Create the enclosing (outer) message
218	outer = MIMEMultipart()
219	outer['Subject'] = 'Contents of directory %s' % os.path.abspath(dir)
220	outer['To'] = COMMASPACE.join(recips)
221	outer['From'] = sender
222	outer.preamble = 'You will not see this in a MIME-aware mail reader.\n'
223	# To guarantee the message ends with a newline
224	outer.epilogue = ''
225
226	for filename in os.listdir(dir):
227	path = os.path.join(dir, filename)
228	if not os.path.isfile(path):
229	continue
230	# Guess the content type based on the file's extension. Encoding
231	# will be ignored, although we should check for simple things like
232	# gzip'd or compressed files.
233	ctype, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(path)
234	if ctype is None or encoding is not None:
235	# No guess could be made, or the file is encoded (compressed), so
236	# use a generic bag-of-bits type.
237	ctype = 'application/octet-stream'
238	maintype, subtype = ctype.split('/', 1)
239	if maintype == 'text':
240	fp = open(path)
241	# Note: we should handle calculating the charset
242	msg = MIMEText(fp.read(), _subtype=subtype)
243	fp.close()
244	elif maintype == 'image':
245	fp = open(path, 'rb')
246	msg = MIMEImage(fp.read(), _subtype=subtype)
247	fp.close()
248	elif maintype == 'audio':
249	fp = open(path, 'rb')
250	msg = MIMEAudio(fp.read(), _subtype=subtype)
251	fp.close()
252	else:
253	fp = open(path, 'rb')
254	msg = MIMEBase(maintype, subtype)
255	msg.set_payload(fp.read())
256	fp.close()
257	# Encode the payload using Base64
258	Encoders.encode_base64(msg)
259	# Set the filename parameter
260	msg.add_header('Content-Disposition', 'attachment', filename=filename)
261	outer.attach(msg)
262
263	# Now send the message
264	s = smtplib.SMTP()
265	s.connect()
266	s.sendmail(sender, recips, outer.as_string())
267	s.close()
268
269	if __name__ == '__main__':
270	main()
271	</pre>
272	<div class="footer">
273	<a href="email-dir.txt" type="text/plain">Download as text (original file name: <span class="file">email-dir.py</span>).</a>
274	</div></div>
275
276	<P>
277	And finally, here's an example of how to unpack a MIME message like
278	the one above, into a directory of files:
279
280	<P>
281	<div class="verbatim">
282	<pre>#!/usr/bin/env python
283
284	"""Unpack a MIME message into a directory of files.
285
286	Usage: unpackmail [options] msgfile
287
288	Options:
289	-h / --help
290	Print this message and exit.
291
292	-d directory
293	--directory=directory
294	Unpack the MIME message into the named directory, which will be
295	created if it doesn't already exist.
296
297	msgfile is the path to the file containing the MIME message.
298	"""
299
300	import sys
301	import os
302	import getopt
303	import errno
304	import mimetypes
305	import email
306
307	def usage(code, msg=''):
308	print >> sys.stderr, __doc__
309	if msg:
310	print >> sys.stderr, msg
311	sys.exit(code)
312
313	def main():
314	try:
315	opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'hd:', ['help', 'directory='])
316	except getopt.error, msg:
317	usage(1, msg)
318
319	dir = os.curdir
320	for opt, arg in opts:
321	if opt in ('-h', '--help'):
322	usage(0)
323	elif opt in ('-d', '--directory'):
324	dir = arg
325
326	try:
327	msgfile = args[0]
328	except IndexError:
329	usage(1)
330
331	try:
332	os.mkdir(dir)
333	except OSError, e:
334	# Ignore directory exists error
335	if e.errno <> errno.EEXIST: raise
336
337	fp = open(msgfile)
338	msg = email.message_from_file(fp)
339	fp.close()
340
341	counter = 1
342	for part in msg.walk():
343	# multipart/* are just containers
344	if part.get_content_maintype() == 'multipart':
345	continue
346	# Applications should really sanitize the given filename so that an
347	# email message can't be used to overwrite important files
348	filename = part.get_filename()
349	if not filename:
350	ext = mimetypes.guess_extension(part.get_type())
351	if not ext:
352	# Use a generic bag-of-bits extension
353	ext = '.bin'
354	filename = 'part-%03d%s' % (counter, ext)
355	counter += 1
356	fp = open(os.path.join(dir, filename), 'wb')
357	fp.write(part.get_payload(decode=1))
358	fp.close()
359
360	if __name__ == '__main__':
361	main()
362	</pre>
363	<div class="footer">
364	<a href="email-unpack.txt" type="text/plain">Download as text (original file name: <span class="file">email-unpack.py</span>).</a>
365	</div></div>
366	<BR><HR><H4>Footnotes</H4>
367	<DL>
368	<DT><A NAME="foot58630">... message:</A><A
369	HREF="node597.html#tex2html137"><SUP>12.5</SUP></A></DT>
370	<DD>Thanks to Matthew Dixon Cowles for the original inspiration
371	and examples.
372
373	</DD>
374	</DL>
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408	<hr />
409	<span class="release-info">Release 2.4.2, documentation updated on 28 September 2005.</span>
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