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<A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"><STRONG>Subsections</STRONG></a>

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<LI><A href="node15.html#SECTION0015100000000000000000">A.1 Line Editing</a>
<LI><A href="node15.html#SECTION0015200000000000000000">A.2 History Substitution</a>
<LI><A href="node15.html#SECTION0015300000000000000000">A.3 Key Bindings</a>
<LI><A href="node15.html#SECTION0015400000000000000000">A.4 Commentary</a>
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<H1><A NAME="SECTION0015000000000000000000"></A><A NAME="interacting"></A>
<BR>
A. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution
</H1>

<P>
Some versions of the Python interpreter support editing of the current
input line and history substitution, similar to facilities found in
the Korn shell and the GNU Bash shell.  This is implemented using the
<em>GNU Readline</em> library, which supports Emacs-style and vi-style
editing.  This library has its own documentation which I won't
duplicate here; however, the basics are easily explained.  The
interactive editing and history described here are optionally
available in the <span class="Unix">Unix</span> and Cygwin versions of the interpreter.

<P>
This chapter does <em>not</em> document the editing facilities of Mark
Hammond's PythonWin package or the Tk-based environment, IDLE,
distributed with Python.  The command line history recall which
operates within DOS boxes on NT and some other DOS and Windows flavors 
is yet another beast.

<P>

<H1><A NAME="SECTION0015100000000000000000"></A><A NAME="lineEditing"></A>
<BR>
A.1 Line Editing 
</H1>

<P>
If supported, input line editing is active whenever the interpreter
prints a primary or secondary prompt.  The current line can be edited
using the conventional Emacs control characters.  The most important
of these are: <kbd>C-A</kbd> (Control-A) moves the cursor to the beginning
of the line, <kbd>C-E</kbd> to the end, <kbd>C-B</kbd> moves it one position to
the left, <kbd>C-F</kbd> to the right.  Backspace erases the character to
the left of the cursor, <kbd>C-D</kbd> the character to its right.
<kbd>C-K</kbd> kills (erases) the rest of the line to the right of the
cursor, <kbd>C-Y</kbd> yanks back the last killed string.
<kbd>C-underscore</kbd> undoes the last change you made; it can be repeated
for cumulative effect.

<P>

<H1><A NAME="SECTION0015200000000000000000"></A><A NAME="history"></A>
<BR>
A.2 History Substitution 
</H1>

<P>
History substitution works as follows.  All non-empty input lines
issued are saved in a history buffer, and when a new prompt is given
you are positioned on a new line at the bottom of this buffer.
<kbd>C-P</kbd> moves one line up (back) in the history buffer,
<kbd>C-N</kbd> moves one down.  Any line in the history buffer can be
edited; an asterisk appears in front of the prompt to mark a line as
modified.  Pressing the <kbd>Return</kbd> key passes the current line to
the interpreter.  <kbd>C-R</kbd> starts an incremental reverse search;
<kbd>C-S</kbd> starts a forward search.

<P>

<H1><A NAME="SECTION0015300000000000000000"></A><A NAME="keyBindings"></A>
<BR>
A.3 Key Bindings 
</H1>

<P>
The key bindings and some other parameters of the Readline library can
be customized by placing commands in an initialization file called
<span class="file">~/.inputrc</span>.  Key bindings have the form

<P>
<div class="verbatim"><pre>
key-name: function-name
</pre></div>

<P>
or

<P>
<div class="verbatim"><pre>
"string": function-name
</pre></div>

<P>
and options can be set with

<P>
<div class="verbatim"><pre>
set option-name value
</pre></div>

<P>
For example:

<P>
<div class="verbatim"><pre>
# I prefer vi-style editing:
set editing-mode vi

# Edit using a single line:
set horizontal-scroll-mode On

# Rebind some keys:
Meta-h: backward-kill-word
"\C-u": universal-argument
"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file
</pre></div>

<P>
Note that the default binding for <kbd>Tab</kbd> in Python is to insert a
<kbd>Tab</kbd> character instead of Readline's default filename completion
function.  If you insist, you can override this by putting

<P>
<div class="verbatim"><pre>
Tab: complete
</pre></div>

<P>
in your <span class="file">~/.inputrc</span>.  (Of course, this makes it harder to
type indented continuation lines if you're accustomed to using
<kbd>Tab</kbd> for that purpose.)

<P>
Automatic completion of variable and module names is optionally
available.  To enable it in the interpreter's interactive mode, add
the following to your startup file:<A NAME="tex2html6"
  HREF="#foot1939"><SUP>A.1</SUP></A><a id='l2h-36' xml:id='l2h-36'></a>

<P>
<div class="verbatim"><pre>
import rlcompleter, readline
readline.parse_and_bind('tab: complete')
</pre></div>

<P>
This binds the <kbd>Tab</kbd> key to the completion function, so hitting
the <kbd>Tab</kbd> key twice suggests completions; it looks at Python
statement names, the current local variables, and the available module
names.  For dotted expressions such as <code>string.a</code>, it will
evaluate the expression up to the final "<tt class="character">.</tt>" and then
suggest completions from the attributes of the resulting object.  Note
that this may execute application-defined code if an object with a
<tt class="method">__getattr__()</tt> method is part of the expression.

<P>
A more capable startup file might look like this example.  Note that
this deletes the names it creates once they are no longer needed; this
is done since the startup file is executed in the same namespace as
the interactive commands, and removing the names avoids creating side
effects in the interactive environment.  You may find it convenient
to keep some of the imported modules, such as
<a class="ulink" href="../lib/module-os.html"
  ><tt class="module">os</tt></a>, which turn
out to be needed in most sessions with the interpreter.

<P>
<div class="verbatim"><pre>
# Add auto-completion and a stored history file of commands to your Python
# interactive interpreter. Requires Python 2.0+, readline. Autocomplete is
# bound to the Esc key by default (you can change it - see readline docs).
#
# Store the file in ~/.pystartup, and set an environment variable to point
# to it:  "export PYTHONSTARTUP=/max/home/itamar/.pystartup" in bash.
#
# Note that PYTHONSTARTUP does *not* expand "~", so you have to put in the
# full path to your home directory.

import atexit
import os
import readline
import rlcompleter

historyPath = os.path.expanduser("~/.pyhistory")

def save_history(historyPath=historyPath):
    import readline
    readline.write_history_file(historyPath)

if os.path.exists(historyPath):
    readline.read_history_file(historyPath)

atexit.register(save_history)
del os, atexit, readline, rlcompleter, save_history, historyPath
</pre></div>

<P>

<H1><A NAME="SECTION0015400000000000000000"></A><A NAME="commentary"></A>
<BR>
A.4 Commentary 
</H1>

<P>
This facility is an enormous step forward compared to earlier versions
of the interpreter; however, some wishes are left: It would be nice if
the proper indentation were suggested on continuation lines (the
parser knows if an indent token is required next).  The completion
mechanism might use the interpreter's symbol table.  A command to
check (or even suggest) matching parentheses, quotes, etc., would also
be useful.

<P>
<BR><HR><H4>Footnotes</H4>
<DL>
<DT><A NAME="foot1939">... file:</A><A
 HREF="node15.html#tex2html6"><SUP>A.1</SUP></A></DT>
<DD>
  Python will execute the contents of a file identified by the
  <a class="envvar" id='l2h-35' xml:id='l2h-35'>PYTHONSTARTUP</a> environment variable when you start an
  interactive interpreter.

</DD>
</DL>
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	56	<A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"><STRONG>Subsections</STRONG></a>
	57
	58	<UL CLASS="ChildLinks">
	59	<LI><A href="node15.html#SECTION0015100000000000000000">A.1 Line Editing</a>
	60	<LI><A href="node15.html#SECTION0015200000000000000000">A.2 History Substitution</a>
	61	<LI><A href="node15.html#SECTION0015300000000000000000">A.3 Key Bindings</a>
	62	<LI><A href="node15.html#SECTION0015400000000000000000">A.4 Commentary</a>
	63	</ul>
	64	<!--End of Table of Child-Links-->
65	</div>
66	<HR>
67
68	<H1><A NAME="SECTION0015000000000000000000"></A><A NAME="interacting"></A>
69	<BR>
70	A. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution
71	</H1>
72
73	<P>
74	Some versions of the Python interpreter support editing of the current
75	input line and history substitution, similar to facilities found in
76	the Korn shell and the GNU Bash shell. This is implemented using the
77	<em>GNU Readline</em> library, which supports Emacs-style and vi-style
78	editing. This library has its own documentation which I won't
79	duplicate here; however, the basics are easily explained. The
80	interactive editing and history described here are optionally
81	available in the <span class="Unix">Unix</span> and Cygwin versions of the interpreter.
82
83	<P>
84	This chapter does <em>not</em> document the editing facilities of Mark
85	Hammond's PythonWin package or the Tk-based environment, IDLE,
86	distributed with Python. The command line history recall which
87	operates within DOS boxes on NT and some other DOS and Windows flavors
88	is yet another beast.
89
90	<P>
91
92	<H1><A NAME="SECTION0015100000000000000000"></A><A NAME="lineEditing"></A>
93	<BR>
94	A.1 Line Editing
95	</H1>
96
97	<P>
98	If supported, input line editing is active whenever the interpreter
99	prints a primary or secondary prompt. The current line can be edited
100	using the conventional Emacs control characters. The most important
101	of these are: <kbd>C-A</kbd> (Control-A) moves the cursor to the beginning
102	of the line, <kbd>C-E</kbd> to the end, <kbd>C-B</kbd> moves it one position to
103	the left, <kbd>C-F</kbd> to the right. Backspace erases the character to
104	the left of the cursor, <kbd>C-D</kbd> the character to its right.
105	<kbd>C-K</kbd> kills (erases) the rest of the line to the right of the
106	cursor, <kbd>C-Y</kbd> yanks back the last killed string.
107	<kbd>C-underscore</kbd> undoes the last change you made; it can be repeated
108	for cumulative effect.
109
110	<P>
111
112	<H1><A NAME="SECTION0015200000000000000000"></A><A NAME="history"></A>
113	<BR>
114	A.2 History Substitution
115	</H1>
116
117	<P>
118	History substitution works as follows. All non-empty input lines
119	issued are saved in a history buffer, and when a new prompt is given
120	you are positioned on a new line at the bottom of this buffer.
121	<kbd>C-P</kbd> moves one line up (back) in the history buffer,
122	<kbd>C-N</kbd> moves one down. Any line in the history buffer can be
123	edited; an asterisk appears in front of the prompt to mark a line as
124	modified. Pressing the <kbd>Return</kbd> key passes the current line to
125	the interpreter. <kbd>C-R</kbd> starts an incremental reverse search;
126	<kbd>C-S</kbd> starts a forward search.
127
128	<P>
129
130	<H1><A NAME="SECTION0015300000000000000000"></A><A NAME="keyBindings"></A>
131	<BR>
132	A.3 Key Bindings
133	</H1>
134
135	<P>
136	The key bindings and some other parameters of the Readline library can
137	be customized by placing commands in an initialization file called
138	<span class="file">~/.inputrc</span>. Key bindings have the form
139
140	<P>
141	<div class="verbatim"><pre>
142	key-name: function-name
143	</pre></div>
144
145	<P>
146	or
147
148	<P>
149	<div class="verbatim"><pre>
150	"string": function-name
151	</pre></div>
152
153	<P>
154	and options can be set with
155
156	<P>
157	<div class="verbatim"><pre>
158	set option-name value
159	</pre></div>
160
161	<P>
162	For example:
163
164	<P>
165	<div class="verbatim"><pre>
166	# I prefer vi-style editing:
167	set editing-mode vi
168
169	# Edit using a single line:
170	set horizontal-scroll-mode On
171
172	# Rebind some keys:
173	Meta-h: backward-kill-word
174	"\C-u": universal-argument
175	"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file
176	</pre></div>
177
178	<P>
179	Note that the default binding for <kbd>Tab</kbd> in Python is to insert a
180	<kbd>Tab</kbd> character instead of Readline's default filename completion
181	function. If you insist, you can override this by putting
182
183	<P>
184	<div class="verbatim"><pre>
185	Tab: complete
186	</pre></div>
187
188	<P>
189	in your <span class="file">~/.inputrc</span>. (Of course, this makes it harder to
190	type indented continuation lines if you're accustomed to using
191	<kbd>Tab</kbd> for that purpose.)
192
193	<P>
194	Automatic completion of variable and module names is optionally
195	available. To enable it in the interpreter's interactive mode, add
196	the following to your startup file:<A NAME="tex2html6"
197	HREF="#foot1939"><SUP>A.1</SUP></A><a id='l2h-36' xml:id='l2h-36'></a>
198
199	<P>
200	<div class="verbatim"><pre>
201	import rlcompleter, readline
202	readline.parse_and_bind('tab: complete')
203	</pre></div>
204
205	<P>
206	This binds the <kbd>Tab</kbd> key to the completion function, so hitting
207	the <kbd>Tab</kbd> key twice suggests completions; it looks at Python
208	statement names, the current local variables, and the available module
209	names. For dotted expressions such as <code>string.a</code>, it will
210	evaluate the expression up to the final "<tt class="character">.</tt>" and then
211	suggest completions from the attributes of the resulting object. Note
212	that this may execute application-defined code if an object with a
213	<tt class="method">__getattr__()</tt> method is part of the expression.
214
215	<P>
216	A more capable startup file might look like this example. Note that
217	this deletes the names it creates once they are no longer needed; this
218	is done since the startup file is executed in the same namespace as
219	the interactive commands, and removing the names avoids creating side
220	effects in the interactive environment. You may find it convenient
221	to keep some of the imported modules, such as
222	<a class="ulink" href="../lib/module-os.html"
223	><tt class="module">os</tt></a>, which turn
224	out to be needed in most sessions with the interpreter.
225
226	<P>
227	<div class="verbatim"><pre>
228	# Add auto-completion and a stored history file of commands to your Python
229	# interactive interpreter. Requires Python 2.0+, readline. Autocomplete is
230	# bound to the Esc key by default (you can change it - see readline docs).
231	#
232	# Store the file in ~/.pystartup, and set an environment variable to point
233	# to it: "export PYTHONSTARTUP=/max/home/itamar/.pystartup" in bash.
234	#
235	# Note that PYTHONSTARTUP does not expand "~", so you have to put in the
236	# full path to your home directory.
237
238	import atexit
239	import os
240	import readline
241	import rlcompleter
242
243	historyPath = os.path.expanduser("~/.pyhistory")
244
245	def save_history(historyPath=historyPath):
246	import readline
247	readline.write_history_file(historyPath)
248
249	if os.path.exists(historyPath):
250	readline.read_history_file(historyPath)
251
252	atexit.register(save_history)
253	del os, atexit, readline, rlcompleter, save_history, historyPath
254	</pre></div>
255
256	<P>
257
258	<H1><A NAME="SECTION0015400000000000000000"></A><A NAME="commentary"></A>
259	<BR>
260	A.4 Commentary
261	</H1>
262
263	<P>
264	This facility is an enormous step forward compared to earlier versions
265	of the interpreter; however, some wishes are left: It would be nice if
266	the proper indentation were suggested on continuation lines (the
267	parser knows if an indent token is required next). The completion
268	mechanism might use the interpreter's symbol table. A command to
269	check (or even suggest) matching parentheses, quotes, etc., would also
270	be useful.
271
272	<P>
273	<BR><HR><H4>Footnotes</H4>
274	<DL>
275	<DT><A NAME="foot1939">... file:</A><A
276	HREF="node15.html#tex2html6"><SUP>A.1</SUP></A></DT>
277	<DD>
278	Python will execute the contents of a file identified by the
279	<a class="envvar" id='l2h-35' xml:id='l2h-35'>PYTHONSTARTUP</a> environment variable when you start an
280	interactive interpreter.
281
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318	<span class="release-info">Release 2.4.2, documentation updated on 28 September 2005.</span>
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