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129 | .\" ======================================================================== | |
130 | .\" | |
131 | .IX Title "PerlIO 3" | |
132 | .TH PerlIO 3 "2001-09-21" "perl v5.8.8" "Perl Programmers Reference Guide" | |
133 | .SH "NAME" | |
134 | PerlIO \- On demand loader for PerlIO layers and root of PerlIO::* name space | |
135 | .SH "SYNOPSIS" | |
136 | .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" | |
137 | .Vb 1 | |
138 | \& open($fh,"<:crlf", "my.txt"); # support platform-native and CRLF text files | |
139 | .Ve | |
140 | .PP | |
141 | .Vb 2 | |
142 | \& open($fh,"<","his.jpg"); # portably open a binary file for reading | |
143 | \& binmode($fh); | |
144 | .Ve | |
145 | .PP | |
146 | .Vb 2 | |
147 | \& Shell: | |
148 | \& PERLIO=perlio perl .... | |
149 | .Ve | |
150 | .SH "DESCRIPTION" | |
151 | .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" | |
152 | When an undefined layer 'foo' is encountered in an \f(CW\*(C`open\*(C'\fR or | |
153 | \&\f(CW\*(C`binmode\*(C'\fR layer specification then C code performs the equivalent of: | |
154 | .PP | |
155 | .Vb 1 | |
156 | \& use PerlIO 'foo'; | |
157 | .Ve | |
158 | .PP | |
159 | The perl code in PerlIO.pm then attempts to locate a layer by doing | |
160 | .PP | |
161 | .Vb 1 | |
162 | \& require PerlIO::foo; | |
163 | .Ve | |
164 | .PP | |
165 | Otherwise the \f(CW\*(C`PerlIO\*(C'\fR package is a place holder for additional | |
166 | PerlIO related functions. | |
167 | .PP | |
168 | The following layers are currently defined: | |
169 | .IP ":unix" 4 | |
170 | .IX Item ":unix" | |
171 | Lowest level layer which provides basic PerlIO operations in terms of | |
172 | \&\s-1UNIX/POSIX\s0 numeric file descriptor calls | |
173 | (\fIopen()\fR, \fIread()\fR, \fIwrite()\fR, \fIlseek()\fR, \fIclose()\fR). | |
174 | .IP ":stdio" 4 | |
175 | .IX Item ":stdio" | |
176 | Layer which calls \f(CW\*(C`fread\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`fwrite\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`fseek\*(C'\fR/\f(CW\*(C`ftell\*(C'\fR etc. Note | |
177 | that as this is \*(L"real\*(R" stdio it will ignore any layers beneath it and | |
178 | got straight to the operating system via the C library as usual. | |
179 | .IP ":perlio" 4 | |
180 | .IX Item ":perlio" | |
181 | A from scratch implementation of buffering for PerlIO. Provides fast | |
182 | access to the buffer for \f(CW\*(C`sv_gets\*(C'\fR which implements perl's readline/<> | |
183 | and in general attempts to minimize data copying. | |
184 | .Sp | |
185 | \&\f(CW\*(C`:perlio\*(C'\fR will insert a \f(CW\*(C`:unix\*(C'\fR layer below itself to do low level \s-1IO\s0. | |
186 | .IP ":crlf" 4 | |
187 | .IX Item ":crlf" | |
188 | A layer that implements DOS/Windows like \s-1CRLF\s0 line endings. On read | |
189 | converts pairs of \s-1CR\s0,LF to a single \*(L"\en\*(R" newline character. On write | |
190 | converts each \*(L"\en\*(R" to a \s-1CR\s0,LF pair. Note that this layer likes to be | |
191 | one of its kind: it silently ignores attempts to be pushed into the | |
192 | layer stack more than once. | |
193 | .Sp | |
194 | It currently does \fInot\fR mimic MS-DOS as far as treating of Control-Z | |
195 | as being an end-of-file marker. | |
196 | .Sp | |
197 | (Gory details follow) To be more exact what happens is this: after | |
198 | pushing itself to the stack, the \f(CW\*(C`:crlf\*(C'\fR layer checks all the layers | |
199 | below itself to find the first layer that is capable of being a \s-1CRLF\s0 | |
200 | layer but is not yet enabled to be a \s-1CRLF\s0 layer. If it finds such a | |
201 | layer, it enables the CRLFness of that other deeper layer, and then | |
202 | pops itself off the stack. If not, fine, use the one we just pushed. | |
203 | .Sp | |
204 | The end result is that a \f(CW\*(C`:crlf\*(C'\fR means \*(L"please enable the first \s-1CRLF\s0 | |
205 | layer you can find, and if you can't find one, here would be a good | |
206 | spot to place a new one.\*(R" | |
207 | .Sp | |
208 | Based on the \f(CW\*(C`:perlio\*(C'\fR layer. | |
209 | .IP ":mmap" 4 | |
210 | .IX Item ":mmap" | |
211 | A layer which implements \*(L"reading\*(R" of files by using \f(CW\*(C`mmap()\*(C'\fR to | |
212 | make (whole) file appear in the process's address space, and then | |
213 | using that as PerlIO's \*(L"buffer\*(R". This \fImay\fR be faster in certain | |
214 | circumstances for large files, and may result in less physical memory | |
215 | use when multiple processes are reading the same file. | |
216 | .Sp | |
217 | Files which are not \f(CW\*(C`mmap()\*(C'\fR\-able revert to behaving like the \f(CW\*(C`:perlio\*(C'\fR | |
218 | layer. Writes also behave like \f(CW\*(C`:perlio\*(C'\fR layer as \f(CW\*(C`mmap()\*(C'\fR for write | |
219 | needs extra house-keeping (to extend the file) which negates any advantage. | |
220 | .Sp | |
221 | The \f(CW\*(C`:mmap\*(C'\fR layer will not exist if platform does not support \f(CW\*(C`mmap()\*(C'\fR. | |
222 | .IP ":utf8" 4 | |
223 | .IX Item ":utf8" | |
224 | Declares that the stream accepts perl's internal encoding of | |
225 | characters. (Which really is \s-1UTF\-8\s0 on \s-1ASCII\s0 machines, but is | |
226 | UTF-EBCDIC on \s-1EBCDIC\s0 machines.) This allows any character perl can | |
227 | represent to be read from or written to the stream. The UTF-X encoding | |
228 | is chosen to render simple text parts (i.e. non-accented letters, | |
229 | digits and common punctuation) human readable in the encoded file. | |
230 | .Sp | |
231 | Here is how to write your native data out using \s-1UTF\-8\s0 (or \s-1UTF\-EBCDIC\s0) | |
232 | and then read it back in. | |
233 | .Sp | |
234 | .Vb 3 | |
235 | \& open(F, ">:utf8", "data.utf"); | |
236 | \& print F $out; | |
237 | \& close(F); | |
238 | .Ve | |
239 | .Sp | |
240 | .Vb 3 | |
241 | \& open(F, "<:utf8", "data.utf"); | |
242 | \& $in = <F>; | |
243 | \& close(F); | |
244 | .Ve | |
245 | .IP ":bytes" 4 | |
246 | .IX Item ":bytes" | |
247 | This is the inverse of \f(CW\*(C`:utf8\*(C'\fR layer. It turns off the flag | |
248 | on the layer below so that data read from it is considered to | |
249 | be \*(L"octets\*(R" i.e. characters in range 0..255 only. Likewise | |
250 | on output perl will warn if a \*(L"wide\*(R" character is written | |
251 | to a such a stream. | |
252 | .IP ":raw" 4 | |
253 | .IX Item ":raw" | |
254 | The \f(CW\*(C`:raw\*(C'\fR layer is \fIdefined\fR as being identical to calling | |
255 | \&\f(CW\*(C`binmode($fh)\*(C'\fR \- the stream is made suitable for passing binary data | |
256 | i.e. each byte is passed as\-is. The stream will still be | |
257 | buffered. | |
258 | .Sp | |
259 | In Perl 5.6 and some books the \f(CW\*(C`:raw\*(C'\fR layer (previously sometimes also | |
260 | referred to as a \*(L"discipline\*(R") is documented as the inverse of the | |
261 | \&\f(CW\*(C`:crlf\*(C'\fR layer. That is no longer the case \- other layers which would | |
262 | alter binary nature of the stream are also disabled. If you want \s-1UNIX\s0 | |
263 | line endings on a platform that normally does \s-1CRLF\s0 translation, but still | |
264 | want \s-1UTF\-8\s0 or encoding defaults the appropriate thing to do is to add | |
265 | \&\f(CW\*(C`:perlio\*(C'\fR to \s-1PERLIO\s0 environment variable. | |
266 | .Sp | |
267 | The implementation of \f(CW\*(C`:raw\*(C'\fR is as a pseudo-layer which when \*(L"pushed\*(R" | |
268 | pops itself and then any layers which do not declare themselves as suitable | |
269 | for binary data. (Undoing :utf8 and :crlf are implemented by clearing | |
270 | flags rather than popping layers but that is an implementation detail.) | |
271 | .Sp | |
272 | As a consequence of the fact that \f(CW\*(C`:raw\*(C'\fR normally pops layers | |
273 | it usually only makes sense to have it as the only or first element in | |
274 | a layer specification. When used as the first element it provides | |
275 | a known base on which to build e.g. | |
276 | .Sp | |
277 | .Vb 1 | |
278 | \& open($fh,":raw:utf8",...) | |
279 | .Ve | |
280 | .Sp | |
281 | will construct a \*(L"binary\*(R" stream, but then enable \s-1UTF\-8\s0 translation. | |
282 | .IP ":pop" 4 | |
283 | .IX Item ":pop" | |
284 | A pseudo layer that removes the top-most layer. Gives perl code | |
285 | a way to manipulate the layer stack. Should be considered | |
286 | as experimental. Note that \f(CW\*(C`:pop\*(C'\fR only works on real layers | |
287 | and will not undo the effects of pseudo layers like \f(CW\*(C`:utf8\*(C'\fR. | |
288 | An example of a possible use might be: | |
289 | .Sp | |
290 | .Vb 5 | |
291 | \& open($fh,...) | |
292 | \& ... | |
293 | \& binmode($fh,":encoding(...)"); # next chunk is encoded | |
294 | \& ... | |
295 | \& binmode($fh,":pop"); # back to un-encoded | |
296 | .Ve | |
297 | .Sp | |
298 | A more elegant (and safer) interface is needed. | |
299 | .IP ":win32" 4 | |
300 | .IX Item ":win32" | |
301 | On Win32 platforms this \fIexperimental\fR layer uses native \*(L"handle\*(R" \s-1IO\s0 | |
302 | rather than unix-like numeric file descriptor layer. Known to be | |
303 | buggy as of perl 5.8.2. | |
304 | .Sh "Custom Layers" | |
305 | .IX Subsection "Custom Layers" | |
306 | It is possible to write custom layers in addition to the above builtin | |
307 | ones, both in C/XS and Perl. Two such layers (and one example written | |
308 | in Perl using the latter) come with the Perl distribution. | |
309 | .IP ":encoding" 4 | |
310 | .IX Item ":encoding" | |
311 | Use \f(CW\*(C`:encoding(ENCODING)\*(C'\fR either in \fIopen()\fR or \fIbinmode()\fR to install | |
312 | a layer that does transparently character set and encoding transformations, | |
313 | for example from Shift-JIS to Unicode. Note that under \f(CW\*(C`stdio\*(C'\fR | |
314 | an \f(CW\*(C`:encoding\*(C'\fR also enables \f(CW\*(C`:utf8\*(C'\fR. See PerlIO::encoding | |
315 | for more information. | |
316 | .IP ":via" 4 | |
317 | .IX Item ":via" | |
318 | Use \f(CW\*(C`:via(MODULE)\*(C'\fR either in \fIopen()\fR or \fIbinmode()\fR to install a layer | |
319 | that does whatever transformation (for example compression / | |
320 | decompression, encryption / decryption) to the filehandle. | |
321 | See PerlIO::via for more information. | |
322 | .Sh "Alternatives to raw" | |
323 | .IX Subsection "Alternatives to raw" | |
324 | To get a binary stream an alternate method is to use: | |
325 | .PP | |
326 | .Vb 2 | |
327 | \& open($fh,"whatever") | |
328 | \& binmode($fh); | |
329 | .Ve | |
330 | .PP | |
331 | this has advantage of being backward compatible with how such things have | |
332 | had to be coded on some platforms for years. | |
333 | .PP | |
334 | To get an un-buffered stream specify an unbuffered layer (e.g. \f(CW\*(C`:unix\*(C'\fR) | |
335 | in the open call: | |
336 | .PP | |
337 | .Vb 1 | |
338 | \& open($fh,"<:unix",$path) | |
339 | .Ve | |
340 | .Sh "Defaults and how to override them" | |
341 | .IX Subsection "Defaults and how to override them" | |
342 | If the platform is MS-DOS like and normally does \s-1CRLF\s0 to \*(L"\en\*(R" | |
343 | translation for text files then the default layers are : | |
344 | .PP | |
345 | .Vb 1 | |
346 | \& unix crlf | |
347 | .Ve | |
348 | .PP | |
349 | (The low level \*(L"unix\*(R" layer may be replaced by a platform specific low | |
350 | level layer.) | |
351 | .PP | |
352 | Otherwise if \f(CW\*(C`Configure\*(C'\fR found out how to do \*(L"fast\*(R" \s-1IO\s0 using system's | |
353 | stdio, then the default layers are: | |
354 | .PP | |
355 | .Vb 1 | |
356 | \& unix stdio | |
357 | .Ve | |
358 | .PP | |
359 | Otherwise the default layers are | |
360 | .PP | |
361 | .Vb 1 | |
362 | \& unix perlio | |
363 | .Ve | |
364 | .PP | |
365 | These defaults may change once perlio has been better tested and tuned. | |
366 | .PP | |
367 | The default can be overridden by setting the environment variable | |
368 | \&\s-1PERLIO\s0 to a space separated list of layers (\f(CW\*(C`unix\*(C'\fR or platform low | |
369 | level layer is always pushed first). | |
370 | .PP | |
371 | This can be used to see the effect of/bugs in the various layers e.g. | |
372 | .PP | |
373 | .Vb 3 | |
374 | \& cd .../perl/t | |
375 | \& PERLIO=stdio ./perl harness | |
376 | \& PERLIO=perlio ./perl harness | |
377 | .Ve | |
378 | .PP | |
379 | For the various value of \s-1PERLIO\s0 see \*(L"\s-1PERLIO\s0\*(R" in perlrun. | |
380 | .Sh "Querying the layers of filehandles" | |
381 | .IX Subsection "Querying the layers of filehandles" | |
382 | The following returns the \fBnames\fR of the PerlIO layers on a filehandle. | |
383 | .PP | |
384 | .Vb 1 | |
385 | \& my @layers = PerlIO::get_layers($fh); # Or FH, *FH, "FH". | |
386 | .Ve | |
387 | .PP | |
388 | The layers are returned in the order an \fIopen()\fR or \fIbinmode()\fR call would | |
389 | use them. Note that the \*(L"default stack\*(R" depends on the operating | |
390 | system and on the Perl version, and both the compile-time and | |
391 | runtime configurations of Perl. | |
392 | .PP | |
393 | The following table summarizes the default layers on UNIX-like and | |
394 | DOS-like platforms and depending on the setting of the \f(CW$ENV{PERLIO}\fR: | |
395 | .PP | |
396 | .Vb 6 | |
397 | \& PERLIO UNIX-like DOS-like | |
398 | \& ------ --------- -------- | |
399 | \& unset / "" unix perlio / stdio [1] unix crlf | |
400 | \& stdio unix perlio / stdio [1] stdio | |
401 | \& perlio unix perlio unix perlio | |
402 | \& mmap unix mmap unix mmap | |
403 | .Ve | |
404 | .PP | |
405 | .Vb 2 | |
406 | \& # [1] "stdio" if Configure found out how to do "fast stdio" (depends | |
407 | \& # on the stdio implementation) and in Perl 5.8, otherwise "unix perlio" | |
408 | .Ve | |
409 | .PP | |
410 | By default the layers from the input side of the filehandle is | |
411 | returned, to get the output side use the optional \f(CW\*(C`output\*(C'\fR argument: | |
412 | .PP | |
413 | .Vb 1 | |
414 | \& my @layers = PerlIO::get_layers($fh, output => 1); | |
415 | .Ve | |
416 | .PP | |
417 | (Usually the layers are identical on either side of a filehandle but | |
418 | for example with sockets there may be differences, or if you have | |
419 | been using the \f(CW\*(C`open\*(C'\fR pragma.) | |
420 | .PP | |
421 | There is no \fIset_layers()\fR, nor does \fIget_layers()\fR return a tied array | |
422 | mirroring the stack, or anything fancy like that. This is not | |
423 | accidental or unintentional. The PerlIO layer stack is a bit more | |
424 | complicated than just a stack (see for example the behaviour of \f(CW\*(C`:raw\*(C'\fR). | |
425 | You are supposed to use \fIopen()\fR and \fIbinmode()\fR to manipulate the stack. | |
426 | .PP | |
427 | \&\fBImplementation details follow, please close your eyes.\fR | |
428 | .PP | |
429 | The arguments to layers are by default returned in parenthesis after | |
430 | the name of the layer, and certain layers (like \f(CW\*(C`utf8\*(C'\fR) are not real | |
431 | layers but instead flags on real layers: to get all of these returned | |
432 | separately use the optional \f(CW\*(C`details\*(C'\fR argument: | |
433 | .PP | |
434 | .Vb 1 | |
435 | \& my @layer_and_args_and_flags = PerlIO::get_layers($fh, details => 1); | |
436 | .Ve | |
437 | .PP | |
438 | The result will be up to be three times the number of layers: | |
439 | the first element will be a name, the second element the arguments | |
440 | (unspecified arguments will be \f(CW\*(C`undef\*(C'\fR), the third element the flags, | |
441 | the fourth element a name again, and so forth. | |
442 | .PP | |
443 | \&\fBYou may open your eyes now.\fR | |
444 | .SH "AUTHOR" | |
445 | .IX Header "AUTHOR" | |
446 | Nick Ing-Simmons <nick@ing\-simmons.net> | |
447 | .SH "SEE ALSO" | |
448 | .IX Header "SEE ALSO" | |
449 | \&\*(L"binmode\*(R" in perlfunc, \*(L"open\*(R" in perlfunc, perlunicode, perliol, | |
450 | Encode |