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<h1>Python Reference Manual</h1>
<p><b><font size="+2">Guido van Rossum</font></b></p>
<p>
        <strong>Python Software Foundation</strong>
<BR>
Email: <span class="email">docs@python.org</span>
</p>
<p><i>  Fred L. Drake, Jr., editor</i></p>
<p><strong>Release 2.4.2</strong><br />
<strong>28 September 2005</strong></p>
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<LI><A href="front.html">Front Matter</a>
<LI><A href="contents.html">Contents</a>
<LI><A href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="implementations.html">1.1 Alternate Implementations</a>
<LI><A href="notation.html">1.2 Notation</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="lexical.html">2. Lexical analysis</a>
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<LI><A href="line-structure.html">2.1 Line structure</a>
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<LI><A href="logical.html">2.1.1 Logical lines</a>
<LI><A href="physical.html">2.1.2 Physical lines</a>
<LI><A href="comments.html">2.1.3 Comments</a>
<LI><A href="encodings.html">2.1.4 Encoding declarations</a>
<LI><A href="explicit-joining.html">2.1.5 Explicit line joining</a>
<LI><A href="implicit-joining.html">2.1.6 Implicit line joining</a>
<LI><A href="blank-lines.html">2.1.7 Blank lines</a>
<LI><A href="indentation.html">2.1.8 Indentation</a>
<LI><A href="whitespace.html">2.1.9 Whitespace between tokens</a>
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<LI><A href="other-tokens.html">2.2 Other tokens</a>
<LI><A href="identifiers.html">2.3 Identifiers and keywords</a>
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<LI><A href="keywords.html">2.3.1 Keywords</a>
<LI><A href="id-classes.html">2.3.2 Reserved classes of identifiers</a>
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<LI><A href="literals.html">2.4 Literals</a>
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<LI><A href="strings.html">2.4.1 String literals</a>
<LI><A href="string-catenation.html">2.4.2 String literal concatenation</a>
<LI><A href="numbers.html">2.4.3 Numeric literals</a>
<LI><A href="integers.html">2.4.4 Integer and long integer literals</a>
<LI><A href="floating.html">2.4.5 Floating point literals</a>
<LI><A href="imaginary.html">2.4.6 Imaginary literals</a>
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<LI><A href="operators.html">2.5 Operators</a>
<LI><A href="delimiters.html">2.6 Delimiters</a>
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<LI><A href="datamodel.html">3. Data model</a>
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<LI><A href="objects.html">3.1 Objects, values and types</a>
<LI><A href="types.html">3.2 The standard type hierarchy</a>
<LI><A href="specialnames.html">3.3 Special method names</a>
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<LI><A href="customization.html">3.3.1 Basic customization</a>
<LI><A href="attribute-access.html">3.3.2 Customizing attribute access</a>
<LI><A href="metaclasses.html">3.3.3 Customizing class creation</a>
<LI><A href="callable-types.html">3.3.4 Emulating callable objects</a>
<LI><A href="sequence-types.html">3.3.5 Emulating container types</a>
<LI><A href="sequence-methods.html">3.3.6 Additional methods for emulation of sequence types</a>
<LI><A href="numeric-types.html">3.3.7 Emulating numeric types</a>
<LI><A href="coercion-rules.html">3.3.8 Coercion rules</a>
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<LI><A href="execmodel.html">4. Execution model</a>
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<LI><A href="naming.html">4.1 Naming and binding</a>
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<LI><A href="dynamic-features.html">4.1.1 Interaction with dynamic features</a>
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<LI><A href="exceptions.html">4.2 Exceptions</a>
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<LI><A href="expressions.html">5. Expressions</a>
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<LI><A href="conversions.html">5.1 Arithmetic conversions</a>
<LI><A href="atoms.html">5.2 Atoms</a>
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<LI><A href="atom-identifiers.html">5.2.1 Identifiers (Names)</a>
<LI><A href="atom-literals.html">5.2.2 Literals</a>
<LI><A href="parenthesized.html">5.2.3 Parenthesized forms</a>
<LI><A href="lists.html">5.2.4 List displays</a>
<LI><A href="genexpr.html">5.2.5 Generator expressions</a>
<LI><A href="dict.html">5.2.6 Dictionary displays</a>
<LI><A href="string-conversions.html">5.2.7 String conversions</a>
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<LI><A href="primaries.html">5.3 Primaries</a>
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<LI><A href="subscriptions.html">5.3.2 Subscriptions</a>
<LI><A href="slicings.html">5.3.3 Slicings</a>
<LI><A href="calls.html">5.3.4 Calls</a>
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<LI><A href="power.html">5.4 The power operator</a>
<LI><A href="unary.html">5.5 Unary arithmetic operations</a>
<LI><A href="binary.html">5.6 Binary arithmetic operations</a>
<LI><A href="shifting.html">5.7 Shifting operations</a>
<LI><A href="bitwise.html">5.8 Binary bit-wise operations</a>
<LI><A href="comparisons.html">5.9 Comparisons</a>
<LI><A href="Booleans.html">5.10 Boolean operations</a>
<LI><A href="lambdas.html">5.11 Lambdas</a>
<LI><A href="exprlists.html">5.12 Expression lists</a>
<LI><A href="evalorder.html">5.13 Evaluation order</a>
<LI><A href="summary.html">5.14 Summary</a>
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<LI><A href="simple.html">6. Simple statements</a>
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<LI><A href="exprstmts.html">6.1 Expression statements</a>
<LI><A href="assert.html">6.2 Assert statements</a>
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<LI><A href="augassign.html">6.3.1 Augmented assignment statements</a>
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<LI><A href="pass.html">6.4 The <tt class="keyword">pass</tt> statement</a>
<LI><A href="del.html">6.5 The <tt class="keyword">del</tt> statement</a>
<LI><A href="print.html">6.6 The <tt class="keyword">print</tt> statement</a>
<LI><A href="return.html">6.7 The <tt class="keyword">return</tt> statement</a>
<LI><A href="yield.html">6.8 The <tt class="keyword">yield</tt> statement</a>
<LI><A href="raise.html">6.9 The <tt class="keyword">raise</tt> statement</a>
<LI><A href="break.html">6.10 The <tt class="keyword">break</tt> statement</a>
<LI><A href="continue.html">6.11 The <tt class="keyword">continue</tt> statement</a>
<LI><A href="import.html">6.12 The <tt class="keyword">import</tt> statement</a>
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<LI><A href="future.html">6.12.1 Future statements</a>
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<LI><A href="global.html">6.13 The <tt class="keyword">global</tt> statement</a>
<LI><A href="exec.html">6.14 The <tt class="keyword">exec</tt> statement</a>
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<LI><A href="compound.html">7. Compound statements</a>
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<LI><A href="if.html">7.1 The <tt class="keyword">if</tt> statement</a>
<LI><A href="while.html">7.2 The <tt class="keyword">while</tt> statement</a>
<LI><A href="for.html">7.3 The <tt class="keyword">for</tt> statement</a>
<LI><A href="try.html">7.4 The <tt class="keyword">try</tt> statement</a>
<LI><A href="function.html">7.5 Function definitions</a>
<LI><A href="class.html">7.6 Class definitions</a>
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<LI><A href="top-level.html">8. Top-level components</a>
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<LI><A href="programs.html">8.1 Complete Python programs</a>
<LI><A href="file-input.html">8.2 File input</a>
<LI><A href="interactive.html">8.3 Interactive input</a>
<LI><A href="expression-input.html">8.4 Expression input</a>
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<LI><A href="node105.html">A. History and License</a>
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<LI><A href="node106.html">A.1 History of the software</a>
<LI><A href="node107.html">A.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python</a>
<LI><A href="node108.html">A.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software</a>
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<LI><A href="node109.html">A.3.1 Mersenne Twister</a>
<LI><A href="node110.html">A.3.2 Sockets</a>
<LI><A href="node111.html">A.3.3 Floating point exception control</a>
<LI><A href="node112.html">A.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm</a>
<LI><A href="node113.html">A.3.5 Asynchronous socket services</a>
<LI><A href="node114.html">A.3.6 Cookie management</a>
<LI><A href="node115.html">A.3.7 Profiling</a>
<LI><A href="node116.html">A.3.8 Execution tracing</a>
<LI><A href="node117.html">A.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions</a>
<LI><A href="node118.html">A.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls</a>
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<span class="release-info">Release 2.4.2, documentation updated on 28 September 2005.</span>
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