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<H1><A NAME="SECTION009000000000000000000"></A><A NAME="concrete"></A>
<BR>
7. Concrete Objects Layer
</H1>

<P>
The functions in this chapter are specific to certain Python object
types.  Passing them an object of the wrong type is not a good idea;
if you receive an object from a Python program and you are not sure
that it has the right type, you must perform a type check first;
for example, to check that an object is a dictionary, use
<tt class="cfunction">PyDict_Check()</tt>.  The chapter is structured like the
``family tree'' of Python object types.

<P>
<span class="warning"><b class="label">Warning:</b>
While the functions described in this chapter carefully check
the type of the objects which are passed in, many of them do not check
for <tt class="constant">NULL</tt> being passed instead of a valid object.  Allowing <tt class="constant">NULL</tt>
to be passed in can cause memory access violations and immediate
termination of the interpreter.</span>

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<LI><A href="fundamental.html">7.1 Fundamental Objects</a>
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<LI><A href="typeObjects.html">7.1.1 Type Objects</a>
<LI><A href="noneObject.html">7.1.2 The None Object</a>
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<LI><A href="numericObjects.html">7.2 Numeric Objects</a>
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<LI><A href="intObjects.html">7.2.1 Plain Integer Objects</a>
<LI><A href="boolObjects.html">7.2.2 Boolean Objects</a>
<LI><A href="longObjects.html">7.2.3 Long Integer Objects</a>
<LI><A href="floatObjects.html">7.2.4 Floating Point Objects</a>
<LI><A href="complexObjects.html">7.2.5 Complex Number Objects</a>
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<LI><A href="node39.html">7.2.5.1 Complex Numbers as C Structures</a>
<LI><A href="node40.html">7.2.5.2 Complex Numbers as Python Objects</a>
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<LI><A href="sequenceObjects.html">7.3 Sequence Objects</a>
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<LI><A href="stringObjects.html">7.3.1 String Objects</a>
<LI><A href="unicodeObjects.html">7.3.2 Unicode Objects</a>
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<LI><A href="builtinCodecs.html">7.3.2.1 Built-in Codecs</a>
<LI><A href="unicodeMethodsAndSlots.html">7.3.2.2 Methods and Slot Functions</a>
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<LI><A href="bufferObjects.html">7.3.3 Buffer Objects</a>
<LI><A href="tupleObjects.html">7.3.4 Tuple Objects</a>
<LI><A href="listObjects.html">7.3.5 List Objects</a>
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<LI><A href="mapObjects.html">7.4 Mapping Objects</a>
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<LI><A href="dictObjects.html">7.4.1 Dictionary Objects</a>
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<LI><A href="otherObjects.html">7.5 Other Objects</a>
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<LI><A href="fileObjects.html">7.5.1 File Objects</a>
<LI><A href="instanceObjects.html">7.5.2 Instance Objects</a>
<LI><A href="method-objects.html">7.5.3 Method Objects</a>
<LI><A href="moduleObjects.html">7.5.4 Module Objects</a>
<LI><A href="iterator-objects.html">7.5.5 Iterator Objects</a>
<LI><A href="descriptor-objects.html">7.5.6 Descriptor Objects</a>
<LI><A href="slice-objects.html">7.5.7 Slice Objects</a>
<LI><A href="weakref-objects.html">7.5.8 Weak Reference Objects</a>
<LI><A href="cObjects.html">7.5.9 CObjects</a>
<LI><A href="cell-objects.html">7.5.10 Cell Objects</a>
<LI><A href="gen-objects.html">7.5.11 Generator Objects</a>
<LI><A href="datetime-objects.html">7.5.12 DateTime Objects</a>
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<span class="release-info">Release 2.4.2, documentation updated on 28 September 2005.</span>
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