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<h1>Python Library Reference
</h1>
<p><b><font size=
"+2">Guido van Rossum
</font></b></p>
<strong>Python Software Foundation
</strong>
Email:
<span class=
"email">docs@python.org
</span>
<p><i> Fred L. Drake, Jr., editor
</i></p>
<p><strong>Release
2.4.2</strong><br />
<strong>28 September
2005</strong></p>
<p><br /></p><hr class='online-navigation'
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<!--Table of Child-Links-->
<A NAME=
"CHILD_LINKS"></a>
<LI><A href=
"front.html">Front Matter
</a>
<LI><A href=
"contents.html">Contents
</a>
<LI><A href=
"intro.html">1. Introduction
</a>
<LI><A href=
"builtin.html">2. Built-In Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"built-in-funcs.html">2.1 Built-in Functions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"non-essential-built-in-funcs.html">2.2 Non-essential Built-in Functions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"types.html">2.3 Built-in Types
</a>
<LI><A href=
"truth.html">2.3.1 Truth Value Testing
</a>
<LI><A href=
"boolean.html">2.3.2 Boolean Operations --
<tt class=
"keyword">and
</tt>,
<tt class=
"keyword">or
</tt>,
<tt class=
"keyword">not
</tt></a>
<LI><A href=
"comparisons.html">2.3.3 Comparisons
</a>
<LI><A href=
"typesnumeric.html">2.3.4 Numeric Types --
<tt class=
"class">int
</tt>,
<tt class=
"class">float
</tt>,
<tt class=
"class">long
</tt>,
<tt class=
"class">complex
</tt></a>
<LI><A href=
"typeiter.html">2.3.5 Iterator Types
</a>
<LI><A href=
"typesseq.html">2.3.6 Sequence Types --
<tt class=
"class">str
</tt>,
<tt class=
"class">unicode
</tt>,
<tt class=
"class">list
</tt>,
<tt class=
"class">tuple
</tt>,
<tt class=
"class">buffer
</tt>,
<tt class=
"class">xrange
</tt></a>
<LI><A href=
"types-set.html">2.3.7 Set Types --
<tt class=
"class">set
</tt>,
<tt class=
"class">frozenset
</tt></a>
<LI><A href=
"typesmapping.html">2.3.8 Mapping Types -- classdict
</a>
<LI><A href=
"bltin-file-objects.html">2.3.9 File Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"typesother.html">2.3.10 Other Built-in Types
</a>
<LI><A href=
"specialattrs.html">2.3.11 Special Attributes
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-exceptions.html">2.4 Built-in Exceptions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node35.html">2.5 Built-in Constants
</a>
<LI><A href=
"python.html">3. Python Runtime Services
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-sys.html">3.1 <tt class=
"module">sys
</tt> --
System-specific parameters and functions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-gc.html">3.2 <tt class=
"module">gc
</tt> --
Garbage Collector interface
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-weakref.html">3.3 <tt class=
"module">weakref
</tt> --
<LI><A href=
"weakref-objects.html">3.3.1 Weak Reference Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"weakref-example.html">3.3.2 Example
</a>
<LI><A href=
"weakref-extension.html">3.3.3 Weak References in Extension Types
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-fpectl.html">3.4 <tt class=
"module">fpectl
</tt> --
Floating point exception control
</a>
<LI><A href=
"fpectl-example.html">3.4.1 Example
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node45.html">3.4.2 Limitations and other considerations
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-atexit.html">3.5 <tt class=
"module">atexit
</tt> --
<LI><A href=
"atexit-example.html">3.5.1 <tt class=
"module">atexit
</tt> Example
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-types.html">3.6 <tt class=
"module">types
</tt> --
Names for built-in types
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-UserDict.html">3.7 <tt class=
"module">UserDict
</tt> --
Class wrapper for dictionary objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-UserList.html">3.8 <tt class=
"module">UserList
</tt> --
Class wrapper for list objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-UserString.html">3.9 <tt class=
"module">UserString
</tt> --
Class wrapper for string objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-operator.html">3.10 <tt class=
"module">operator
</tt> --
Standard operators as functions.
</a>
<LI><A href=
"operator-map.html">3.10.1 Mapping Operators to Functions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-inspect.html">3.11 <tt class=
"module">inspect
</tt> --
<LI><A href=
"inspect-types.html">3.11.1 Types and members
</a>
<LI><A href=
"inspect-source.html">3.11.2 Retrieving source code
</a>
<LI><A href=
"inspect-classes-functions.html">3.11.3 Classes and functions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"inspect-stack.html">3.11.4 The interpreter stack
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-traceback.html">3.12 <tt class=
"module">traceback
</tt> --
Print or retrieve a stack traceback
</a>
<LI><A href=
"traceback-example.html">3.12.1 Traceback Example
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-linecache.html">3.13 <tt class=
"module">linecache
</tt> --
Random access to text lines
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-pickle.html">3.14 <tt class=
"module">pickle
</tt> -- Python object serialization
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node63.html">3.14.1 Relationship to other Python modules
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node64.html">3.14.2 Data stream format
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node65.html">3.14.3 Usage
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node66.html">3.14.4 What can be pickled and unpickled?
</a>
<LI><A href=
"pickle-protocol.html">3.14.5 The pickle protocol
</a>
<LI><A href=
"pickle-sub.html">3.14.6 Subclassing Unpicklers
</a>
<LI><A href=
"pickle-example.html">3.14.7 Example
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-cPickle.html">3.15 <tt class=
"module">cPickle
</tt> -- A faster
<tt class=
"module">pickle
</tt></a>
<LI><A href=
"module-copyreg.html">3.16 <tt class=
"module">copy_reg
</tt> --
Register
<tt class=
"module">pickle
</tt> support functions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-shelve.html">3.17 <tt class=
"module">shelve
</tt> --
Python object persistence
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node76.html">3.17.1 Restrictions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node77.html">3.17.2 Example
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-copy.html">3.18 <tt class=
"module">copy
</tt> --
Shallow and deep copy operations
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-marshal.html">3.19 <tt class=
"module">marshal
</tt> --
Internal Python object serialization
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-warnings.html">3.20 <tt class=
"module">warnings
</tt> --
<LI><A href=
"warning-categories.html">3.20.1 Warning Categories
</a>
<LI><A href=
"warning-filter.html">3.20.2 The Warnings Filter
</a>
<LI><A href=
"warning-functions.html">3.20.3 Available Functions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-imp.html">3.21 <tt class=
"module">imp
</tt> --
Access the
<tt class=
"keyword">import
</tt> internals
</a>
<LI><A href=
"examples-imp.html">3.21.1 Examples
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-zipimport.html">3.22 <tt class=
"module">zipimport
</tt> --
Import modules from Zip archives
</a>
<LI><A href=
"zipimporter-objects.html">3.22.1 zipimporter Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node88.html">3.22.2 Examples
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-pkgutil.html">3.23 <tt class=
"module">pkgutil
</tt> --
Package extension utility
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-modulefinder.html">3.24 <tt class=
"module">modulefinder
</tt> --
Find modules used by a script
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-code.html">3.25 <tt class=
"module">code
</tt> --
Interpreter base classes
</a>
<LI><A href=
"interpreter-objects.html">3.25.1 Interactive Interpreter Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"console-objects.html">3.25.2 Interactive Console Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-codeop.html">3.26 <tt class=
"module">codeop
</tt> --
<LI><A href=
"module-pprint.html">3.27 <tt class=
"module">pprint
</tt> --
<LI><A href=
"node96.html">3.27.1 PrettyPrinter Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-repr.html">3.28 <tt class=
"module">repr
</tt> --
Alternate
<tt class=
"function">repr()
</tt> implementation
</a>
<LI><A href=
"Repr-objects.html">3.28.1 Repr Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"subclassing-reprs.html">3.28.2 Subclassing Repr Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-new.html">3.29 <tt class=
"module">new
</tt> --
Creation of runtime internal objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-site.html">3.30 <tt class=
"module">site
</tt> --
Site-specific configuration hook
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-user.html">3.31 <tt class=
"module">user
</tt> --
User-specific configuration hook
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-builtin.html">3.32 <tt class=
"module">__builtin__
</tt> --
<LI><A href=
"module-main.html">3.33 <tt class=
"module">__main__
</tt> --
Top-level script environment
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-future.html">3.34 <tt class=
"module">__future__
</tt> --
Future statement definitions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"strings.html">4. String Services
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-string.html">4.1 <tt class=
"module">string
</tt> --
Common string operations
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node108.html">4.1.1 String constants
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node109.html">4.1.2 Template strings
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node110.html">4.1.3 String functions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node111.html">4.1.4 Deprecated string functions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-re.html">4.2 <tt class=
"module">re
</tt> --
Regular expression operations
</a>
<LI><A href=
"re-syntax.html">4.2.1 Regular Expression Syntax
</a>
<LI><A href=
"matching-searching.html">4.2.2 Matching vs Searching
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node115.html">4.2.3 Module Contents
</a>
<LI><A href=
"re-objects.html">4.2.4 Regular Expression Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"match-objects.html">4.2.5 Match Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node118.html">4.2.6 Examples
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-struct.html">4.3 <tt class=
"module">struct
</tt> --
Interpret strings as packed binary data
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-difflib.html">4.4 <tt class=
"module">difflib
</tt> --
Helpers for computing deltas
</a>
<LI><A href=
"sequence-matcher.html">4.4.1 SequenceMatcher Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"sequencematcher-examples.html">4.4.2 SequenceMatcher Examples
</a>
<LI><A href=
"differ-objects.html">4.4.3 Differ Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"differ-examples.html">4.4.4 Differ Example
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-fpformat.html">4.5 <tt class=
"module">fpformat
</tt> --
Floating point conversions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-StringIO.html">4.6 <tt class=
"module">StringIO
</tt> --
Read and write strings as files
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-cStringIO.html">4.7 <tt class=
"module">cStringIO
</tt> --
Faster version of
<tt class=
"module">StringIO
</tt></a>
<LI><A href=
"module-textwrap.html">4.8 <tt class=
"module">textwrap
</tt> --
Text wrapping and filling
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-codecs.html">4.9 <tt class=
"module">codecs
</tt> --
Codec registry and base classes
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node130.html">4.9.1 Codec Base Classes
</a>
<LI><A href=
"standard-encodings.html">4.9.2 Standard Encodings
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-encodings.idna.html">4.9.3 <tt class=
"module">encodings.idna
</tt> --
Internationalized Domain Names in Applications
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-unicodedata.html">4.10 <tt class=
"module">unicodedata
</tt> --
<LI><A href=
"module-stringprep.html">4.11 <tt class=
"module">stringprep
</tt> --
Internet String Preparation
</a>
<LI><A href=
"misc.html">5. Miscellaneous Services
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-pydoc.html">5.1 <tt class=
"module">pydoc
</tt> --
Documentation generator and online help system
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-doctest.html">5.2 <tt class=
"module">doctest
</tt> --
Test interactive Python examples
</a>
<LI><A href=
"doctest-simple-testmod.html">5.2.1 Simple Usage: Checking Examples in
<LI><A href=
"doctest-simple-testfile.html">5.2.2 Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text
<LI><A href=
"doctest-how-it-works.html">5.2.3 How It Works
</a>
<LI><A href=
"doctest-basic-api.html">5.2.4 Basic API
</a>
<LI><A href=
"doctest-unittest-api.html">5.2.5 Unittest API
</a>
<LI><A href=
"doctest-advanced-api.html">5.2.6 Advanced API
</a>
<LI><A href=
"doctest-debugging.html">5.2.7 Debugging
</a>
<LI><A href=
"doctest-soapbox.html">5.2.8 Soapbox
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-unittest.html">5.3 <tt class=
"module">unittest
</tt> --
Unit testing framework
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node164.html">5.3.1 Basic example
</a>
<LI><A href=
"organizing-tests.html">5.3.2 Organizing test code
</a>
<LI><A href=
"legacy-unit-tests.html">5.3.3 Re-using old test code
</a>
<LI><A href=
"unittest-contents.html">5.3.4 Classes and functions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"testcase-objects.html">5.3.5 TestCase Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"testsuite-objects.html">5.3.6 TestSuite Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"testresult-objects.html">5.3.7 TestResult Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"testloader-objects.html">5.3.8 TestLoader Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-test.html">5.4 <tt class=
"module">test
</tt> --
Regression tests package for Python
</a>
<LI><A href=
"writing-tests.html">5.4.1 Writing Unit Tests for the
<tt class=
"module">test
</tt> package
</a>
<LI><A href=
"regrtest.html">5.4.2 Running tests using
<tt class=
"module">test.regrtest
</tt></a>
<LI><A href=
"module-test.testsupport.html">5.5 <tt class=
"module">test.test_support
</tt> --
Utility functions for tests
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-decimal.html">5.6 <tt class=
"module">decimal
</tt> --
Decimal floating point arithmetic
</a>
<LI><A href=
"decimal-tutorial.html">5.6.1 Quick-start Tutorial
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node178.html">5.6.2 Decimal objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"decimal-decimal.html">5.6.3 Context objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"decimal-signals.html">5.6.4 Signals
</a>
<LI><A href=
"decimal-notes.html">5.6.5 Floating Point Notes
</a>
<LI><A href=
"decimal-threads.html">5.6.6 Working with threads
</a>
<LI><A href=
"decimal-recipes.html">5.6.7 Recipes
</a>
<LI><A href=
"decimal-faq.html">5.6.8 Decimal FAQ
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-math.html">5.7 <tt class=
"module">math
</tt> --
Mathematical functions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-cmath.html">5.8 <tt class=
"module">cmath
</tt> --
Mathematical functions for complex numbers
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-random.html">5.9 <tt class=
"module">random
</tt> --
Generate pseudo-random numbers
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-whrandom.html">5.10 <tt class=
"module">whrandom
</tt> --
Pseudo-random number generator
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-bisect.html">5.11 <tt class=
"module">bisect
</tt> --
Array bisection algorithm
</a>
<LI><A href=
"bisect-example.html">5.11.1 Examples
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-collections.html">5.12 <tt class=
"module">collections
</tt> --
High-performance container datatypes
</a>
<LI><A href=
"deque-recipes.html">5.12.1 Recipes
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-heapq.html">5.13 <tt class=
"module">heapq
</tt> --
<LI><A href=
"node196.html">5.13.1 Theory
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-array.html">5.14 <tt class=
"module">array
</tt> --
Efficient arrays of numeric values
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-sets.html">5.15 <tt class=
"module">sets
</tt> --
Unordered collections of unique elements
</a>
<LI><A href=
"set-objects.html">5.15.1 Set Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"set-example.html">5.15.2 Example
</a>
<LI><A href=
"immutable-transforms.html">5.15.3 Protocol for automatic conversion to immutable
</a>
<LI><A href=
"comparison-to-builtin-set.html">5.15.4 Comparison to the built-in
<tt class=
"class">set
</tt> types
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-itertools.html">5.16 <tt class=
"module">itertools
</tt> --
Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
</a>
<LI><A href=
"itertools-functions.html">5.16.1 Itertool functions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"itertools-example.html">5.16.2 Examples
</a>
<LI><A href=
"itertools-recipes.html">5.16.3 Recipes
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-ConfigParser.html">5.17 <tt class=
"module">ConfigParser
</tt> --
Configuration file parser
</a>
<LI><A href=
"RawConfigParser-objects.html">5.17.1 RawConfigParser Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"ConfigParser-objects.html">5.17.2 ConfigParser Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"SafeConfigParser-objects.html">5.17.3 SafeConfigParser Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-fileinput.html">5.18 <tt class=
"module">fileinput
</tt> --
Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-calendar.html">5.19 <tt class=
"module">calendar
</tt> --
General calendar-related functions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-cmd.html">5.20 <tt class=
"module">cmd
</tt> --
Support for line-oriented command interpreters
</a>
<LI><A href=
"Cmd-objects.html">5.20.1 Cmd Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-shlex.html">5.21 <tt class=
"module">shlex
</tt> --
Simple lexical analysis
</a>
<LI><A href=
"shlex-objects.html">5.21.1 shlex Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"shlex-parsing-rules.html">5.21.2 Parsing Rules
</a>
<LI><A href=
"allos.html">6. Generic Operating System Services
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-os.html">6.1 <tt class=
"module">os
</tt> --
Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
</a>
<LI><A href=
"os-procinfo.html">6.1.1 Process Parameters
</a>
<LI><A href=
"os-newstreams.html">6.1.2 File Object Creation
</a>
<LI><A href=
"os-fd-ops.html">6.1.3 File Descriptor Operations
</a>
<LI><A href=
"os-file-dir.html">6.1.4 Files and Directories
</a>
<LI><A href=
"os-process.html">6.1.5 Process Management
</a>
<LI><A href=
"os-path.html">6.1.6 Miscellaneous System Information
</a>
<LI><A href=
"os-miscfunc.html">6.1.7 Miscellaneous Functions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-os.path.html">6.2 <tt class=
"module">os.path
</tt> --
Common pathname manipulations
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-dircache.html">6.3 <tt class=
"module">dircache
</tt> --
Cached directory listings
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-stat.html">6.4 <tt class=
"module">stat
</tt> --
Interpreting
<tt class=
"function">stat()
</tt> results
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-statcache.html">6.5 <tt class=
"module">statcache
</tt> --
An optimization of
<tt class=
"function">os.stat()
</tt></a>
<LI><A href=
"module-statvfs.html">6.6 <tt class=
"module">statvfs
</tt> --
Constants used with
<tt class=
"function">os.statvfs()
</tt></a>
<LI><A href=
"module-filecmp.html">6.7 <tt class=
"module">filecmp
</tt> --
File and Directory Comparisons
</a>
<LI><A href=
"dircmp-objects.html">6.7.1 The
<tt class=
"class">dircmp
</tt> class
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-subprocess.html">6.8 <tt class=
"module">subprocess
</tt> -- Subprocess management
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node235.html">6.8.1 Using the subprocess Module
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node239.html">6.8.2 Popen Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node240.html">6.8.3 Replacing Older Functions with the subprocess Module
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-popen2.html">6.9 <tt class=
"module">popen2
</tt> --
Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams
</a>
<LI><A href=
"popen3-objects.html">6.9.1 Popen3 and Popen4 Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"popen2-flow-control.html">6.9.2 Flow Control Issues
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-datetime.html">6.10 <tt class=
"module">datetime
</tt> --
Basic date and time types
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node251.html">6.10.1 Available Types
</a>
<LI><A href=
"datetime-timedelta.html">6.10.2 <tt class=
"class">timedelta
</tt> Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"datetime-date.html">6.10.3 <tt class=
"class">date
</tt> Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"datetime-datetime.html">6.10.4 <tt class=
"class">datetime
</tt> Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"datetime-time.html">6.10.5 <tt class=
"class">time
</tt> Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"datetime-tzinfo.html">6.10.6 <tt class=
"class">tzinfo
</tt> Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node257.html">6.10.7 <tt class=
"method">strftime()
</tt> Behavior
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-time.html">6.11 <tt class=
"module">time
</tt> --
Time access and conversions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-sched.html">6.12 <tt class=
"module">sched
</tt> --
<LI><A href=
"scheduler-objects.html">6.12.1 Scheduler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-mutex.html">6.13 <tt class=
"module">mutex
</tt> --
Mutual exclusion support
</a>
<LI><A href=
"mutex-objects.html">6.13.1 Mutex Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-getpass.html">6.14 <tt class=
"module">getpass
</tt>
-- Portable password input
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-curses.html">6.15 <tt class=
"module">curses
</tt> --
Terminal handling for character-cell displays
</a>
<LI><A href=
"curses-functions.html">6.15.1 Functions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"curses-window-objects.html">6.15.2 Window Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node267.html">6.15.3 Constants
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-curses.textpad.html">6.16 <tt class=
"module">curses.textpad
</tt> --
Text input widget for curses programs
</a>
<LI><A href=
"curses-textpad-objects.html">6.16.1 Textbox objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-curses.wrapper.html">6.17 <tt class=
"module">curses.wrapper
</tt> --
Terminal handler for curses programs
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-curses.ascii.html">6.18 <tt class=
"module">curses.ascii
</tt> --
Utilities for ASCII characters
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-curses.panel.html">6.19 <tt class=
"module">curses.panel
</tt> --
A panel stack extension for curses.
</a>
<LI><A href=
"cursespanel-functions.html">6.19.1 Functions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"curses-panel-objects.html">6.19.2 Panel Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-getopt.html">6.20 <tt class=
"module">getopt
</tt> --
Parser for command line options
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-optparse.html">6.21 <tt class=
"module">optparse
</tt> -- More powerful command line option parser
</a>
<LI><A href=
"optparse-background.html">6.21.1 Background
</a>
<LI><A href=
"optparse-tutorial.html">6.21.2 Tutorial
</a>
<LI><A href=
"optparse-reference-guide.html">6.21.3 Reference Guide
</a>
<LI><A href=
"optparse-option-callbacks.html">6.21.4 Option Callbacks
</a>
<LI><A href=
"optparse-extending-optparse.html">6.21.5 Extending
<tt class=
"module">optparse
</tt></a>
<LI><A href=
"module-tempfile.html">6.22 <tt class=
"module">tempfile
</tt> --
Generate temporary files and directories
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-errno.html">6.23 <tt class=
"module">errno
</tt> --
Standard errno system symbols
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-glob.html">6.24 <tt class=
"module">glob
</tt> --
<span class=
"Unix">Unix
</span> style pathname pattern expansion
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-fnmatch.html">6.25 <tt class=
"module">fnmatch
</tt> --
<span class=
"Unix">Unix
</span> filename pattern matching
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-shutil.html">6.26 <tt class=
"module">shutil
</tt> --
High-level file operations
</a>
<LI><A href=
"shutil-example.html">6.26.1 Example
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-locale.html">6.27 <tt class=
"module">locale
</tt> --
Internationalization services
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node323.html">6.27.1 Background, details, hints, tips and caveats
</a>
<LI><A href=
"embedding-locale.html">6.27.2 For extension writers and programs that embed Python
</a>
<LI><A href=
"locale-gettext.html">6.27.3 Access to message catalogs
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-gettext.html">6.28 <tt class=
"module">gettext
</tt> --
Multilingual internationalization services
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node327.html">6.28.1 GNU
<b class=
"program">gettext
</b> API
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node328.html">6.28.2 Class-based API
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node333.html">6.28.3 Internationalizing your programs and modules
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node339.html">6.28.4 Acknowledgements
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-logging.html">6.29 <tt class=
"module">logging
</tt> --
Logging facility for Python
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node341.html">6.29.1 Logger Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"minimal-example.html">6.29.2 Basic example
</a>
<LI><A href=
"multiple-destinations.html">6.29.3 Logging to multiple destinations
</a>
<LI><A href=
"network-logging.html">6.29.4 Sending and receiving logging events across a network
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node345.html">6.29.5 Handler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node357.html">6.29.6 Formatter Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node358.html">6.29.7 Filter Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node359.html">6.29.8 LogRecord Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node360.html">6.29.9 Thread Safety
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node361.html">6.29.10 Configuration
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-platform.html">6.30 <tt class=
"module">platform
</tt> --
Access to underlying platform's identifying data.
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node365.html">6.30.1 Cross Platform
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node366.html">6.30.2 Java Platform
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node367.html">6.30.3 Windows Platform
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node369.html">6.30.4 Mac OS Platform
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node370.html">6.30.5 <span class=
"Unix">Unix
</span> Platforms
</a>
<LI><A href=
"someos.html">7. Optional Operating System Services
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-signal.html">7.1 <tt class=
"module">signal
</tt> --
Set handlers for asynchronous events
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node373.html">7.1.1 Example
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-socket.html">7.2 <tt class=
"module">socket
</tt> --
Low-level networking interface
</a>
<LI><A href=
"socket-objects.html">7.2.1 Socket Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"ssl-objects.html">7.2.2 SSL Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"socket-example.html">7.2.3 Example
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-select.html">7.3 <tt class=
"module">select
</tt> --
Waiting for I/O completion
</a>
<LI><A href=
"poll-objects.html">7.3.1 Polling Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-thread.html">7.4 <tt class=
"module">thread
</tt> --
Multiple threads of control
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-threading.html">7.5 <tt class=
"module">threading
</tt> --
Higher-level threading interface
</a>
<LI><A href=
"lock-objects.html">7.5.1 Lock Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"rlock-objects.html">7.5.2 RLock Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"condition-objects.html">7.5.3 Condition Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"semaphore-objects.html">7.5.4 Semaphore Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"event-objects.html">7.5.5 Event Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"thread-objects.html">7.5.6 Thread Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"timer-objects.html">7.5.7 Timer Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-dummythread.html">7.6 <tt class=
"module">dummy_thread
</tt> --
Drop-in replacement for the
<tt class=
"module">thread
</tt> module
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-dummythreading.html">7.7 <tt class=
"module">dummy_threading
</tt> --
Drop-in replacement for the
<tt class=
"module">threading
</tt> module
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-Queue.html">7.8 <tt class=
"module">Queue
</tt> --
A synchronized queue class
</a>
<LI><A href=
"QueueObjects.html">7.8.1 Queue Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-mmap.html">7.9 <tt class=
"module">mmap
</tt> --
Memory-mapped file support
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-anydbm.html">7.10 <tt class=
"module">anydbm
</tt> --
Generic access to DBM-style databases
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-dbhash.html">7.11 <tt class=
"module">dbhash
</tt> --
DBM-style interface to the BSD database library
</a>
<LI><A href=
"dbhash-objects.html">7.11.1 Database Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-whichdb.html">7.12 <tt class=
"module">whichdb
</tt> --
Guess which DBM module created a database
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-bsddb.html">7.13 <tt class=
"module">bsddb
</tt> --
Interface to Berkeley DB library
</a>
<LI><A href=
"bsddb-objects.html">7.13.1 Hash, BTree and Record Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-dumbdbm.html">7.14 <tt class=
"module">dumbdbm
</tt> --
Portable DBM implementation
</a>
<LI><A href=
"dumbdbm-objects.html">7.14.1 Dumbdbm Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-zlib.html">7.15 <tt class=
"module">zlib
</tt> --
Compression compatible with
<b class=
"program">gzip
</b></a>
<LI><A href=
"module-gzip.html">7.16 <tt class=
"module">gzip
</tt> --
Support for
<b class=
"program">gzip
</b> files
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-bz2.html">7.17 <tt class=
"module">bz2
</tt> --
Compression compatible with
<b class=
"program">bzip2
</b></a>
<LI><A href=
"node406.html">7.17.1 (De)compression of files
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node407.html">7.17.2 Sequential (de)compression
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node408.html">7.17.3 One-shot (de)compression
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-zipfile.html">7.18 <tt class=
"module">zipfile
</tt> --
Work with ZIP archives
</a>
<LI><A href=
"zipfile-objects.html">7.18.1 ZipFile Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"pyzipfile-objects.html">7.18.2 PyZipFile Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"zipinfo-objects.html">7.18.3 ZipInfo Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-tarfile.html">7.19 <tt class=
"module">tarfile
</tt> -- Read and write tar archive files
</a>
<LI><A href=
"tarfile-objects.html">7.19.1 TarFile Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"tarinfo-objects.html">7.19.2 TarInfo Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"tar-examples.html">7.19.3 Examples
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-readline.html">7.20 <tt class=
"module">readline
</tt> --
GNU readline interface
</a>
<LI><A href=
"readline-example.html">7.20.1 Example
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-rlcompleter.html">7.21 <tt class=
"module">rlcompleter
</tt> --
Completion function for GNU readline
</a>
<LI><A href=
"completer-objects.html">7.21.1 Completer Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"unix.html">8. Unix Specific Services
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-posix.html">8.1 <tt class=
"module">posix
</tt> --
The most common POSIX system calls
</a>
<LI><A href=
"posix-large-files.html">8.1.1 Large File Support
</a>
<LI><A href=
"posix-contents.html">8.1.2 Module Contents
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-pwd.html">8.2 <tt class=
"module">pwd
</tt> --
The password database
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-grp.html">8.3 <tt class=
"module">grp
</tt> --
<LI><A href=
"module-crypt.html">8.4 <tt class=
"module">crypt
</tt> --
Function to check
<span class=
"Unix">Unix
</span> passwords
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-dl.html">8.5 <tt class=
"module">dl
</tt> --
Call C functions in shared objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"dl-objects.html">8.5.1 Dl Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-dbm.html">8.6 <tt class=
"module">dbm
</tt> --
Simple ``database'' interface
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-gdbm.html">8.7 <tt class=
"module">gdbm
</tt> --
GNU's reinterpretation of dbm
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-termios.html">8.8 <tt class=
"module">termios
</tt> --
POSIX style tty control
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node433.html">8.8.1 Example
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-tty.html">8.9 <tt class=
"module">tty
</tt> --
Terminal control functions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-pty.html">8.10 <tt class=
"module">pty
</tt> --
Pseudo-terminal utilities
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-fcntl.html">8.11 <tt class=
"module">fcntl
</tt> --
The
<tt class=
"function">fcntl()
</tt> and
<tt class=
"function">ioctl()
</tt> system calls
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-pipes.html">8.12 <tt class=
"module">pipes
</tt> --
Interface to shell pipelines
</a>
<LI><A href=
"template-objects.html">8.12.1 Template Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-posixfile.html">8.13 <tt class=
"module">posixfile
</tt> --
File-like objects with locking support
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-resource.html">8.14 <tt class=
"module">resource
</tt> --
Resource usage information
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node441.html">8.14.1 Resource Limits
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node442.html">8.14.2 Resource Usage
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-nis.html">8.15 <tt class=
"module">nis
</tt> --
Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages)
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-syslog.html">8.16 <tt class=
"module">syslog
</tt> --
<span class=
"Unix">Unix
</span> syslog library routines
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-commands.html">8.17 <tt class=
"module">commands
</tt> --
Utilities for running commands
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-pdb.html">9. The Python Debugger
</a>
<LI><A href=
"debugger-commands.html">9.1 Debugger Commands
</a>
<LI><A href=
"debugger-hooks.html">9.2 How It Works
</a>
<LI><A href=
"profile.html">10. The Python Profiler
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node450.html">10.1 Introduction to the profiler
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node451.html">10.2 How Is This Profiler Different From The Old Profiler?
</a>
<LI><A href=
"profile-instant.html">10.3 Instant Users Manual
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node453.html">10.4 What Is Deterministic Profiling?
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-profile.html">10.5 Reference Manual
</a>
<LI><A href=
"profile-stats.html">10.5.1 The
<tt class=
"class">Stats
</tt> Class
</a>
<LI><A href=
"profile-limits.html">10.6 Limitations
</a>
<LI><A href=
"profile-calibration.html">10.7 Calibration
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node458.html">10.8 Extensions -- Deriving Better Profilers
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-hotshot.html">10.9 <tt class=
"module">hotshot
</tt> --
High performance logging profiler
</a>
<LI><A href=
"hotshot-objects.html">10.9.1 Profile Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-hotshot.stats.html">10.9.2 Using hotshot data
</a>
<LI><A href=
"hotshot-example.html">10.9.3 Example Usage
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-timeit.html">10.10 <tt class=
"module">timeit
</tt> --
Measure execution time of small code snippets
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node464.html">10.10.1 Command Line Interface
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node465.html">10.10.2 Examples
</a>
<LI><A href=
"internet.html">11. Internet Protocols and Support
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-webbrowser.html">11.1 <tt class=
"module">webbrowser
</tt> --
Convenient Web-browser controller
</a>
<LI><A href=
"browser-controllers.html">11.1.1 Browser Controller Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-cgi.html">11.2 <tt class=
"module">cgi
</tt> --
Common Gateway Interface support.
</a>
<LI><A href=
"cgi-intro.html">11.2.1 Introduction
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node471.html">11.2.2 Using the cgi module
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node472.html">11.2.3 Higher Level Interface
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node473.html">11.2.4 Old classes
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node474.html">11.2.5 Functions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"cgi-security.html">11.2.6 Caring about security
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node476.html">11.2.7 Installing your CGI script on a
<span class=
"Unix">Unix
</span> system
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node477.html">11.2.8 Testing your CGI script
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node478.html">11.2.9 Debugging CGI scripts
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node479.html">11.2.10 Common problems and solutions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-cgitb.html">11.3 <tt class=
"module">cgitb
</tt> --
Traceback manager for CGI scripts
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-urllib.html">11.4 <tt class=
"module">urllib
</tt> --
Open arbitrary resources by URL
</a>
<LI><A href=
"urlopener-objs.html">11.4.1 URLopener Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node483.html">11.4.2 Examples
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-urllib2.html">11.5 <tt class=
"module">urllib2
</tt> --
extensible library for opening URLs
</a>
<LI><A href=
"request-objects.html">11.5.1 Request Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"opener-director-objects.html">11.5.2 OpenerDirector Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"base-handler-objects.html">11.5.3 BaseHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"http-redirect-handler.html">11.5.4 HTTPRedirectHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"http-cookie-processor.html">11.5.5 HTTPCookieProcessor Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"proxy-handler.html">11.5.6 ProxyHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"http-password-mgr.html">11.5.7 HTTPPasswordMgr Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"abstract-basic-auth-handler.html">11.5.8 AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"http-basic-auth-handler.html">11.5.9 HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"proxy-basic-auth-handler.html">11.5.10 ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"abstract-digest-auth-handler.html">11.5.11 AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"http-digest-auth-handler.html">11.5.12 HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"proxy-digest-auth-handler.html">11.5.13 ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"http-handler-objects.html">11.5.14 HTTPHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"https-handler-objects.html">11.5.15 HTTPSHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"file-handler-objects.html">11.5.16 FileHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"ftp-handler-objects.html">11.5.17 FTPHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"cacheftp-handler-objects.html">11.5.18 CacheFTPHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"gopher-handler.html">11.5.19 GopherHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"unknown-handler-objects.html">11.5.20 UnknownHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"http-error-processor-objects.html">11.5.21 HTTPErrorProcessor Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"urllib2-examples.html">11.5.22 Examples
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-httplib.html">11.6 <tt class=
"module">httplib
</tt> --
<LI><A href=
"httpconnection-objects.html">11.6.1 HTTPConnection Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"httpresponse-objects.html">11.6.2 HTTPResponse Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"httplib-examples.html">11.6.3 Examples
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-ftplib.html">11.7 <tt class=
"module">ftplib
</tt> --
<LI><A href=
"ftp-objects.html">11.7.1 FTP Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-gopherlib.html">11.8 <tt class=
"module">gopherlib
</tt> --
Gopher protocol client
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-poplib.html">11.9 <tt class=
"module">poplib
</tt> --
<LI><A href=
"pop3-objects.html">11.9.1 POP3 Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"pop3-example.html">11.9.2 POP3 Example
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-imaplib.html">11.10 <tt class=
"module">imaplib
</tt> --
IMAP4 protocol client
</a>
<LI><A href=
"imap4-objects.html">11.10.1 IMAP4 Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"imap4-example.html">11.10.2 IMAP4 Example
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-nntplib.html">11.11 <tt class=
"module">nntplib
</tt> --
<LI><A href=
"nntp-objects.html">11.11.1 NNTP Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-smtplib.html">11.12 <tt class=
"module">smtplib
</tt> --
<LI><A href=
"SMTP-objects.html">11.12.1 SMTP Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"SMTP-example.html">11.12.2 SMTP Example
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-smtpd.html">11.13 <tt class=
"module">smtpd
</tt> --
<LI><A href=
"node526.html">11.13.1 SMTPServer Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node527.html">11.13.2 DebuggingServer Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node528.html">11.13.3 PureProxy Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node529.html">11.13.4 MailmanProxy Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-telnetlib.html">11.14 <tt class=
"module">telnetlib
</tt> --
<LI><A href=
"telnet-objects.html">11.14.1 Telnet Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"telnet-example.html">11.14.2 Telnet Example
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-urlparse.html">11.15 <tt class=
"module">urlparse
</tt> --
Parse URLs into components
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-SocketServer.html">11.16 <tt class=
"module">SocketServer
</tt> --
A framework for network servers
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node535.html">11.16.1 Server Creation Notes
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node536.html">11.16.2 Server Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node537.html">11.16.3 RequestHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-BaseHTTPServer.html">11.17 <tt class=
"module">BaseHTTPServer
</tt> --
<LI><A href=
"module-SimpleHTTPServer.html">11.18 <tt class=
"module">SimpleHTTPServer
</tt> --
Simple HTTP request handler
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-CGIHTTPServer.html">11.19 <tt class=
"module">CGIHTTPServer
</tt> --
CGI-capable HTTP request handler
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-cookielib.html">11.20 <tt class=
"module">cookielib
</tt> --
Cookie handling for HTTP clients
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node542.html">11.20.1 CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"file-cookie-jar-classes.html">11.20.2 FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers
</a>
<LI><A href=
"cookie-policy-objects.html">11.20.3 CookiePolicy Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"default-cookie-policy-objects.html">11.20.4 DefaultCookiePolicy Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"cookie-jar-objects.html">11.20.5 Cookie Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"cookielib-examples.html">11.20.6 Examples
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-Cookie.html">11.21 <tt class=
"module">Cookie
</tt> --
HTTP state management
</a>
<LI><A href=
"cookie-objects.html">11.21.1 Cookie Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"morsel-objects.html">11.21.2 Morsel Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"cookie-example.html">11.21.3 Example
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-xmlrpclib.html">11.22 <tt class=
"module">xmlrpclib
</tt> -- XML-RPC client access
</a>
<LI><A href=
"serverproxy-objects.html">11.22.1 ServerProxy Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"boolean-objects.html">11.22.2 Boolean Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"datetime-objects.html">11.22.3 DateTime Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"binary-objects.html">11.22.4 Binary Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"fault-objects.html">11.22.5 Fault Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"protocol-error-objects.html">11.22.6 ProtocolError Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node559.html">11.22.7 MultiCall Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node560.html">11.22.8 Convenience Functions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"xmlrpc-client-example.html">11.22.9 Example of Client Usage
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-SimpleXMLRPCServer.html">11.23 <tt class=
"module">SimpleXMLRPCServer
</tt> --
<LI><A href=
"simple-xmlrpc-servers.html">11.23.1 SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node564.html">11.23.2 CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-DocXMLRPCServer.html">11.24 <tt class=
"module">DocXMLRPCServer
</tt> --
Self-documenting XML-RPC server
</a>
<LI><A href=
"doc-xmlrpc-servers.html">11.24.1 DocXMLRPCServer Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node567.html">11.24.2 DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-asyncore.html">11.25 <tt class=
"module">asyncore
</tt> --
Asynchronous socket handler
</a>
<LI><A href=
"asyncore-example.html">11.25.1 asyncore Example basic HTTP client
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-asynchat.html">11.26 <tt class=
"module">asynchat
</tt> --
Asynchronous socket command/response handler
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node571.html">11.26.1 asynchat - Auxiliary Classes and Functions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"asynchat-example.html">11.26.2 asynchat Example
</a>
<LI><A href=
"netdata.html">12. Internet Data Handling
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-formatter.html">12.1 <tt class=
"module">formatter
</tt> --
Generic output formatting
</a>
<LI><A href=
"formatter-interface.html">12.1.1 The Formatter Interface
</a>
<LI><A href=
"formatter-impls.html">12.1.2 Formatter Implementations
</a>
<LI><A href=
"writer-interface.html">12.1.3 The Writer Interface
</a>
<LI><A href=
"writer-impls.html">12.1.4 Writer Implementations
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-email.html">12.2 <tt class=
"module">email
</tt> --
An email and MIME handling package
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-email.Message.html">12.2.1 Representing an email message
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-email.Parser.html">12.2.2 Parsing email messages
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-email.Generator.html">12.2.3 Generating MIME documents
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node588.html">12.2.4 Creating email and MIME objects from scratch
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-email.Header.html">12.2.5 Internationalized headers
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-email.Charset.html">12.2.6 Representing character sets
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-email.Encoders.html">12.2.7 Encoders
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-email.Errors.html">12.2.8 Exception and Defect classes
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-email.Utils.html">12.2.9 Miscellaneous utilities
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-email.Iterators.html">12.2.10 Iterators
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node595.html">12.2.11 Package History
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node596.html">12.2.12 Differences from
<tt class=
"module">mimelib
</tt></a>
<LI><A href=
"node597.html">12.2.13 Examples
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-mailcap.html">12.3 <tt class=
"module">mailcap
</tt> --
Mailcap file handling.
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-mailbox.html">12.4 <tt class=
"module">mailbox
</tt> --
Read various mailbox formats
</a>
<LI><A href=
"mailbox-objects.html">12.4.1 Mailbox Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-mhlib.html">12.5 <tt class=
"module">mhlib
</tt> --
Access to MH mailboxes
</a>
<LI><A href=
"mh-objects.html">12.5.1 MH Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"mh-folder-objects.html">12.5.2 Folder Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"mh-message-objects.html">12.5.3 Message Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-mimetools.html">12.6 <tt class=
"module">mimetools
</tt> --
Tools for parsing MIME messages
</a>
<LI><A href=
"mimetools-message-objects.html">12.6.1 Additional Methods of Message Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-mimetypes.html">12.7 <tt class=
"module">mimetypes
</tt> --
Map filenames to MIME types
</a>
<LI><A href=
"mimetypes-objects.html">12.7.1 MimeTypes Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-MimeWriter.html">12.8 <tt class=
"module">MimeWriter
</tt> --
Generic MIME file writer
</a>
<LI><A href=
"MimeWriter-objects.html">12.8.1 MimeWriter Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-mimify.html">12.9 <tt class=
"module">mimify
</tt> --
MIME processing of mail messages
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-multifile.html">12.10 <tt class=
"module">multifile
</tt> --
Support for files containing distinct parts
</a>
<LI><A href=
"MultiFile-objects.html">12.10.1 MultiFile Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"multifile-example.html">12.10.2 <tt class=
"class">MultiFile
</tt> Example
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-rfc822.html">12.11 <tt class=
"module">rfc822
</tt> --
Parse RFC
2822 mail headers
</a>
<LI><A href=
"message-objects.html">12.11.1 Message Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"addresslist-objects.html">12.11.2 AddressList Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-base64.html">12.12 <tt class=
"module">base64
</tt> --
RFC
3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-binascii.html">12.13 <tt class=
"module">binascii
</tt> --
Convert between binary and ASCII
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-binhex.html">12.14 <tt class=
"module">binhex
</tt> --
Encode and decode binhex4 files
</a>
<LI><A href=
"binhex-notes.html">12.14.1 Notes
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-quopri.html">12.15 <tt class=
"module">quopri
</tt> --
Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-uu.html">12.16 <tt class=
"module">uu
</tt> --
Encode and decode uuencode files
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-xdrlib.html">12.17 <tt class=
"module">xdrlib
</tt> --
Encode and decode XDR data
</a>
<LI><A href=
"xdr-packer-objects.html">12.17.1 Packer Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"xdr-unpacker-objects.html">12.17.2 Unpacker Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"xdr-exceptions.html">12.17.3 Exceptions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-netrc.html">12.18 <tt class=
"module">netrc
</tt> --
netrc file processing
</a>
<LI><A href=
"netrc-objects.html">12.18.1 netrc Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-robotparser.html">12.19 <tt class=
"module">robotparser
</tt> --
Parser for robots.txt
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-csv.html">12.20 <tt class=
"module">csv
</tt> -- CSV File Reading and Writing
</a>
<LI><A href=
"csv-contents.html">12.20.1 Module Contents
</a>
<LI><A href=
"csv-fmt-params.html">12.20.2 Dialects and Formatting Parameters
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node634.html">12.20.3 Reader Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node635.html">12.20.4 Writer Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node636.html">12.20.5 Examples
</a>
<LI><A href=
"markup.html">13. Structured Markup Processing Tools
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-HTMLParser.html">13.1 <tt class=
"module">HTMLParser
</tt> --
Simple HTML and XHTML parser
</a>
<LI><A href=
"htmlparser-example.html">13.1.1 Example HTML Parser Application
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-sgmllib.html">13.2 <tt class=
"module">sgmllib
</tt> --
<LI><A href=
"module-htmllib.html">13.3 <tt class=
"module">htmllib
</tt> --
A parser for HTML documents
</a>
<LI><A href=
"html-parser-objects.html">13.3.1 HTMLParser Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-htmlentitydefs.html">13.4 <tt class=
"module">htmlentitydefs
</tt> --
Definitions of HTML general entities
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-xml.parsers.expat.html">13.5 <tt class=
"module">xml.parsers.expat
</tt> --
Fast XML parsing using Expat
</a>
<LI><A href=
"xmlparser-objects.html">13.5.1 XMLParser Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"expaterror-objects.html">13.5.2 ExpatError Exceptions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"expat-example.html">13.5.3 Example
</a>
<LI><A href=
"expat-content-models.html">13.5.4 Content Model Descriptions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"expat-errors.html">13.5.5 Expat error constants
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-xml.dom.html">13.6 <tt class=
"module">xml.dom
</tt> --
The Document Object Model API
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node651.html">13.6.1 Module Contents
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node652.html">13.6.2 Objects in the DOM
</a>
<LI><A href=
"dom-conformance.html">13.6.3 Conformance
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-xml.dom.minidom.html">13.7 <tt class=
"module">xml.dom.minidom
</tt> --
Lightweight DOM implementation
</a>
<LI><A href=
"dom-objects.html">13.7.1 DOM Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"dom-example.html">13.7.2 DOM Example
</a>
<LI><A href=
"minidom-and-dom.html">13.7.3 minidom and the DOM standard
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-xml.dom.pulldom.html">13.8 <tt class=
"module">xml.dom.pulldom
</tt> --
Support for building partial DOM trees
</a>
<LI><A href=
"domeventstream-objects.html">13.8.1 DOMEventStream Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-xml.sax.html">13.9 <tt class=
"module">xml.sax
</tt> --
Support for SAX2 parsers
</a>
<LI><A href=
"sax-exception-objects.html">13.9.1 SAXException Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-xml.sax.handler.html">13.10 <tt class=
"module">xml.sax.handler
</tt> --
Base classes for SAX handlers
</a>
<LI><A href=
"content-handler-objects.html">13.10.1 ContentHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"dtd-handler-objects.html">13.10.2 DTDHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"entity-resolver-objects.html">13.10.3 EntityResolver Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"sax-error-handler.html">13.10.4 ErrorHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-xml.sax.saxutils.html">13.11 <tt class=
"module">xml.sax.saxutils
</tt> --
<LI><A href=
"module-xml.sax.xmlreader.html">13.12 <tt class=
"module">xml.sax.xmlreader
</tt> --
Interface for XML parsers
</a>
<LI><A href=
"xmlreader-objects.html">13.12.1 XMLReader Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"incremental-parser-objects.html">13.12.2 IncrementalParser Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"locator-objects.html">13.12.3 Locator Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"input-source-objects.html">13.12.4 InputSource Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"attributes-objects.html">13.12.5 The
<tt class=
"class">Attributes
</tt> Interface
</a>
<LI><A href=
"attributes-ns-objects.html">13.12.6 The
<tt class=
"class">AttributesNS
</tt> Interface
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-xmllib.html">13.13 <tt class=
"module">xmllib
</tt> --
A parser for XML documents
</a>
<LI><A href=
"xml-namespace.html">13.13.1 XML Namespaces
</a>
<LI><A href=
"mmedia.html">14. Multimedia Services
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-audioop.html">14.1 <tt class=
"module">audioop
</tt> --
Manipulate raw audio data
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-imageop.html">14.2 <tt class=
"module">imageop
</tt> --
Manipulate raw image data
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-aifc.html">14.3 <tt class=
"module">aifc
</tt> --
Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-sunau.html">14.4 <tt class=
"module">sunau
</tt> --
Read and write Sun AU files
</a>
<LI><A href=
"au-read-objects.html">14.4.1 AU_read Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"au-write-objects.html">14.4.2 AU_write Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-wave.html">14.5 <tt class=
"module">wave
</tt> --
Read and write WAV files
</a>
<LI><A href=
"Wave-read-objects.html">14.5.1 Wave_read Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"Wave-write-objects.html">14.5.2 Wave_write Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-chunk.html">14.6 <tt class=
"module">chunk
</tt> --
Read IFF chunked data
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-colorsys.html">14.7 <tt class=
"module">colorsys
</tt> --
Conversions between color systems
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-rgbimg.html">14.8 <tt class=
"module">rgbimg
</tt> --
Read and write ``SGI RGB'' files
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-imghdr.html">14.9 <tt class=
"module">imghdr
</tt> --
Determine the type of an image
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-sndhdr.html">14.10 <tt class=
"module">sndhdr
</tt> --
Determine type of sound file
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-ossaudiodev.html">14.11 <tt class=
"module">ossaudiodev
</tt> --
Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
</a>
<LI><A href=
"ossaudio-device-objects.html">14.11.1 Audio Device Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"mixer-device-objects.html">14.11.2 Mixer Device Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"crypto.html">15. Cryptographic Services
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-hmac.html">15.1 <tt class=
"module">hmac
</tt> --
Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-md5.html">15.2 <tt class=
"module">md5
</tt> --
MD5 message digest algorithm
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-sha.html">15.3 <tt class=
"module">sha
</tt> --
SHA-
1 message digest algorithm
</a>
<LI><A href=
"tkinter.html">16. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-Tkinter.html">16.1 <tt class=
"module">Tkinter
</tt> --
Python interface to Tcl/Tk
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node715.html">16.1.1 Tkinter Modules
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node716.html">16.1.2 Tkinter Life Preserver
</a>
<LI><A href=
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</a>
<LI><A href=
"tkinter-basic-mapping.html">16.1.4 Mapping Basic Tk into Tkinter
</a>
<LI><A href=
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<LI><A href=
"node722.html">16.1.6 Handy Reference
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-Tix.html">16.2 <tt class=
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</tt> --
Extension widgets for Tk
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node733.html">16.2.1 Using Tix
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node734.html">16.2.2 Tix Widgets
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node743.html">16.2.3 Tix Commands
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-ScrolledText.html">16.3 <tt class=
"module">ScrolledText
</tt> --
<LI><A href=
"module-turtle.html">16.4 <tt class=
"module">turtle
</tt> --
Turtle graphics for Tk
</a>
<LI><A href=
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<LI><A href=
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<LI><A href=
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<LI><A href=
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<LI><A href=
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<LI><A href=
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<LI><A href=
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</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-rexec.html">17.1 <tt class=
"module">rexec
</tt> --
Restricted execution framework
</a>
<LI><A href=
"rexec-objects.html">17.1.1 RExec Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"rexec-extension.html">17.1.2 Defining restricted environments
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<LI><A href=
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<LI><A href=
"module-Bastion.html">17.2 <tt class=
"module">Bastion
</tt> --
Restricting access to objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"language.html">18. Python Language Services
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-parser.html">18.1 <tt class=
"module">parser
</tt> --
Access Python parse trees
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node767.html">18.1.1 Creating AST Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node768.html">18.1.2 Converting AST Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
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</a>
<LI><A href=
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<LI><A href=
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<LI><A href=
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</a>
<LI><A href=
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"module">symbol
</tt> --
Constants used with Python parse trees
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<LI><A href=
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"module">token
</tt> --
Constants used with Python parse trees
</a>
<LI><A href=
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</tt> --
Testing for Python keywords
</a>
<LI><A href=
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</tt> --
Tokenizer for Python source
</a>
<LI><A href=
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</tt> --
Detection of ambiguous indentation
</a>
<LI><A href=
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"module">pyclbr
</tt> --
Python class browser support
</a>
<LI><A href=
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<LI><A href=
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Compile Python source files
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</tt> --
Byte-compile Python libraries
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<LI><A href=
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Disassembler for Python byte code
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<LI><A href=
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</a>
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</tt> -- Tools for pickle developers.
</a>
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</tt> --
Building and installing Python modules
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Audio functions on the SGI
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CD-ROM access on SGI systems
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FORMS library for graphical user interfaces
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<tt class=
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<LI><A href=
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"module">FL
</tt> --
Constants used with the
<tt class=
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</tt> module
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<LI><A href=
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Functions for loading stored FORMS designs
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</tt> --
<em>Font Manager
</em> interface
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</tt> --
<em>Graphics Library
</em> interface
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</tt> --
Constants used with the
<tt class=
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</tt> module
</a>
<LI><A href=
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"module">GL
</tt> --
Constants used with the
<tt class=
"module">gl
</tt> module
</a>
<LI><A href=
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"module">imgfile
</tt> --
Support for SGI imglib files
</a>
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"module-jpeg.html">20.12 <tt class=
"module">jpeg
</tt> --
Read and write JPEG files
</a>
<LI><A href=
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<LI><A href=
"module-sunaudiodev.html">21.1 <tt class=
"module">sunaudiodev
</tt> --
Access to Sun audio hardware
</a>
<LI><A href=
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<LI><A href=
"module-sunaudiodev-constants.html">21.2 <tt class=
"module">SUNAUDIODEV
</tt> --
Constants used with
<tt class=
"module">sunaudiodev
</tt></a>
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<LI><A href=
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"module">msvcrt
</tt> -
Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
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<LI><A href=
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</tt> -
Windows registry access
</a>
<LI><A href=
"handle-object.html">22.2.1 Registry Handle Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"module-winsound.html">22.3 <tt class=
"module">winsound
</tt> --
Sound-playing interface for Windows
</a>
<LI><A href=
"undoc.html">A. Undocumented Modules
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node831.html">A
.1 Frameworks
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node832.html">A
.2 Miscellaneous useful utilities
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node833.html">A
.3 Platform specific modules
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node834.html">A
.4 Multimedia
</a>
<LI><A href=
"obsolete-modules.html">A
.5 Obsolete
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node836.html">A
.6 SGI-specific Extension modules
</a>
<LI><A href=
"reporting-bugs.html">B. Reporting Bugs
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node838.html">C. History and License
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node839.html">C
.1 History of the software
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node840.html">C
.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node841.html">C
.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node842.html">C
.3.1 Mersenne Twister
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node843.html">C
.3.2 Sockets
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node844.html">C
.3.3 Floating point exception control
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node845.html">C
.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node846.html">C
.3.5 Asynchronous socket services
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node847.html">C
.3.6 Cookie management
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node848.html">C
.3.7 Profiling
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node849.html">C
.3.8 Execution tracing
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node850.html">C
.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions
</a>
<LI><A href=
"node851.html">C
.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls
</a>
<LI><A href=
"modindex.html">Module Index
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