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<h1>Python Library Reference</h1>
<p><b><font size="+2">Guido van Rossum</font></b></p>
<p>
<strong>Python Software Foundation</strong>
<BR>
Email: <span class="email">docs@python.org</span>
</p>
<p><i> Fred L. Drake, Jr., editor</i></p>
<p><strong>Release 2.4.2</strong><br />
<strong>28 September 2005</strong></p>
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<LI><A href="front.html">Front Matter</a>
<LI><A href="contents.html">Contents</a>
<LI><A href="intro.html">1. Introduction</a>
<LI><A href="builtin.html">2. Built-In Objects</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="built-in-funcs.html">2.1 Built-in Functions</a>
<LI><A href="non-essential-built-in-funcs.html">2.2 Non-essential Built-in Functions</a>
<LI><A href="types.html">2.3 Built-in Types</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="truth.html">2.3.1 Truth Value Testing</a>
<LI><A href="boolean.html">2.3.2 Boolean Operations --
<tt class="keyword">and</tt>, <tt class="keyword">or</tt>, <tt class="keyword">not</tt></a>
<LI><A href="comparisons.html">2.3.3 Comparisons</a>
<LI><A href="typesnumeric.html">2.3.4 Numeric Types --
<tt class="class">int</tt>, <tt class="class">float</tt>, <tt class="class">long</tt>, <tt class="class">complex</tt></a>
<LI><A href="typeiter.html">2.3.5 Iterator Types</a>
<LI><A href="typesseq.html">2.3.6 Sequence Types --
<tt class="class">str</tt>, <tt class="class">unicode</tt>, <tt class="class">list</tt>,
<tt class="class">tuple</tt>, <tt class="class">buffer</tt>, <tt class="class">xrange</tt></a>
<LI><A href="types-set.html">2.3.7 Set Types --
<tt class="class">set</tt>, <tt class="class">frozenset</tt></a>
<LI><A href="typesmapping.html">2.3.8 Mapping Types -- classdict</a>
<LI><A href="bltin-file-objects.html">2.3.9 File Objects</a>
<LI><A href="typesother.html">2.3.10 Other Built-in Types</a>
<LI><A href="specialattrs.html">2.3.11 Special Attributes</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-exceptions.html">2.4 Built-in Exceptions</a>
<LI><A href="node35.html">2.5 Built-in Constants</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="python.html">3. Python Runtime Services</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="module-sys.html">3.1 <tt class="module">sys</tt> --
System-specific parameters and functions</a>
<LI><A href="module-gc.html">3.2 <tt class="module">gc</tt> --
Garbage Collector interface</a>
<LI><A href="module-weakref.html">3.3 <tt class="module">weakref</tt> --
Weak references</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="weakref-objects.html">3.3.1 Weak Reference Objects</a>
<LI><A href="weakref-example.html">3.3.2 Example</a>
<LI><A href="weakref-extension.html">3.3.3 Weak References in Extension Types</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-fpectl.html">3.4 <tt class="module">fpectl</tt> --
Floating point exception control</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="fpectl-example.html">3.4.1 Example</a>
<LI><A href="node45.html">3.4.2 Limitations and other considerations</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-atexit.html">3.5 <tt class="module">atexit</tt> --
Exit handlers</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="atexit-example.html">3.5.1 <tt class="module">atexit</tt> Example</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-types.html">3.6 <tt class="module">types</tt> --
Names for built-in types</a>
<LI><A href="module-UserDict.html">3.7 <tt class="module">UserDict</tt> --
Class wrapper for dictionary objects</a>
<LI><A href="module-UserList.html">3.8 <tt class="module">UserList</tt> --
Class wrapper for list objects</a>
<LI><A href="module-UserString.html">3.9 <tt class="module">UserString</tt> --
Class wrapper for string objects</a>
<LI><A href="module-operator.html">3.10 <tt class="module">operator</tt> --
Standard operators as functions.</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="operator-map.html">3.10.1 Mapping Operators to Functions</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-inspect.html">3.11 <tt class="module">inspect</tt> --
Inspect live objects</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="inspect-types.html">3.11.1 Types and members</a>
<LI><A href="inspect-source.html">3.11.2 Retrieving source code</a>
<LI><A href="inspect-classes-functions.html">3.11.3 Classes and functions</a>
<LI><A href="inspect-stack.html">3.11.4 The interpreter stack</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-traceback.html">3.12 <tt class="module">traceback</tt> --
Print or retrieve a stack traceback</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="traceback-example.html">3.12.1 Traceback Example</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-linecache.html">3.13 <tt class="module">linecache</tt> --
Random access to text lines</a>
<LI><A href="module-pickle.html">3.14 <tt class="module">pickle</tt> -- Python object serialization</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node63.html">3.14.1 Relationship to other Python modules</a>
<LI><A href="node64.html">3.14.2 Data stream format</a>
<LI><A href="node65.html">3.14.3 Usage</a>
<LI><A href="node66.html">3.14.4 What can be pickled and unpickled?</a>
<LI><A href="pickle-protocol.html">3.14.5 The pickle protocol</a>
<LI><A href="pickle-sub.html">3.14.6 Subclassing Unpicklers</a>
<LI><A href="pickle-example.html">3.14.7 Example</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-cPickle.html">3.15 <tt class="module">cPickle</tt> -- A faster <tt class="module">pickle</tt></a>
<LI><A href="module-copyreg.html">3.16 <tt class="module">copy_reg</tt> --
Register <tt class="module">pickle</tt> support functions</a>
<LI><A href="module-shelve.html">3.17 <tt class="module">shelve</tt> --
Python object persistence</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node76.html">3.17.1 Restrictions</a>
<LI><A href="node77.html">3.17.2 Example</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-copy.html">3.18 <tt class="module">copy</tt> --
Shallow and deep copy operations</a>
<LI><A href="module-marshal.html">3.19 <tt class="module">marshal</tt> --
Internal Python object serialization</a>
<LI><A href="module-warnings.html">3.20 <tt class="module">warnings</tt> --
Warning control</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="warning-categories.html">3.20.1 Warning Categories</a>
<LI><A href="warning-filter.html">3.20.2 The Warnings Filter</a>
<LI><A href="warning-functions.html">3.20.3 Available Functions</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-imp.html">3.21 <tt class="module">imp</tt> --
Access the <tt class="keyword">import</tt> internals</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="examples-imp.html">3.21.1 Examples</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-zipimport.html">3.22 <tt class="module">zipimport</tt> --
Import modules from Zip archives</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="zipimporter-objects.html">3.22.1 zipimporter Objects</a>
<LI><A href="node88.html">3.22.2 Examples</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-pkgutil.html">3.23 <tt class="module">pkgutil</tt> --
Package extension utility</a>
<LI><A href="module-modulefinder.html">3.24 <tt class="module">modulefinder</tt> --
Find modules used by a script</a>
<LI><A href="module-code.html">3.25 <tt class="module">code</tt> --
Interpreter base classes</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="interpreter-objects.html">3.25.1 Interactive Interpreter Objects</a>
<LI><A href="console-objects.html">3.25.2 Interactive Console Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-codeop.html">3.26 <tt class="module">codeop</tt> --
Compile Python code</a>
<LI><A href="module-pprint.html">3.27 <tt class="module">pprint</tt> --
Data pretty printer</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node96.html">3.27.1 PrettyPrinter Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-repr.html">3.28 <tt class="module">repr</tt> --
Alternate <tt class="function">repr()</tt> implementation</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="Repr-objects.html">3.28.1 Repr Objects</a>
<LI><A href="subclassing-reprs.html">3.28.2 Subclassing Repr Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-new.html">3.29 <tt class="module">new</tt> --
Creation of runtime internal objects</a>
<LI><A href="module-site.html">3.30 <tt class="module">site</tt> --
Site-specific configuration hook</a>
<LI><A href="module-user.html">3.31 <tt class="module">user</tt> --
User-specific configuration hook</a>
<LI><A href="module-builtin.html">3.32 <tt class="module">__builtin__</tt> --
Built-in objects</a>
<LI><A href="module-main.html">3.33 <tt class="module">__main__</tt> --
Top-level script environment</a>
<LI><A href="module-future.html">3.34 <tt class="module">__future__</tt> --
Future statement definitions</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="strings.html">4. String Services</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="module-string.html">4.1 <tt class="module">string</tt> --
Common string operations</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node108.html">4.1.1 String constants</a>
<LI><A href="node109.html">4.1.2 Template strings</a>
<LI><A href="node110.html">4.1.3 String functions</a>
<LI><A href="node111.html">4.1.4 Deprecated string functions</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-re.html">4.2 <tt class="module">re</tt> --
Regular expression operations</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="re-syntax.html">4.2.1 Regular Expression Syntax</a>
<LI><A href="matching-searching.html">4.2.2 Matching vs Searching</a>
<LI><A href="node115.html">4.2.3 Module Contents</a>
<LI><A href="re-objects.html">4.2.4 Regular Expression Objects</a>
<LI><A href="match-objects.html">4.2.5 Match Objects</a>
<LI><A href="node118.html">4.2.6 Examples</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-struct.html">4.3 <tt class="module">struct</tt> --
Interpret strings as packed binary data</a>
<LI><A href="module-difflib.html">4.4 <tt class="module">difflib</tt> --
Helpers for computing deltas</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="sequence-matcher.html">4.4.1 SequenceMatcher Objects</a>
<LI><A href="sequencematcher-examples.html">4.4.2 SequenceMatcher Examples</a>
<LI><A href="differ-objects.html">4.4.3 Differ Objects</a>
<LI><A href="differ-examples.html">4.4.4 Differ Example</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-fpformat.html">4.5 <tt class="module">fpformat</tt> --
Floating point conversions</a>
<LI><A href="module-StringIO.html">4.6 <tt class="module">StringIO</tt> --
Read and write strings as files</a>
<LI><A href="module-cStringIO.html">4.7 <tt class="module">cStringIO</tt> --
Faster version of <tt class="module">StringIO</tt></a>
<LI><A href="module-textwrap.html">4.8 <tt class="module">textwrap</tt> --
Text wrapping and filling</a>
<LI><A href="module-codecs.html">4.9 <tt class="module">codecs</tt> --
Codec registry and base classes</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node130.html">4.9.1 Codec Base Classes</a>
<LI><A href="standard-encodings.html">4.9.2 Standard Encodings</a>
<LI><A href="module-encodings.idna.html">4.9.3 <tt class="module">encodings.idna</tt> --
Internationalized Domain Names in Applications</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-unicodedata.html">4.10 <tt class="module">unicodedata</tt> --
Unicode Database</a>
<LI><A href="module-stringprep.html">4.11 <tt class="module">stringprep</tt> --
Internet String Preparation</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="misc.html">5. Miscellaneous Services</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="module-pydoc.html">5.1 <tt class="module">pydoc</tt> --
Documentation generator and online help system</a>
<LI><A href="module-doctest.html">5.2 <tt class="module">doctest</tt> --
Test interactive Python examples</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="doctest-simple-testmod.html">5.2.1 Simple Usage: Checking Examples in
Docstrings</a>
<LI><A href="doctest-simple-testfile.html">5.2.2 Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text
File</a>
<LI><A href="doctest-how-it-works.html">5.2.3 How It Works</a>
<LI><A href="doctest-basic-api.html">5.2.4 Basic API</a>
<LI><A href="doctest-unittest-api.html">5.2.5 Unittest API</a>
<LI><A href="doctest-advanced-api.html">5.2.6 Advanced API</a>
<LI><A href="doctest-debugging.html">5.2.7 Debugging</a>
<LI><A href="doctest-soapbox.html">5.2.8 Soapbox</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-unittest.html">5.3 <tt class="module">unittest</tt> --
Unit testing framework</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node164.html">5.3.1 Basic example</a>
<LI><A href="organizing-tests.html">5.3.2 Organizing test code</a>
<LI><A href="legacy-unit-tests.html">5.3.3 Re-using old test code</a>
<LI><A href="unittest-contents.html">5.3.4 Classes and functions</a>
<LI><A href="testcase-objects.html">5.3.5 TestCase Objects</a>
<LI><A href="testsuite-objects.html">5.3.6 TestSuite Objects</a>
<LI><A href="testresult-objects.html">5.3.7 TestResult Objects</a>
<LI><A href="testloader-objects.html">5.3.8 TestLoader Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-test.html">5.4 <tt class="module">test</tt> --
Regression tests package for Python</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="writing-tests.html">5.4.1 Writing Unit Tests for the <tt class="module">test</tt> package</a>
<LI><A href="regrtest.html">5.4.2 Running tests using <tt class="module">test.regrtest</tt></a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-test.testsupport.html">5.5 <tt class="module">test.test_support</tt> --
Utility functions for tests</a>
<LI><A href="module-decimal.html">5.6 <tt class="module">decimal</tt> --
Decimal floating point arithmetic</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="decimal-tutorial.html">5.6.1 Quick-start Tutorial</a>
<LI><A href="node178.html">5.6.2 Decimal objects</a>
<LI><A href="decimal-decimal.html">5.6.3 Context objects</a>
<LI><A href="decimal-signals.html">5.6.4 Signals</a>
<LI><A href="decimal-notes.html">5.6.5 Floating Point Notes</a>
<LI><A href="decimal-threads.html">5.6.6 Working with threads</a>
<LI><A href="decimal-recipes.html">5.6.7 Recipes</a>
<LI><A href="decimal-faq.html">5.6.8 Decimal FAQ</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-math.html">5.7 <tt class="module">math</tt> --
Mathematical functions</a>
<LI><A href="module-cmath.html">5.8 <tt class="module">cmath</tt> --
Mathematical functions for complex numbers</a>
<LI><A href="module-random.html">5.9 <tt class="module">random</tt> --
Generate pseudo-random numbers</a>
<LI><A href="module-whrandom.html">5.10 <tt class="module">whrandom</tt> --
Pseudo-random number generator</a>
<LI><A href="module-bisect.html">5.11 <tt class="module">bisect</tt> --
Array bisection algorithm</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="bisect-example.html">5.11.1 Examples</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-collections.html">5.12 <tt class="module">collections</tt> --
High-performance container datatypes</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="deque-recipes.html">5.12.1 Recipes</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-heapq.html">5.13 <tt class="module">heapq</tt> --
Heap queue algorithm</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node196.html">5.13.1 Theory</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-array.html">5.14 <tt class="module">array</tt> --
Efficient arrays of numeric values</a>
<LI><A href="module-sets.html">5.15 <tt class="module">sets</tt> --
Unordered collections of unique elements</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="set-objects.html">5.15.1 Set Objects</a>
<LI><A href="set-example.html">5.15.2 Example</a>
<LI><A href="immutable-transforms.html">5.15.3 Protocol for automatic conversion to immutable</a>
<LI><A href="comparison-to-builtin-set.html">5.15.4 Comparison to the built-in <tt class="class">set</tt> types</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-itertools.html">5.16 <tt class="module">itertools</tt> --
Functions creating iterators for efficient looping</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="itertools-functions.html">5.16.1 Itertool functions</a>
<LI><A href="itertools-example.html">5.16.2 Examples</a>
<LI><A href="itertools-recipes.html">5.16.3 Recipes</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-ConfigParser.html">5.17 <tt class="module">ConfigParser</tt> --
Configuration file parser</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="RawConfigParser-objects.html">5.17.1 RawConfigParser Objects</a>
<LI><A href="ConfigParser-objects.html">5.17.2 ConfigParser Objects</a>
<LI><A href="SafeConfigParser-objects.html">5.17.3 SafeConfigParser Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-fileinput.html">5.18 <tt class="module">fileinput</tt> --
Iterate over lines from multiple input streams</a>
<LI><A href="module-calendar.html">5.19 <tt class="module">calendar</tt> --
General calendar-related functions</a>
<LI><A href="module-cmd.html">5.20 <tt class="module">cmd</tt> --
Support for line-oriented command interpreters</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="Cmd-objects.html">5.20.1 Cmd Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-shlex.html">5.21 <tt class="module">shlex</tt> --
Simple lexical analysis</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="shlex-objects.html">5.21.1 shlex Objects</a>
<LI><A href="shlex-parsing-rules.html">5.21.2 Parsing Rules</a>
</ul>
</ul>
<LI><A href="allos.html">6. Generic Operating System Services</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="module-os.html">6.1 <tt class="module">os</tt> --
Miscellaneous operating system interfaces</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="os-procinfo.html">6.1.1 Process Parameters</a>
<LI><A href="os-newstreams.html">6.1.2 File Object Creation</a>
<LI><A href="os-fd-ops.html">6.1.3 File Descriptor Operations</a>
<LI><A href="os-file-dir.html">6.1.4 Files and Directories</a>
<LI><A href="os-process.html">6.1.5 Process Management</a>
<LI><A href="os-path.html">6.1.6 Miscellaneous System Information</a>
<LI><A href="os-miscfunc.html">6.1.7 Miscellaneous Functions</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-os.path.html">6.2 <tt class="module">os.path</tt> --
Common pathname manipulations</a>
<LI><A href="module-dircache.html">6.3 <tt class="module">dircache</tt> --
Cached directory listings</a>
<LI><A href="module-stat.html">6.4 <tt class="module">stat</tt> --
Interpreting <tt class="function">stat()</tt> results</a>
<LI><A href="module-statcache.html">6.5 <tt class="module">statcache</tt> --
An optimization of <tt class="function">os.stat()</tt></a>
<LI><A href="module-statvfs.html">6.6 <tt class="module">statvfs</tt> --
Constants used with <tt class="function">os.statvfs()</tt></a>
<LI><A href="module-filecmp.html">6.7 <tt class="module">filecmp</tt> --
File and Directory Comparisons</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="dircmp-objects.html">6.7.1 The <tt class="class">dircmp</tt> class</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-subprocess.html">6.8 <tt class="module">subprocess</tt> -- Subprocess management</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node235.html">6.8.1 Using the subprocess Module</a>
<LI><A href="node239.html">6.8.2 Popen Objects</a>
<LI><A href="node240.html">6.8.3 Replacing Older Functions with the subprocess Module</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-popen2.html">6.9 <tt class="module">popen2</tt> --
Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="popen3-objects.html">6.9.1 Popen3 and Popen4 Objects</a>
<LI><A href="popen2-flow-control.html">6.9.2 Flow Control Issues</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-datetime.html">6.10 <tt class="module">datetime</tt> --
Basic date and time types</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node251.html">6.10.1 Available Types</a>
<LI><A href="datetime-timedelta.html">6.10.2 <tt class="class">timedelta</tt> Objects</a>
<LI><A href="datetime-date.html">6.10.3 <tt class="class">date</tt> Objects</a>
<LI><A href="datetime-datetime.html">6.10.4 <tt class="class">datetime</tt> Objects</a>
<LI><A href="datetime-time.html">6.10.5 <tt class="class">time</tt> Objects</a>
<LI><A href="datetime-tzinfo.html">6.10.6 <tt class="class">tzinfo</tt> Objects</a>
<LI><A href="node257.html">6.10.7 <tt class="method">strftime()</tt> Behavior</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-time.html">6.11 <tt class="module">time</tt> --
Time access and conversions</a>
<LI><A href="module-sched.html">6.12 <tt class="module">sched</tt> --
Event scheduler</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="scheduler-objects.html">6.12.1 Scheduler Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-mutex.html">6.13 <tt class="module">mutex</tt> --
Mutual exclusion support</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="mutex-objects.html">6.13.1 Mutex Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-getpass.html">6.14 <tt class="module">getpass</tt>
-- Portable password input</a>
<LI><A href="module-curses.html">6.15 <tt class="module">curses</tt> --
Terminal handling for character-cell displays</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="curses-functions.html">6.15.1 Functions</a>
<LI><A href="curses-window-objects.html">6.15.2 Window Objects</a>
<LI><A href="node267.html">6.15.3 Constants</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-curses.textpad.html">6.16 <tt class="module">curses.textpad</tt> --
Text input widget for curses programs</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="curses-textpad-objects.html">6.16.1 Textbox objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-curses.wrapper.html">6.17 <tt class="module">curses.wrapper</tt> --
Terminal handler for curses programs</a>
<LI><A href="module-curses.ascii.html">6.18 <tt class="module">curses.ascii</tt> --
Utilities for ASCII characters</a>
<LI><A href="module-curses.panel.html">6.19 <tt class="module">curses.panel</tt> --
A panel stack extension for curses.</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="cursespanel-functions.html">6.19.1 Functions</a>
<LI><A href="curses-panel-objects.html">6.19.2 Panel Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-getopt.html">6.20 <tt class="module">getopt</tt> --
Parser for command line options</a>
<LI><A href="module-optparse.html">6.21 <tt class="module">optparse</tt> -- More powerful command line option parser</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="optparse-background.html">6.21.1 Background</a>
<LI><A href="optparse-tutorial.html">6.21.2 Tutorial</a>
<LI><A href="optparse-reference-guide.html">6.21.3 Reference Guide</a>
<LI><A href="optparse-option-callbacks.html">6.21.4 Option Callbacks</a>
<LI><A href="optparse-extending-optparse.html">6.21.5 Extending <tt class="module">optparse</tt></a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-tempfile.html">6.22 <tt class="module">tempfile</tt> --
Generate temporary files and directories</a>
<LI><A href="module-errno.html">6.23 <tt class="module">errno</tt> --
Standard errno system symbols</a>
<LI><A href="module-glob.html">6.24 <tt class="module">glob</tt> --
<span class="Unix">Unix</span> style pathname pattern expansion</a>
<LI><A href="module-fnmatch.html">6.25 <tt class="module">fnmatch</tt> --
<span class="Unix">Unix</span> filename pattern matching</a>
<LI><A href="module-shutil.html">6.26 <tt class="module">shutil</tt> --
High-level file operations</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="shutil-example.html">6.26.1 Example</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-locale.html">6.27 <tt class="module">locale</tt> --
Internationalization services</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node323.html">6.27.1 Background, details, hints, tips and caveats</a>
<LI><A href="embedding-locale.html">6.27.2 For extension writers and programs that embed Python</a>
<LI><A href="locale-gettext.html">6.27.3 Access to message catalogs</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-gettext.html">6.28 <tt class="module">gettext</tt> --
Multilingual internationalization services</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node327.html">6.28.1 GNU <b class="program">gettext</b> API</a>
<LI><A href="node328.html">6.28.2 Class-based API</a>
<LI><A href="node333.html">6.28.3 Internationalizing your programs and modules</a>
<LI><A href="node339.html">6.28.4 Acknowledgements</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-logging.html">6.29 <tt class="module">logging</tt> --
Logging facility for Python</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node341.html">6.29.1 Logger Objects</a>
<LI><A href="minimal-example.html">6.29.2 Basic example</a>
<LI><A href="multiple-destinations.html">6.29.3 Logging to multiple destinations</a>
<LI><A href="network-logging.html">6.29.4 Sending and receiving logging events across a network</a>
<LI><A href="node345.html">6.29.5 Handler Objects</a>
<LI><A href="node357.html">6.29.6 Formatter Objects</a>
<LI><A href="node358.html">6.29.7 Filter Objects</a>
<LI><A href="node359.html">6.29.8 LogRecord Objects</a>
<LI><A href="node360.html">6.29.9 Thread Safety</a>
<LI><A href="node361.html">6.29.10 Configuration</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-platform.html">6.30 <tt class="module">platform</tt> --
Access to underlying platform's identifying data.</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node365.html">6.30.1 Cross Platform</a>
<LI><A href="node366.html">6.30.2 Java Platform</a>
<LI><A href="node367.html">6.30.3 Windows Platform</a>
<LI><A href="node369.html">6.30.4 Mac OS Platform</a>
<LI><A href="node370.html">6.30.5 <span class="Unix">Unix</span> Platforms</a>
</ul>
</ul>
<LI><A href="someos.html">7. Optional Operating System Services</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="module-signal.html">7.1 <tt class="module">signal</tt> --
Set handlers for asynchronous events</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node373.html">7.1.1 Example</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-socket.html">7.2 <tt class="module">socket</tt> --
Low-level networking interface</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="socket-objects.html">7.2.1 Socket Objects</a>
<LI><A href="ssl-objects.html">7.2.2 SSL Objects</a>
<LI><A href="socket-example.html">7.2.3 Example</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-select.html">7.3 <tt class="module">select</tt> --
Waiting for I/O completion</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="poll-objects.html">7.3.1 Polling Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-thread.html">7.4 <tt class="module">thread</tt> --
Multiple threads of control</a>
<LI><A href="module-threading.html">7.5 <tt class="module">threading</tt> --
Higher-level threading interface</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="lock-objects.html">7.5.1 Lock Objects</a>
<LI><A href="rlock-objects.html">7.5.2 RLock Objects</a>
<LI><A href="condition-objects.html">7.5.3 Condition Objects</a>
<LI><A href="semaphore-objects.html">7.5.4 Semaphore Objects</a>
<LI><A href="event-objects.html">7.5.5 Event Objects</a>
<LI><A href="thread-objects.html">7.5.6 Thread Objects</a>
<LI><A href="timer-objects.html">7.5.7 Timer Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-dummythread.html">7.6 <tt class="module">dummy_thread</tt> --
Drop-in replacement for the <tt class="module">thread</tt> module</a>
<LI><A href="module-dummythreading.html">7.7 <tt class="module">dummy_threading</tt> --
Drop-in replacement for the <tt class="module">threading</tt> module</a>
<LI><A href="module-Queue.html">7.8 <tt class="module">Queue</tt> --
A synchronized queue class</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="QueueObjects.html">7.8.1 Queue Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-mmap.html">7.9 <tt class="module">mmap</tt> --
Memory-mapped file support</a>
<LI><A href="module-anydbm.html">7.10 <tt class="module">anydbm</tt> --
Generic access to DBM-style databases</a>
<LI><A href="module-dbhash.html">7.11 <tt class="module">dbhash</tt> --
DBM-style interface to the BSD database library</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="dbhash-objects.html">7.11.1 Database Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-whichdb.html">7.12 <tt class="module">whichdb</tt> --
Guess which DBM module created a database</a>
<LI><A href="module-bsddb.html">7.13 <tt class="module">bsddb</tt> --
Interface to Berkeley DB library</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="bsddb-objects.html">7.13.1 Hash, BTree and Record Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-dumbdbm.html">7.14 <tt class="module">dumbdbm</tt> --
Portable DBM implementation</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="dumbdbm-objects.html">7.14.1 Dumbdbm Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-zlib.html">7.15 <tt class="module">zlib</tt> --
Compression compatible with <b class="program">gzip</b></a>
<LI><A href="module-gzip.html">7.16 <tt class="module">gzip</tt> --
Support for <b class="program">gzip</b> files</a>
<LI><A href="module-bz2.html">7.17 <tt class="module">bz2</tt> --
Compression compatible with <b class="program">bzip2</b></a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node406.html">7.17.1 (De)compression of files</a>
<LI><A href="node407.html">7.17.2 Sequential (de)compression</a>
<LI><A href="node408.html">7.17.3 One-shot (de)compression</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-zipfile.html">7.18 <tt class="module">zipfile</tt> --
Work with ZIP archives</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="zipfile-objects.html">7.18.1 ZipFile Objects</a>
<LI><A href="pyzipfile-objects.html">7.18.2 PyZipFile Objects</a>
<LI><A href="zipinfo-objects.html">7.18.3 ZipInfo Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-tarfile.html">7.19 <tt class="module">tarfile</tt> -- Read and write tar archive files</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="tarfile-objects.html">7.19.1 TarFile Objects</a>
<LI><A href="tarinfo-objects.html">7.19.2 TarInfo Objects</a>
<LI><A href="tar-examples.html">7.19.3 Examples</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-readline.html">7.20 <tt class="module">readline</tt> --
GNU readline interface</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="readline-example.html">7.20.1 Example</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-rlcompleter.html">7.21 <tt class="module">rlcompleter</tt> --
Completion function for GNU readline</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="completer-objects.html">7.21.1 Completer Objects</a>
</ul>
</ul>
<LI><A href="unix.html">8. Unix Specific Services</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="module-posix.html">8.1 <tt class="module">posix</tt> --
The most common POSIX system calls</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="posix-large-files.html">8.1.1 Large File Support</a>
<LI><A href="posix-contents.html">8.1.2 Module Contents</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-pwd.html">8.2 <tt class="module">pwd</tt> --
The password database</a>
<LI><A href="module-grp.html">8.3 <tt class="module">grp</tt> --
The group database</a>
<LI><A href="module-crypt.html">8.4 <tt class="module">crypt</tt> --
Function to check <span class="Unix">Unix</span> passwords</a>
<LI><A href="module-dl.html">8.5 <tt class="module">dl</tt> --
Call C functions in shared objects</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="dl-objects.html">8.5.1 Dl Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-dbm.html">8.6 <tt class="module">dbm</tt> --
Simple ``database'' interface</a>
<LI><A href="module-gdbm.html">8.7 <tt class="module">gdbm</tt> --
GNU's reinterpretation of dbm</a>
<LI><A href="module-termios.html">8.8 <tt class="module">termios</tt> --
POSIX style tty control</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node433.html">8.8.1 Example</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-tty.html">8.9 <tt class="module">tty</tt> --
Terminal control functions</a>
<LI><A href="module-pty.html">8.10 <tt class="module">pty</tt> --
Pseudo-terminal utilities</a>
<LI><A href="module-fcntl.html">8.11 <tt class="module">fcntl</tt> --
The <tt class="function">fcntl()</tt> and <tt class="function">ioctl()</tt> system calls</a>
<LI><A href="module-pipes.html">8.12 <tt class="module">pipes</tt> --
Interface to shell pipelines</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="template-objects.html">8.12.1 Template Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-posixfile.html">8.13 <tt class="module">posixfile</tt> --
File-like objects with locking support</a>
<LI><A href="module-resource.html">8.14 <tt class="module">resource</tt> --
Resource usage information</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node441.html">8.14.1 Resource Limits</a>
<LI><A href="node442.html">8.14.2 Resource Usage</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-nis.html">8.15 <tt class="module">nis</tt> --
Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages)</a>
<LI><A href="module-syslog.html">8.16 <tt class="module">syslog</tt> --
<span class="Unix">Unix</span> syslog library routines</a>
<LI><A href="module-commands.html">8.17 <tt class="module">commands</tt> --
Utilities for running commands</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-pdb.html">9. The Python Debugger</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="debugger-commands.html">9.1 Debugger Commands</a>
<LI><A href="debugger-hooks.html">9.2 How It Works</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="profile.html">10. The Python Profiler</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node450.html">10.1 Introduction to the profiler</a>
<LI><A href="node451.html">10.2 How Is This Profiler Different From The Old Profiler?</a>
<LI><A href="profile-instant.html">10.3 Instant Users Manual</a>
<LI><A href="node453.html">10.4 What Is Deterministic Profiling?</a>
<LI><A href="module-profile.html">10.5 Reference Manual</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="profile-stats.html">10.5.1 The <tt class="class">Stats</tt> Class</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="profile-limits.html">10.6 Limitations</a>
<LI><A href="profile-calibration.html">10.7 Calibration</a>
<LI><A href="node458.html">10.8 Extensions -- Deriving Better Profilers</a>
<LI><A href="module-hotshot.html">10.9 <tt class="module">hotshot</tt> --
High performance logging profiler</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="hotshot-objects.html">10.9.1 Profile Objects</a>
<LI><A href="module-hotshot.stats.html">10.9.2 Using hotshot data</a>
<LI><A href="hotshot-example.html">10.9.3 Example Usage</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-timeit.html">10.10 <tt class="module">timeit</tt> --
Measure execution time of small code snippets</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node464.html">10.10.1 Command Line Interface</a>
<LI><A href="node465.html">10.10.2 Examples</a>
</ul>
</ul>
<LI><A href="internet.html">11. Internet Protocols and Support</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="module-webbrowser.html">11.1 <tt class="module">webbrowser</tt> --
Convenient Web-browser controller</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="browser-controllers.html">11.1.1 Browser Controller Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-cgi.html">11.2 <tt class="module">cgi</tt> --
Common Gateway Interface support.</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="cgi-intro.html">11.2.1 Introduction</a>
<LI><A href="node471.html">11.2.2 Using the cgi module</a>
<LI><A href="node472.html">11.2.3 Higher Level Interface</a>
<LI><A href="node473.html">11.2.4 Old classes</a>
<LI><A href="node474.html">11.2.5 Functions</a>
<LI><A href="cgi-security.html">11.2.6 Caring about security</a>
<LI><A href="node476.html">11.2.7 Installing your CGI script on a <span class="Unix">Unix</span> system</a>
<LI><A href="node477.html">11.2.8 Testing your CGI script</a>
<LI><A href="node478.html">11.2.9 Debugging CGI scripts</a>
<LI><A href="node479.html">11.2.10 Common problems and solutions</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-cgitb.html">11.3 <tt class="module">cgitb</tt> --
Traceback manager for CGI scripts</a>
<LI><A href="module-urllib.html">11.4 <tt class="module">urllib</tt> --
Open arbitrary resources by URL</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="urlopener-objs.html">11.4.1 URLopener Objects</a>
<LI><A href="node483.html">11.4.2 Examples</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-urllib2.html">11.5 <tt class="module">urllib2</tt> --
extensible library for opening URLs</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="request-objects.html">11.5.1 Request Objects</a>
<LI><A href="opener-director-objects.html">11.5.2 OpenerDirector Objects</a>
<LI><A href="base-handler-objects.html">11.5.3 BaseHandler Objects</a>
<LI><A href="http-redirect-handler.html">11.5.4 HTTPRedirectHandler Objects</a>
<LI><A href="http-cookie-processor.html">11.5.5 HTTPCookieProcessor Objects</a>
<LI><A href="proxy-handler.html">11.5.6 ProxyHandler Objects</a>
<LI><A href="http-password-mgr.html">11.5.7 HTTPPasswordMgr Objects</a>
<LI><A href="abstract-basic-auth-handler.html">11.5.8 AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects</a>
<LI><A href="http-basic-auth-handler.html">11.5.9 HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects</a>
<LI><A href="proxy-basic-auth-handler.html">11.5.10 ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects</a>
<LI><A href="abstract-digest-auth-handler.html">11.5.11 AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects</a>
<LI><A href="http-digest-auth-handler.html">11.5.12 HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects</a>
<LI><A href="proxy-digest-auth-handler.html">11.5.13 ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects</a>
<LI><A href="http-handler-objects.html">11.5.14 HTTPHandler Objects</a>
<LI><A href="https-handler-objects.html">11.5.15 HTTPSHandler Objects</a>
<LI><A href="file-handler-objects.html">11.5.16 FileHandler Objects</a>
<LI><A href="ftp-handler-objects.html">11.5.17 FTPHandler Objects</a>
<LI><A href="cacheftp-handler-objects.html">11.5.18 CacheFTPHandler Objects</a>
<LI><A href="gopher-handler.html">11.5.19 GopherHandler Objects</a>
<LI><A href="unknown-handler-objects.html">11.5.20 UnknownHandler Objects</a>
<LI><A href="http-error-processor-objects.html">11.5.21 HTTPErrorProcessor Objects</a>
<LI><A href="urllib2-examples.html">11.5.22 Examples</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-httplib.html">11.6 <tt class="module">httplib</tt> --
HTTP protocol client</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="httpconnection-objects.html">11.6.1 HTTPConnection Objects</a>
<LI><A href="httpresponse-objects.html">11.6.2 HTTPResponse Objects</a>
<LI><A href="httplib-examples.html">11.6.3 Examples</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-ftplib.html">11.7 <tt class="module">ftplib</tt> --
FTP protocol client</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="ftp-objects.html">11.7.1 FTP Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-gopherlib.html">11.8 <tt class="module">gopherlib</tt> --
Gopher protocol client</a>
<LI><A href="module-poplib.html">11.9 <tt class="module">poplib</tt> --
POP3 protocol client</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="pop3-objects.html">11.9.1 POP3 Objects</a>
<LI><A href="pop3-example.html">11.9.2 POP3 Example</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-imaplib.html">11.10 <tt class="module">imaplib</tt> --
IMAP4 protocol client</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="imap4-objects.html">11.10.1 IMAP4 Objects</a>
<LI><A href="imap4-example.html">11.10.2 IMAP4 Example</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-nntplib.html">11.11 <tt class="module">nntplib</tt> --
NNTP protocol client</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="nntp-objects.html">11.11.1 NNTP Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-smtplib.html">11.12 <tt class="module">smtplib</tt> --
SMTP protocol client</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="SMTP-objects.html">11.12.1 SMTP Objects</a>
<LI><A href="SMTP-example.html">11.12.2 SMTP Example</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-smtpd.html">11.13 <tt class="module">smtpd</tt> --
SMTP Server</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node526.html">11.13.1 SMTPServer Objects</a>
<LI><A href="node527.html">11.13.2 DebuggingServer Objects</a>
<LI><A href="node528.html">11.13.3 PureProxy Objects</a>
<LI><A href="node529.html">11.13.4 MailmanProxy Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-telnetlib.html">11.14 <tt class="module">telnetlib</tt> --
Telnet client</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="telnet-objects.html">11.14.1 Telnet Objects</a>
<LI><A href="telnet-example.html">11.14.2 Telnet Example</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-urlparse.html">11.15 <tt class="module">urlparse</tt> --
Parse URLs into components</a>
<LI><A href="module-SocketServer.html">11.16 <tt class="module">SocketServer</tt> --
A framework for network servers</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node535.html">11.16.1 Server Creation Notes</a>
<LI><A href="node536.html">11.16.2 Server Objects</a>
<LI><A href="node537.html">11.16.3 RequestHandler Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-BaseHTTPServer.html">11.17 <tt class="module">BaseHTTPServer</tt> --
Basic HTTP server</a>
<LI><A href="module-SimpleHTTPServer.html">11.18 <tt class="module">SimpleHTTPServer</tt> --
Simple HTTP request handler</a>
<LI><A href="module-CGIHTTPServer.html">11.19 <tt class="module">CGIHTTPServer</tt> --
CGI-capable HTTP request handler</a>
<LI><A href="module-cookielib.html">11.20 <tt class="module">cookielib</tt> --
Cookie handling for HTTP clients</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node542.html">11.20.1 CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects</a>
<LI><A href="file-cookie-jar-classes.html">11.20.2 FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers</a>
<LI><A href="cookie-policy-objects.html">11.20.3 CookiePolicy Objects</a>
<LI><A href="default-cookie-policy-objects.html">11.20.4 DefaultCookiePolicy Objects</a>
<LI><A href="cookie-jar-objects.html">11.20.5 Cookie Objects</a>
<LI><A href="cookielib-examples.html">11.20.6 Examples</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-Cookie.html">11.21 <tt class="module">Cookie</tt> --
HTTP state management</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="cookie-objects.html">11.21.1 Cookie Objects</a>
<LI><A href="morsel-objects.html">11.21.2 Morsel Objects</a>
<LI><A href="cookie-example.html">11.21.3 Example</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-xmlrpclib.html">11.22 <tt class="module">xmlrpclib</tt> -- XML-RPC client access</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="serverproxy-objects.html">11.22.1 ServerProxy Objects</a>
<LI><A href="boolean-objects.html">11.22.2 Boolean Objects</a>
<LI><A href="datetime-objects.html">11.22.3 DateTime Objects</a>
<LI><A href="binary-objects.html">11.22.4 Binary Objects</a>
<LI><A href="fault-objects.html">11.22.5 Fault Objects</a>
<LI><A href="protocol-error-objects.html">11.22.6 ProtocolError Objects</a>
<LI><A href="node559.html">11.22.7 MultiCall Objects</a>
<LI><A href="node560.html">11.22.8 Convenience Functions</a>
<LI><A href="xmlrpc-client-example.html">11.22.9 Example of Client Usage</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-SimpleXMLRPCServer.html">11.23 <tt class="module">SimpleXMLRPCServer</tt> --
Basic XML-RPC server</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="simple-xmlrpc-servers.html">11.23.1 SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects</a>
<LI><A href="node564.html">11.23.2 CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-DocXMLRPCServer.html">11.24 <tt class="module">DocXMLRPCServer</tt> --
Self-documenting XML-RPC server</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="doc-xmlrpc-servers.html">11.24.1 DocXMLRPCServer Objects</a>
<LI><A href="node567.html">11.24.2 DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-asyncore.html">11.25 <tt class="module">asyncore</tt> --
Asynchronous socket handler</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="asyncore-example.html">11.25.1 asyncore Example basic HTTP client</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-asynchat.html">11.26 <tt class="module">asynchat</tt> --
Asynchronous socket command/response handler</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node571.html">11.26.1 asynchat - Auxiliary Classes and Functions</a>
<LI><A href="asynchat-example.html">11.26.2 asynchat Example</a>
</ul>
</ul>
<LI><A href="netdata.html">12. Internet Data Handling</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="module-formatter.html">12.1 <tt class="module">formatter</tt> --
Generic output formatting</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="formatter-interface.html">12.1.1 The Formatter Interface</a>
<LI><A href="formatter-impls.html">12.1.2 Formatter Implementations</a>
<LI><A href="writer-interface.html">12.1.3 The Writer Interface</a>
<LI><A href="writer-impls.html">12.1.4 Writer Implementations</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-email.html">12.2 <tt class="module">email</tt> --
An email and MIME handling package</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="module-email.Message.html">12.2.1 Representing an email message</a>
<LI><A href="module-email.Parser.html">12.2.2 Parsing email messages</a>
<LI><A href="module-email.Generator.html">12.2.3 Generating MIME documents</a>
<LI><A href="node588.html">12.2.4 Creating email and MIME objects from scratch</a>
<LI><A href="module-email.Header.html">12.2.5 Internationalized headers</a>
<LI><A href="module-email.Charset.html">12.2.6 Representing character sets</a>
<LI><A href="module-email.Encoders.html">12.2.7 Encoders</a>
<LI><A href="module-email.Errors.html">12.2.8 Exception and Defect classes</a>
<LI><A href="module-email.Utils.html">12.2.9 Miscellaneous utilities</a>
<LI><A href="module-email.Iterators.html">12.2.10 Iterators</a>
<LI><A href="node595.html">12.2.11 Package History</a>
<LI><A href="node596.html">12.2.12 Differences from <tt class="module">mimelib</tt></a>
<LI><A href="node597.html">12.2.13 Examples</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-mailcap.html">12.3 <tt class="module">mailcap</tt> --
Mailcap file handling.</a>
<LI><A href="module-mailbox.html">12.4 <tt class="module">mailbox</tt> --
Read various mailbox formats</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="mailbox-objects.html">12.4.1 Mailbox Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-mhlib.html">12.5 <tt class="module">mhlib</tt> --
Access to MH mailboxes</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="mh-objects.html">12.5.1 MH Objects</a>
<LI><A href="mh-folder-objects.html">12.5.2 Folder Objects</a>
<LI><A href="mh-message-objects.html">12.5.3 Message Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-mimetools.html">12.6 <tt class="module">mimetools</tt> --
Tools for parsing MIME messages</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="mimetools-message-objects.html">12.6.1 Additional Methods of Message Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-mimetypes.html">12.7 <tt class="module">mimetypes</tt> --
Map filenames to MIME types</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="mimetypes-objects.html">12.7.1 MimeTypes Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-MimeWriter.html">12.8 <tt class="module">MimeWriter</tt> --
Generic MIME file writer</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="MimeWriter-objects.html">12.8.1 MimeWriter Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-mimify.html">12.9 <tt class="module">mimify</tt> --
MIME processing of mail messages</a>
<LI><A href="module-multifile.html">12.10 <tt class="module">multifile</tt> --
Support for files containing distinct parts</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="MultiFile-objects.html">12.10.1 MultiFile Objects</a>
<LI><A href="multifile-example.html">12.10.2 <tt class="class">MultiFile</tt> Example</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-rfc822.html">12.11 <tt class="module">rfc822</tt> --
Parse RFC 2822 mail headers</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="message-objects.html">12.11.1 Message Objects</a>
<LI><A href="addresslist-objects.html">12.11.2 AddressList Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-base64.html">12.12 <tt class="module">base64</tt> --
RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings</a>
<LI><A href="module-binascii.html">12.13 <tt class="module">binascii</tt> --
Convert between binary and ASCII</a>
<LI><A href="module-binhex.html">12.14 <tt class="module">binhex</tt> --
Encode and decode binhex4 files</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="binhex-notes.html">12.14.1 Notes</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-quopri.html">12.15 <tt class="module">quopri</tt> --
Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data</a>
<LI><A href="module-uu.html">12.16 <tt class="module">uu</tt> --
Encode and decode uuencode files</a>
<LI><A href="module-xdrlib.html">12.17 <tt class="module">xdrlib</tt> --
Encode and decode XDR data</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="xdr-packer-objects.html">12.17.1 Packer Objects</a>
<LI><A href="xdr-unpacker-objects.html">12.17.2 Unpacker Objects</a>
<LI><A href="xdr-exceptions.html">12.17.3 Exceptions</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-netrc.html">12.18 <tt class="module">netrc</tt> --
netrc file processing</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="netrc-objects.html">12.18.1 netrc Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-robotparser.html">12.19 <tt class="module">robotparser</tt> --
Parser for robots.txt</a>
<LI><A href="module-csv.html">12.20 <tt class="module">csv</tt> -- CSV File Reading and Writing</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="csv-contents.html">12.20.1 Module Contents</a>
<LI><A href="csv-fmt-params.html">12.20.2 Dialects and Formatting Parameters</a>
<LI><A href="node634.html">12.20.3 Reader Objects</a>
<LI><A href="node635.html">12.20.4 Writer Objects</a>
<LI><A href="node636.html">12.20.5 Examples</a>
</ul>
</ul>
<LI><A href="markup.html">13. Structured Markup Processing Tools</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="module-HTMLParser.html">13.1 <tt class="module">HTMLParser</tt> --
Simple HTML and XHTML parser</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="htmlparser-example.html">13.1.1 Example HTML Parser Application</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-sgmllib.html">13.2 <tt class="module">sgmllib</tt> --
Simple SGML parser</a>
<LI><A href="module-htmllib.html">13.3 <tt class="module">htmllib</tt> --
A parser for HTML documents</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="html-parser-objects.html">13.3.1 HTMLParser Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-htmlentitydefs.html">13.4 <tt class="module">htmlentitydefs</tt> --
Definitions of HTML general entities</a>
<LI><A href="module-xml.parsers.expat.html">13.5 <tt class="module">xml.parsers.expat</tt> --
Fast XML parsing using Expat</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="xmlparser-objects.html">13.5.1 XMLParser Objects</a>
<LI><A href="expaterror-objects.html">13.5.2 ExpatError Exceptions</a>
<LI><A href="expat-example.html">13.5.3 Example</a>
<LI><A href="expat-content-models.html">13.5.4 Content Model Descriptions</a>
<LI><A href="expat-errors.html">13.5.5 Expat error constants</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-xml.dom.html">13.6 <tt class="module">xml.dom</tt> --
The Document Object Model API</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node651.html">13.6.1 Module Contents</a>
<LI><A href="node652.html">13.6.2 Objects in the DOM</a>
<LI><A href="dom-conformance.html">13.6.3 Conformance</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-xml.dom.minidom.html">13.7 <tt class="module">xml.dom.minidom</tt> --
Lightweight DOM implementation</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="dom-objects.html">13.7.1 DOM Objects</a>
<LI><A href="dom-example.html">13.7.2 DOM Example</a>
<LI><A href="minidom-and-dom.html">13.7.3 minidom and the DOM standard</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-xml.dom.pulldom.html">13.8 <tt class="module">xml.dom.pulldom</tt> --
Support for building partial DOM trees</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="domeventstream-objects.html">13.8.1 DOMEventStream Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-xml.sax.html">13.9 <tt class="module">xml.sax</tt> --
Support for SAX2 parsers</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="sax-exception-objects.html">13.9.1 SAXException Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-xml.sax.handler.html">13.10 <tt class="module">xml.sax.handler</tt> --
Base classes for SAX handlers</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="content-handler-objects.html">13.10.1 ContentHandler Objects</a>
<LI><A href="dtd-handler-objects.html">13.10.2 DTDHandler Objects</a>
<LI><A href="entity-resolver-objects.html">13.10.3 EntityResolver Objects</a>
<LI><A href="sax-error-handler.html">13.10.4 ErrorHandler Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-xml.sax.saxutils.html">13.11 <tt class="module">xml.sax.saxutils</tt> --
SAX Utilities</a>
<LI><A href="module-xml.sax.xmlreader.html">13.12 <tt class="module">xml.sax.xmlreader</tt> --
Interface for XML parsers</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="xmlreader-objects.html">13.12.1 XMLReader Objects</a>
<LI><A href="incremental-parser-objects.html">13.12.2 IncrementalParser Objects</a>
<LI><A href="locator-objects.html">13.12.3 Locator Objects</a>
<LI><A href="input-source-objects.html">13.12.4 InputSource Objects</a>
<LI><A href="attributes-objects.html">13.12.5 The <tt class="class">Attributes</tt> Interface</a>
<LI><A href="attributes-ns-objects.html">13.12.6 The <tt class="class">AttributesNS</tt> Interface</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-xmllib.html">13.13 <tt class="module">xmllib</tt> --
A parser for XML documents</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="xml-namespace.html">13.13.1 XML Namespaces</a>
</ul>
</ul>
<LI><A href="mmedia.html">14. Multimedia Services</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="module-audioop.html">14.1 <tt class="module">audioop</tt> --
Manipulate raw audio data</a>
<LI><A href="module-imageop.html">14.2 <tt class="module">imageop</tt> --
Manipulate raw image data</a>
<LI><A href="module-aifc.html">14.3 <tt class="module">aifc</tt> --
Read and write AIFF and AIFC files</a>
<LI><A href="module-sunau.html">14.4 <tt class="module">sunau</tt> --
Read and write Sun AU files</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="au-read-objects.html">14.4.1 AU_read Objects</a>
<LI><A href="au-write-objects.html">14.4.2 AU_write Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-wave.html">14.5 <tt class="module">wave</tt> --
Read and write WAV files</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="Wave-read-objects.html">14.5.1 Wave_read Objects</a>
<LI><A href="Wave-write-objects.html">14.5.2 Wave_write Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-chunk.html">14.6 <tt class="module">chunk</tt> --
Read IFF chunked data</a>
<LI><A href="module-colorsys.html">14.7 <tt class="module">colorsys</tt> --
Conversions between color systems</a>
<LI><A href="module-rgbimg.html">14.8 <tt class="module">rgbimg</tt> --
Read and write ``SGI RGB'' files</a>
<LI><A href="module-imghdr.html">14.9 <tt class="module">imghdr</tt> --
Determine the type of an image</a>
<LI><A href="module-sndhdr.html">14.10 <tt class="module">sndhdr</tt> --
Determine type of sound file</a>
<LI><A href="module-ossaudiodev.html">14.11 <tt class="module">ossaudiodev</tt> --
Access to OSS-compatible audio devices</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="ossaudio-device-objects.html">14.11.1 Audio Device Objects</a>
<LI><A href="mixer-device-objects.html">14.11.2 Mixer Device Objects</a>
</ul>
</ul>
<LI><A href="crypto.html">15. Cryptographic Services</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="module-hmac.html">15.1 <tt class="module">hmac</tt> --
Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication</a>
<LI><A href="module-md5.html">15.2 <tt class="module">md5</tt> --
MD5 message digest algorithm</a>
<LI><A href="module-sha.html">15.3 <tt class="module">sha</tt> --
SHA-1 message digest algorithm</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="tkinter.html">16. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="module-Tkinter.html">16.1 <tt class="module">Tkinter</tt> --
Python interface to Tcl/Tk</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node715.html">16.1.1 Tkinter Modules</a>
<LI><A href="node716.html">16.1.2 Tkinter Life Preserver</a>
<LI><A href="node719.html">16.1.3 A (Very) Quick Look at Tcl/Tk</a>
<LI><A href="tkinter-basic-mapping.html">16.1.4 Mapping Basic Tk into Tkinter</a>
<LI><A href="node721.html">16.1.5 How Tk and Tkinter are Related</a>
<LI><A href="node722.html">16.1.6 Handy Reference</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-Tix.html">16.2 <tt class="module">Tix</tt> --
Extension widgets for Tk</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node733.html">16.2.1 Using Tix</a>
<LI><A href="node734.html">16.2.2 Tix Widgets</a>
<LI><A href="node743.html">16.2.3 Tix Commands</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-ScrolledText.html">16.3 <tt class="module">ScrolledText</tt> --
Scrolled Text Widget</a>
<LI><A href="module-turtle.html">16.4 <tt class="module">turtle</tt> --
Turtle graphics for Tk</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="pen-rawpen-objects.html">16.4.1 Pen and RawPen Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="idle.html">16.5 Idle</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node748.html">16.5.1 Menus</a>
<LI><A href="node753.html">16.5.2 Basic editing and navigation</a>
<LI><A href="node756.html">16.5.3 Syntax colors</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="other-gui-packages.html">16.6 Other Graphical User Interface Packages</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="restricted.html">17. Restricted Execution</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="module-rexec.html">17.1 <tt class="module">rexec</tt> --
Restricted execution framework</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="rexec-objects.html">17.1.1 RExec Objects</a>
<LI><A href="rexec-extension.html">17.1.2 Defining restricted environments</a>
<LI><A href="node763.html">17.1.3 An example</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-Bastion.html">17.2 <tt class="module">Bastion</tt> --
Restricting access to objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="language.html">18. Python Language Services</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="module-parser.html">18.1 <tt class="module">parser</tt> --
Access Python parse trees</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node767.html">18.1.1 Creating AST Objects</a>
<LI><A href="node768.html">18.1.2 Converting AST Objects</a>
<LI><A href="node769.html">18.1.3 Queries on AST Objects</a>
<LI><A href="node770.html">18.1.4 Exceptions and Error Handling</a>
<LI><A href="node771.html">18.1.5 AST Objects</a>
<LI><A href="node772.html">18.1.6 Examples</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-symbol.html">18.2 <tt class="module">symbol</tt> --
Constants used with Python parse trees</a>
<LI><A href="module-token.html">18.3 <tt class="module">token</tt> --
Constants used with Python parse trees</a>
<LI><A href="module-keyword.html">18.4 <tt class="module">keyword</tt> --
Testing for Python keywords</a>
<LI><A href="module-tokenize.html">18.5 <tt class="module">tokenize</tt> --
Tokenizer for Python source</a>
<LI><A href="module-tabnanny.html">18.6 <tt class="module">tabnanny</tt> --
Detection of ambiguous indentation</a>
<LI><A href="module-pyclbr.html">18.7 <tt class="module">pyclbr</tt> --
Python class browser support</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="pyclbr-class-objects.html">18.7.1 Class Descriptor Objects</a>
<LI><A href="pyclbr-function-objects.html">18.7.2 Function Descriptor Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-pycompile.html">18.8 <tt class="module">py_compile</tt> --
Compile Python source files</a>
<LI><A href="module-compileall.html">18.9 <tt class="module">compileall</tt> --
Byte-compile Python libraries</a>
<LI><A href="module-dis.html">18.10 <tt class="module">dis</tt> --
Disassembler for Python byte code</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="bytecodes.html">18.10.1 Python Byte Code Instructions</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-pickletools.html">18.11 <tt class="module">pickletools</tt> -- Tools for pickle developers.</a>
<LI><A href="module-distutils.html">18.12 <tt class="module">distutils</tt> --
Building and installing Python modules</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="compiler.html">19. Python compiler package</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="module-compiler.html">19.1 The basic interface</a>
<LI><A href="node791.html">19.2 Limitations</a>
<LI><A href="node792.html">19.3 Python Abstract Syntax</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="module-compiler.ast.html">19.3.1 AST Nodes</a>
<LI><A href="node794.html">19.3.2 Assignment nodes</a>
<LI><A href="node795.html">19.3.3 Examples</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-compiler.visitor.html">19.4 Using Visitors to Walk ASTs</a>
<LI><A href="node797.html">19.5 Bytecode Generation</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="sgi.html">20. SGI IRIX Specific Services</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="module-al.html">20.1 <tt class="module">al</tt> --
Audio functions on the SGI</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="al-config-objects.html">20.1.1 Configuration Objects</a>
<LI><A href="al-port-objects.html">20.1.2 Port Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-al-constants.html">20.2 <tt class="module">AL</tt> --
Constants used with the <tt class="module">al</tt> module</a>
<LI><A href="module-cd.html">20.3 <tt class="module">cd</tt> --
CD-ROM access on SGI systems</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="player-objects.html">20.3.1 Player Objects</a>
<LI><A href="cd-parser-objects.html">20.3.2 Parser Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-fl.html">20.4 <tt class="module">fl</tt> --
FORMS library for graphical user interfaces</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="node807.html">20.4.1 Functions Defined in Module <tt class="module">fl</tt></a>
<LI><A href="form-objects.html">20.4.2 Form Objects</a>
<LI><A href="forms-objects.html">20.4.3 FORMS Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-fl-constants.html">20.5 <tt class="module">FL</tt> --
Constants used with the <tt class="module">fl</tt> module</a>
<LI><A href="module-flp.html">20.6 <tt class="module">flp</tt> --
Functions for loading stored FORMS designs</a>
<LI><A href="module-fm.html">20.7 <tt class="module">fm</tt> --
<em>Font Manager</em> interface</a>
<LI><A href="module-gl.html">20.8 <tt class="module">gl</tt> --
<em>Graphics Library</em> interface</a>
<LI><A href="module-DEVICE.html">20.9 <tt class="module">DEVICE</tt> --
Constants used with the <tt class="module">gl</tt> module</a>
<LI><A href="module-gl-constants.html">20.10 <tt class="module">GL</tt> --
Constants used with the <tt class="module">gl</tt> module</a>
<LI><A href="module-imgfile.html">20.11 <tt class="module">imgfile</tt> --
Support for SGI imglib files</a>
<LI><A href="module-jpeg.html">20.12 <tt class="module">jpeg</tt> --
Read and write JPEG files</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="sunos.html">21. SunOS Specific Services</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="module-sunaudiodev.html">21.1 <tt class="module">sunaudiodev</tt> --
Access to Sun audio hardware</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="audio-device-objects.html">21.1.1 Audio Device Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-sunaudiodev-constants.html">21.2 <tt class="module">SUNAUDIODEV</tt> --
Constants used with <tt class="module">sunaudiodev</tt></a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="node822.html">22. MS Windows Specific Services</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="module-msvcrt.html">22.1 <tt class="module">msvcrt</tt> -
Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="msvcrt-files.html">22.1.1 File Operations</a>
<LI><A href="msvcrt-console.html">22.1.2 Console I/O</a>
<LI><A href="msvcrt-other.html">22.1.3 Other Functions</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module--winreg.html">22.2 <tt class="module">_winreg</tt> -
Windows registry access</a>
<UL>
<LI><A href="handle-object.html">22.2.1 Registry Handle Objects</a>
</ul>
<LI><A href="module-winsound.html">22.3 <tt class="module">winsound</tt> --
Sound-playing interface for Windows</a>
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<LI><A href="undoc.html">A. Undocumented Modules</a>
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<LI><A href="node831.html">A.1 Frameworks</a>
<LI><A href="node832.html">A.2 Miscellaneous useful utilities</a>
<LI><A href="node833.html">A.3 Platform specific modules</a>
<LI><A href="node834.html">A.4 Multimedia</a>
<LI><A href="obsolete-modules.html">A.5 Obsolete</a>
<LI><A href="node836.html">A.6 SGI-specific Extension modules</a>
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<LI><A href="reporting-bugs.html">B. Reporting Bugs</a>
<LI><A href="node838.html">C. History and License</a>
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<LI><A href="node839.html">C.1 History of the software</a>
<LI><A href="node840.html">C.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python</a>
<LI><A href="node841.html">C.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software</a>
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<LI><A href="node842.html">C.3.1 Mersenne Twister</a>
<LI><A href="node843.html">C.3.2 Sockets</a>
<LI><A href="node844.html">C.3.3 Floating point exception control</a>
<LI><A href="node845.html">C.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm</a>
<LI><A href="node846.html">C.3.5 Asynchronous socket services</a>
<LI><A href="node847.html">C.3.6 Cookie management</a>
<LI><A href="node848.html">C.3.7 Profiling</a>
<LI><A href="node849.html">C.3.8 Execution tracing</a>
<LI><A href="node850.html">C.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions</a>
<LI><A href="node851.html">C.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls</a>
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<span class="release-info">Release 2.4.2, documentation updated on 28 September 2005.</span>
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