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<H3><A NAME="SECTION0082822000000000000000">
6.28.2.2 The <tt class="class">GNUTranslations</tt> class</A>
</H3>

<P>
The <tt class="module">gettext</tt> module provides one additional class derived from
<tt class="class">NullTranslations</tt>: <tt class="class">GNUTranslations</tt>.  This class
overrides <tt class="method">_parse()</tt> to enable reading GNU <b class="program">gettext</b>
format <span class="file">.mo</span> files in both big-endian and little-endian format.
It also coerces both message ids and message strings to Unicode.

<P>
<tt class="class">GNUTranslations</tt> parses optional meta-data out of the
translation catalog.  It is convention with GNU <b class="program">gettext</b> to
include meta-data as the translation for the empty string.  This
meta-data is in <a class="rfc" id='rfcref-88910' xml:id='rfcref-88910'
href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc822.html">RFC 822</a>-style <code>key: value</code> pairs, and should
contain the <code>Project-Id-Version</code> key.  If the key
<code>Content-Type</code> is found, then the <code>charset</code> property is used
to initialize the ``protected'' <tt class="member">_charset</tt> instance variable,
defaulting to <code>None</code> if not found.  If the charset encoding is
specified, then all message ids and message strings read from the
catalog are converted to Unicode using this encoding.  The
<tt class="method">ugettext()</tt> method always returns a Unicode, while the
<tt class="method">gettext()</tt> returns an encoded 8-bit string.  For the message
id arguments of both methods, either Unicode strings or 8-bit strings
containing only US-ASCII characters are acceptable.  Note that the
Unicode version of the methods (i.e. <tt class="method">ugettext()</tt> and
<tt class="method">ungettext()</tt>) are the recommended interface to use for
internationalized Python programs.

<P>
The entire set of key/value pairs are placed into a dictionary and set
as the ``protected'' <tt class="member">_info</tt> instance variable.

<P>
If the <span class="file">.mo</span> file's magic number is invalid, or if other problems
occur while reading the file, instantiating a <tt class="class">GNUTranslations</tt> class
can raise <tt class="exception">IOError</tt>.

<P>
The following methods are overridden from the base class implementation:

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2448' xml:id='l2h-2448' class="method">gettext</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>message</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Look up the <var>message</var> id in the catalog and return the
corresponding message string, as an 8-bit string encoded with the
catalog's charset encoding, if known.  If there is no entry in the
catalog for the <var>message</var> id, and a fallback has been set, the
look up is forwarded to the fallback's <tt class="method">gettext()</tt> method.
Otherwise, the <var>message</var> id is returned.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2449' xml:id='l2h-2449' class="method">lgettext</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>message</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Equivalent to <tt class="method">gettext()</tt>, but the translation is returned
in the preferred system encoding, if no other encoding was explicitly
set with <tt class="method">set_output_charset()</tt>.

<P>

<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.4.</span>

</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2450' xml:id='l2h-2450' class="method">ugettext</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>message</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Look up the <var>message</var> id in the catalog and return the
corresponding message string, as a Unicode string.  If there is no
entry in the catalog for the <var>message</var> id, and a fallback has been
set, the look up is forwarded to the fallback's <tt class="method">ugettext()</tt>
method.  Otherwise, the <var>message</var> id is returned.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2451' xml:id='l2h-2451' class="method">ngettext</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>singular, plural, n</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Do a plural-forms lookup of a message id.  <var>singular</var> is used as
the message id for purposes of lookup in the catalog, while <var>n</var> is
used to determine which plural form to use.  The returned message
string is an 8-bit string encoded with the catalog's charset encoding,
if known.

<P>
If the message id is not found in the catalog, and a fallback is
specified, the request is forwarded to the fallback's
<tt class="method">ngettext()</tt> method.  Otherwise, when <var>n</var> is 1 <var>singular</var> is
returned, and <var>plural</var> is returned in all other cases.

<P>

<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span>

</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2452' xml:id='l2h-2452' class="method">lngettext</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>singular, plural, n</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Equivalent to <tt class="method">gettext()</tt>, but the translation is returned
in the preferred system encoding, if no other encoding was explicitly
set with <tt class="method">set_output_charset()</tt>.

<P>

<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.4.</span>

</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline">
  <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-2453' xml:id='l2h-2453' class="method">ungettext</tt></b>(</nobr></td>
  <td><var>singular, plural, n</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Do a plural-forms lookup of a message id.  <var>singular</var> is used as
the message id for purposes of lookup in the catalog, while <var>n</var> is
used to determine which plural form to use.  The returned message
string is a Unicode string.

<P>
If the message id is not found in the catalog, and a fallback is
specified, the request is forwarded to the fallback's
<tt class="method">ungettext()</tt> method.  Otherwise, when <var>n</var> is 1 <var>singular</var> is
returned, and <var>plural</var> is returned in all other cases.

<P>
Here is an example:

<P>
<div class="verbatim"><pre>
n = len(os.listdir('.'))
cat = GNUTranslations(somefile)
message = cat.ungettext(
    'There is %(num)d file in this directory',
    'There are %(num)d files in this directory',
    n) % {'num': n}
</pre></div>

<P>

<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span>

</dl>

<P>

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<span class="release-info">Release 2.4.2, documentation updated on 28 September 2005.</span>
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