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<H2><A NAME="SECTION00142130000000000000000">
12.2.13 Examples</A>
</H2>

<P>
Here are a few examples of how to use the <tt class="module">email</tt> package to
read, write, and send simple email messages, as well as more complex
MIME messages.

<P>
First, let's see how to create and send a simple text message:

<P>
<div class="verbatim">
<pre># Import smtplib for the actual sending function
import smtplib

# Import the email modules we'll need
from email.MIMEText import MIMEText

# Open a plain text file for reading.  For this example, assume that
# the text file contains only ASCII characters.
fp = open(textfile, 'rb')
# Create a text/plain message
msg = MIMEText(fp.read())
fp.close()

# me == the sender's email address
# you == the recipient's email address
msg['Subject'] = 'The contents of %s' % textfile
msg['From'] = me
msg['To'] = you

# Send the message via our own SMTP server, but don't include the
# envelope header.
s = smtplib.SMTP()
s.connect()
s.sendmail(me, [you], msg.as_string())
s.close()
</pre>
<div class="footer">
<a href="email-simple.txt" type="text/plain">Download as text (original file name: <span class="file">email-simple.py</span>).</a>
</div></div>

<P>
Here's an example of how to send a MIME message containing a bunch of
family pictures that may be residing in a directory:

<P>
<div class="verbatim">
<pre># Import smtplib for the actual sending function
import smtplib

# Here are the email pacakge modules we'll need
from email.MIMEImage import MIMEImage
from email.MIMEMultipart import MIMEMultipart

COMMASPACE = ', '

# Create the container (outer) email message.
msg = MIMEMultipart()
msg['Subject'] = 'Our family reunion'
# me == the sender's email address
# family = the list of all recipients' email addresses
msg['From'] = me
msg['To'] = COMMASPACE.join(family)
msg.preamble = 'Our family reunion'
# Guarantees the message ends in a newline
msg.epilogue = ''

# Assume we know that the image files are all in PNG format
for file in pngfiles:
    # Open the files in binary mode.  Let the MIMEImage class automatically
    # guess the specific image type.
    fp = open(file, 'rb')
    img = MIMEImage(fp.read())
    fp.close()
    msg.attach(img)

# Send the email via our own SMTP server.
s = smtplib.SMTP()
s.connect()
s.sendmail(me, family, msg.as_string())
s.close()
</pre>
<div class="footer">
<a href="email-mime.txt" type="text/plain">Download as text (original file name: <span class="file">email-mime.py</span>).</a>
</div></div>

<P>
Here's an example of how to send the entire contents of a directory as
an email message:
<A NAME="tex2html137"
  HREF="#foot58630"><SUP>12.5</SUP></A>
<P>
<div class="verbatim">
<pre>#!/usr/bin/env python

"""Send the contents of a directory as a MIME message.

Usage: dirmail [options] from to [to ...]*

Options:
    -h / -&#45;help
        Print this message and exit.

    -d directory
    -&#45;directory=directory
        Mail the contents of the specified directory, otherwise use the
        current directory.  Only the regular files in the directory are sent,
        and we don't recurse to subdirectories.

`from' is the email address of the sender of the message.

`to' is the email address of the recipient of the message, and multiple
recipients may be given.

The email is sent by forwarding to your local SMTP server, which then does the
normal delivery process.  Your local machine must be running an SMTP server.
"""

import sys
import os
import getopt
import smtplib
# For guessing MIME type based on file name extension
import mimetypes

from email import Encoders
from email.Message import Message
from email.MIMEAudio import MIMEAudio
from email.MIMEBase import MIMEBase
from email.MIMEMultipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.MIMEImage import MIMEImage
from email.MIMEText import MIMEText

COMMASPACE = ', '

def usage(code, msg=''):
    print &gt;&#62; sys.stderr, __doc__
    if msg:
        print &gt;&#62; sys.stderr, msg
    sys.exit(code)

def main():
    try:
        opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'hd:', ['help', 'directory='])
    except getopt.error, msg:
        usage(1, msg)

    dir = os.curdir
    for opt, arg in opts:
        if opt in ('-h', '-&#45;help'):
            usage(0)
        elif opt in ('-d', '-&#45;directory'):
            dir = arg

    if len(args) &lt; 2:
        usage(1)

    sender = args[0]
    recips = args[1:]

    # Create the enclosing (outer) message
    outer = MIMEMultipart()
    outer['Subject'] = 'Contents of directory %s' % os.path.abspath(dir)
    outer['To'] = COMMASPACE.join(recips)
    outer['From'] = sender
    outer.preamble = 'You will not see this in a MIME-aware mail reader.&#92;n'
    # To guarantee the message ends with a newline
    outer.epilogue = ''

    for filename in os.listdir(dir):
        path = os.path.join(dir, filename)
        if not os.path.isfile(path):
            continue
        # Guess the content type based on the file's extension.  Encoding
        # will be ignored, although we should check for simple things like
        # gzip'd or compressed files.
        ctype, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(path)
        if ctype is None or encoding is not None:
            # No guess could be made, or the file is encoded (compressed), so
            # use a generic bag-of-bits type.
            ctype = 'application/octet-stream'
        maintype, subtype = ctype.split('/', 1)
        if maintype == 'text':
            fp = open(path)
            # Note: we should handle calculating the charset
            msg = MIMEText(fp.read(), _subtype=subtype)
            fp.close()
        elif maintype == 'image':
            fp = open(path, 'rb')
            msg = MIMEImage(fp.read(), _subtype=subtype)
            fp.close()
        elif maintype == 'audio':
            fp = open(path, 'rb')
            msg = MIMEAudio(fp.read(), _subtype=subtype)
            fp.close()
        else:
            fp = open(path, 'rb')
            msg = MIMEBase(maintype, subtype)
            msg.set_payload(fp.read())
            fp.close()
            # Encode the payload using Base64
            Encoders.encode_base64(msg)
        # Set the filename parameter
        msg.add_header('Content-Disposition', 'attachment', filename=filename)
        outer.attach(msg)

    # Now send the message
    s = smtplib.SMTP()
    s.connect()
    s.sendmail(sender, recips, outer.as_string())
    s.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()
</pre>
<div class="footer">
<a href="email-dir.txt" type="text/plain">Download as text (original file name: <span class="file">email-dir.py</span>).</a>
</div></div>

<P>
And finally, here's an example of how to unpack a MIME message like
the one above, into a directory of files:

<P>
<div class="verbatim">
<pre>#!/usr/bin/env python

"""Unpack a MIME message into a directory of files.

Usage: unpackmail [options] msgfile

Options:
    -h / -&#45;help
        Print this message and exit.

    -d directory
    -&#45;directory=directory
        Unpack the MIME message into the named directory, which will be
        created if it doesn't already exist.

msgfile is the path to the file containing the MIME message.
"""

import sys
import os
import getopt
import errno
import mimetypes
import email

def usage(code, msg=''):
    print &gt;&#62; sys.stderr, __doc__
    if msg:
        print &gt;&#62; sys.stderr, msg
    sys.exit(code)

def main():
    try:
        opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'hd:', ['help', 'directory='])
    except getopt.error, msg:
        usage(1, msg)

    dir = os.curdir
    for opt, arg in opts:
        if opt in ('-h', '-&#45;help'):
            usage(0)
        elif opt in ('-d', '-&#45;directory'):
            dir = arg

    try:
        msgfile = args[0]
    except IndexError:
        usage(1)

    try:
        os.mkdir(dir)
    except OSError, e:
        # Ignore directory exists error
        if e.errno &lt;&gt; errno.EEXIST: raise

    fp = open(msgfile)
    msg = email.message_from_file(fp)
    fp.close()

    counter = 1
    for part in msg.walk():
        # multipart/* are just containers
        if part.get_content_maintype() == 'multipart':
            continue
        # Applications should really sanitize the given filename so that an
        # email message can't be used to overwrite important files
        filename = part.get_filename()
        if not filename:
            ext = mimetypes.guess_extension(part.get_type())
            if not ext:
                # Use a generic bag-of-bits extension
                ext = '.bin'
            filename = 'part-%03d%s' % (counter, ext)
        counter += 1
        fp = open(os.path.join(dir, filename), 'wb')
        fp.write(part.get_payload(decode=1))
        fp.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()
</pre>
<div class="footer">
<a href="email-unpack.txt" type="text/plain">Download as text (original file name: <span class="file">email-unpack.py</span>).</a>
</div></div>
<BR><HR><H4>Footnotes</H4>
<DL>
<DT><A NAME="foot58630">... message:</A><A
 HREF="node597.html#tex2html137"><SUP>12.5</SUP></A></DT>
<DD>Thanks to Matthew Dixon Cowles for the original inspiration
          and examples.

</DD>
</DL>
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<span class="release-info">Release 2.4.2, documentation updated on 28 September 2005.</span>
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