Generated by perlmodlib.PL -- DO NOT EDIT!
perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones
=head1 THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY
Many modules are included in the Perl distribution. These are described
below, and all end in F<.pm>. You may discover compiled library
files (usually ending in F<.so>) or small pieces of modules to be
autoloaded (ending in F<.al>); these were automatically generated
by the installation process. You may also discover files in the
library directory that end in either F<.pl> or F<.ph>. These are
old libraries supplied so that old programs that use them still
run. The F<.pl> files will all eventually be converted into standard
modules, and the F<.ph> files made by B<h2ph> will probably end up
as extension modules made by B<h2xs>. (Some F<.ph> values may
already be available through the POSIX, Errno, or Fcntl modules.)
The B<pl2pm> file in the distribution may help in your conversion,
but it's just a mechanical process and therefore far from bulletproof.
They work somewhat like compiler directives (pragmata) in that they
tend to affect the compilation of your program, and thus will usually
work well only when used within a C<use>, or C<no>. Most of these
are lexically scoped, so an inner BLOCK may countermand them
which lasts until the end of that BLOCK.
Some pragmas are lexically scoped--typically those that affect the
C<$^H> hints variable. Others affect the current package instead,
like C<use vars> and C<use subs>, which allow you to predeclare a
variables or subroutines within a particular I<file> rather than
just a block. Such declarations are effective for the entire file
for which they were declared. You cannot rescind them with C<no
The following pragmas are defined (and have their own documentation).
Get/set subroutine or variable attributes
Set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated)
Postpone load of modules until a function is used
Establish IS-A relationship with base classes at compile time
Transparent BigInteger support for Perl
Transparent BigNumber support for Perl
Transparent BigNumber/BigRational support for Perl
Use MakeMaker's uninstalled version of a package
Force byte semantics rather than character semantics
Define character names for C<\N{named}> string literal escapes
Produce verbose warning diagnostics
Allows you to write your script in non-ascii or non-utf8
Compile-time class fields
Control the filetest permission operators
C<use> a Perl module if a condition holds
Use integer arithmetic instead of floating point
Request less of something from the compiler
Manipulate @INC at compile time
Use and avoid POSIX locales for built-in operations
Set default PerlIO layers for input and output
Restrict unsafe operations when compiling
Package for overloading Perl operations
Alter regular expression behaviour
Enable simple signal handling
Restrict unsafe constructs
Perl extension allowing use of interpreter based threads from perl
Perl extension for sharing data structures between threads
Enable/disable UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC) in source code
Predeclare global variable names (obsolete)
Control VMS-specific language features
Control optional warnings
Standard, bundled modules are all expected to behave in a well-defined
manner with respect to namespace pollution because they use the
Exporter module. See their own documentation for details.
It's possible that not all modules listed below are installed on your
system. For example, the GDBM_File module will not be installed if you
don't have the gdbm library.
Provide framework for multiple DBMs
=item Attribute::Handlers
Simpler definition of attribute handlers
Load subroutines only on demand
Split a package for autoloading
Autogenerated data about Perl ops, used to generate bytecode
Perl compiler's bytecode backend
Perl compiler's C backend
Perl compiler's optimized C translation backend
Walk Perl syntax tree, printing concise info about ops
Walk Perl syntax tree, printing debug info about ops
Perl compiler backend to produce perl code
Disassemble Perl bytecode
Show lexical variables used in functions or files
Helper module for CC backend
Show what stashes are loaded
Walk Perl syntax tree, printing terse info about ops
Generates cross reference reports for Perl programs
Benchmark running times of Perl code
Load byte compiled perl code
Simple Common Gateway Interface Class
Backward compatibility module for CGI.pm
CGI routines for writing to the HTTPD (or other) error log
Interface to Netscape Cookies
CGI Interface for Fast CGI
Module to produce nicely formatted HTML code
Simple Interface to Server Push
Backward compatibility module for defunct CGI::Switch
Internal utilities used by CGI module
Query, download and build perl modules from CPAN sites
Utility for CPAN::Config file Initialization
Wrapper around CPAN.pm without using any XS module
Utility functions to compare CPAN versions
Warn of errors (from perspective of caller)
Heavy machinery, no user serviceable parts inside
Report the search path for a class's ISA tree
Declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes
Access Perl configuration information
Get pathname of current working directory
Programmatic interface to the Perl debugging API (draft, subject to
Perl5 access to Berkeley DB version 1.x
Stringified perl data structures, suitable for both printing and C<eval>
Perl/Pollution/Portability
A data debugging tool for the XS programmer
Generate stubs for a SelfLoading module
Modules that calculate message digests
Perl interface to the MD5 Algorithm
Calculate digests of files
Supply object methods for directory handles
Provides screen dump of Perl data.
Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
Alias definitions to encodings
=item Encode::CJKConstants
Internally used by Encode::??::ISO_2022_*
China-based Chinese Encodings
Internally used by Encode::CN
Internally used by Encode
Encode Implementation Base Class
Guesses encoding from data
Internally used by Encode::JP::2022_JP*
Internally used by Encode::JP
=item Encode::KR::2022_KR
Internally used by Encode::KR
=item Encode::MIME::Header
MIME 'B' and 'Q' header encoding
A detailed document on Encode and PerlIO
Encodings supported by Encode
Taiwan-based Chinese Encodings
Various Unicode Transformation Formats
=item Encode::Unicode::UTF7
Use nice English (or awk) names for ugly punctuation variables
Perl module that imports environment variables as scalars or arrays
Implements default import method for modules
Utilities to replace common UNIX commands in Makefiles etc.
=item ExtUtils::Command::MM
Commands for the MM's to use in Makefiles
Generate XS code to import C header constants
=item ExtUtils::Constant::Base
Base class for ExtUtils::Constant objects
=item ExtUtils::Constant::Utils
Helper functions for ExtUtils::Constant
=item ExtUtils::Constant::XS
Base class for ExtUtils::Constant objects
Utilities for embedding Perl in C/C++ applications
Install files from here to there
=item ExtUtils::Installed
Inventory management of installed modules
Determine libraries to use and how to use them
OS adjusted ExtUtils::MakeMaker subclass
AIX specific subclass of ExtUtils::MM_Unix
Platform-agnostic MM methods
Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
=item ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin
Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
DOS specific subclass of ExtUtils::MM_Unix
Once produced Makefiles for MacOS Classic
Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
QNX specific subclass of ExtUtils::MM_Unix
U/WIN specific subclass of ExtUtils::MM_Unix
Methods used by ExtUtils::MakeMaker
Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
VOS specific subclass of ExtUtils::MM_Unix
Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
Method to customize MakeMaker for Win9X
ExtUtils::MakeMaker subclass for customization
=item ExtUtils::MakeMaker
=item ExtUtils::MakeMaker::Config
=item ExtUtils::MakeMaker::FAQ
Frequently Asked Questions About MakeMaker
=item ExtUtils::MakeMaker::Tutorial
Writing a module with MakeMaker
=item ExtUtils::MakeMaker::bytes
Version-agnostic bytes.pm
=item ExtUtils::MakeMaker::vmsish
Platform-agnostic vmsish.pm
Utilities to write and check a MANIFEST file
=item ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap
Make a bootstrap file for use by DynaLoader
=item ExtUtils::Mksymlists
Write linker options files for dynamic extension
Add blib/* directories to @INC
Replace functions with equivalents which succeed or die
Load the C Fcntl.h defines
Parse file paths into directory, filename and suffix.
Run many filetest checks on a tree
Compare files or filehandles
Copy files or filehandles
DOS like globbing and then some
Traverse a directory tree.
Perl extension for BSD glob routine
Create or remove directory trees
Portably perform operations on file names
Methods for Cygwin file specs
Methods for Epoc file specs
=item File::Spec::Functions
Portably perform operations on file names
File::Spec for Mac OS (Classic)
Methods for OS/2 file specs
File::Spec for Unix, base for other File::Spec modules
Methods for VMS file specs
Methods for Win32 file specs
Return name and handle of a temporary file safely
By-name interface to Perl's built-in stat() functions
Keep more files open than the system permits
Supply object methods for filehandles
Simplified source filtering
Perl Source Filter Utility Module
Locate directory of original perl script
Perl5 access to the gdbm library.
Extended processing of command line options
Process single-character switches with switch clustering
A selection of general-utility hash subroutines
Compare 8-bit scalar data according to the current locale
Functions for dealing with RFC3066-style language tags
=item I18N::LangTags::Detect
Detect the user's language preferences
=item I18N::LangTags::List
Tags and names for human languages
Supply object methods for directory handles
Supply object methods for filehandles
Supply object methods for I/O handles
Supply object methods for pipes
Object interface to system poll call
Supply seek based methods for I/O objects
OO interface to the select system call
Object interface to socket communications
Object interface for AF_INET domain sockets
Object interface for AF_UNIX domain sockets
Open a process for both reading and writing
Open a process for reading, writing, and error handling
SysV Msg IPC object class
=item IPC::SysV::Semaphore
SysV Semaphore IPC object class
A selection of general-utility list subroutines
Constants for Locale codes
ISO codes for country identification (ISO 3166)
ISO three letter codes for currency identification (ISO 4217)
ISO two letter codes for language identification (ISO 639)
Framework for localization
=item Locale::Maketext::TPJ13
Article about software localization
ISO codes for script identification (ISO 15924)
Encoding and decoding of base64 strings
=item MIME::Base64::QuotedPrint
Encoding and decoding of quoted-printable strings
Arbitrary size floating point math package
Arbitrary size integer/float math package
Pure Perl module to support Math::BigInt
=item Math::BigInt::CalcEmu
Emulate low-level math with BigInt code
Arbitrary big rational numbers
Complex numbers and associated mathematical functions
Make functions faster by trading space for time
=item Memoize::AnyDBM_File
Glue to provide EXISTS for AnyDBM_File for Storable use
Plug-in module for automatic expiration of memoized values
=item Memoize::ExpireFile
Test for Memoize expiration semantics
=item Memoize::ExpireTest
Test for Memoize expiration semantics
Glue to provide EXISTS for NDBM_File for Storable use
Glue to provide EXISTS for SDBM_File for Storable use
Store Memoized data in Storable database
Tied access to ndbm files
Provide a pseudo-class NEXT (et al) that allows method redispatch
Network Command class (as used by FTP, SMTP etc)
Local configuration data for libnet
Attempt to evaluate the current host's internet name and domain
OO interface to users netrc file
Post Office Protocol 3 Client class (RFC1939)
Check a remote host for reachability
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Client
Time and daytime network client interface
By-name interface to Perl's built-in gethost*() functions
Libnet Frequently Asked Questions
By-name interface to Perl's built-in getnet*() functions
By-name interface to Perl's built-in getproto*() functions
By-name interface to Perl's built-in getserv*() functions
Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
Tied access to odbm files
Disable named opcodes when compiling perl code
Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1
On demand loader for PerlIO layers and root of PerlIO::* name space
Helper class for PerlIO layers implemented in perl
=item PerlIO::via::QuotedPrint
PerlIO layer for quoted-printable strings
Check pod documents for syntax errors
Find POD documents in directory trees
Group Perl's functions a la perlfunc.pod
Module to convert pod files to HTML
Objects representing POD input paragraphs, commands, etc.
Convert Pod data to formatted Latex
Convert POD data to formatted *roff input
Parse an LE<lt>E<gt> formatting code in POD text
Helpers for POD parsing and conversion
Base class for creating POD filters and translators
=item Pod::Perldoc::ToChecker
Let Perldoc check Pod for errors
=item Pod::Perldoc::ToMan
Let Perldoc render Pod as man pages
=item Pod::Perldoc::ToNroff
Let Perldoc convert Pod to nroff
=item Pod::Perldoc::ToPod
Let Perldoc render Pod as ... Pod!
=item Pod::Perldoc::ToRtf
Let Perldoc render Pod as RTF
=item Pod::Perldoc::ToText
Let Perldoc render Pod as plaintext
Let Perldoc use Tk::Pod to render Pod
=item Pod::Perldoc::ToXml
Let Perldoc render Pod as XML
Convert POD data to formatted ASCII text
Perl extension for converting Pod to old style Pod.
Extract selected sections of POD from input
Convert POD data to formatted ASCII text
Convert POD data to formatted color ASCII text
=item Pod::Text::Overstrike
Convert POD data to formatted overstrike text
Convert POD data to ASCII text with format escapes
Print a usage message from embedded pod documentation
Tied access to sdbm files
Compile and execute code in restricted compartments
A selection of general-utility scalar subroutines
Search for key in dictionary file
Save and restore selected file handle
Load functions only on demand
Run shell commands transparently within perl
Load the C socket.h defines and structure manipulators
Persistence for Perl data structures
A switch statement for Perl
Manipulate Perl symbols and their names
Try every conceivable way to get hostname
Perl interface to the UNIX syslog(3) calls
Color screen output using ANSI escape sequences
Perl word completion module
Perl interface to various C<readline> packages.
Provides a simple framework for writing test scripts
Backend for building test libraries
=item Test::Builder::Module
Base class for test modules
=item Test::Builder::Tester
Test testsuites that have been built with
=item Test::Builder::Tester::Color
Turn on colour in Test::Builder::Tester
Run Perl standard test scripts with statistics
=item Test::Harness::Assert
=item Test::Harness::Iterator
Internal Test::Harness Iterator
=item Test::Harness::Point
Object for tracking a single test point
=item Test::Harness::Straps
Detailed analysis of test results
Documentation for the TAP format
Yet another framework for writing test scripts
Basic utilities for writing tests.
A tutorial about writing really basic tests
Create an abbreviation table from a list
Extract delimited text sequences from strings.
Parse text into an array of tokens or array of arrays
Implementation of the Soundex Algorithm as Described by Knuth
Expand and unexpand tabs per the unix expand(1) and unexpand(1)
Line wrapping to form simple paragraphs
Manipulate threads in Perl (for old code only)
Start a thread which runs signal handlers reliably (for old code)
Base class for tied arrays
Access the lines of a disk file via a Perl array
Base class definitions for tied handles
Base class definitions for tied hashes
Add data to hash when needed
Use references as hash keys
Base class definitions for tied scalars
Fixed-table-size, fixed-key-length hashing
High resolution alarm, sleep, gettimeofday, interval timers
Efficiently compute time from local and GMT time
By-name interface to Perl's built-in gmtime() function
By-name interface to Perl's built-in localtime() function
Internal object used by Time::gmtime and Time::localtime
Base class for ALL classes (blessed references)
Unicode Collation Algorithm
Unicode Normalization Forms
Unicode character database
By-name interface to Perl's built-in getgr*() functions
By-name interface to Perl's built-in getpw*() functions
Module to test the XS typemaps distributed with perl
Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
To find out I<all> modules installed on your system, including
those without documentation or outside the standard release,
just use the following command (under the default win32 shell,
double quotes should be used instead of single quotes).
% perl -MFile::Find=find -MFile::Spec::Functions -Tlwe \
'find { wanted => sub { print canonpath $_ if /\.pm\z/ },
(The -T is here to prevent '.' from being listed in @INC.)
They should all have their own documentation installed and accessible
via your system man(1) command. If you do not have a B<find>
program, you can use the Perl B<find2perl> program instead, which
generates Perl code as output you can run through perl. If you
have a B<man> program but it doesn't find your modules, you'll have
to fix your manpath. See L<perl> for details. If you have no
system B<man> command, you might try the B<perldoc> program.
Note also that the command C<perldoc perllocal> gives you a (possibly
incomplete) list of the modules that have been further installed on
your system. (The perllocal.pod file is updated by the standard MakeMaker
Extension modules are written in C (or a mix of Perl and C). They
are usually dynamically loaded into Perl if and when you need them,
but may also be linked in statically. Supported extension modules
include Socket, Fcntl, and POSIX.
Many popular C extension modules do not come bundled (at least, not
completely) due to their sizes, volatility, or simply lack of time
for adequate testing and configuration across the multitude of
platforms on which Perl was beta-tested. You are encouraged to
look for them on CPAN (described below), or using web search engines
like Alta Vista or Google.
CPAN stands for Comprehensive Perl Archive Network; it's a globally
replicated trove of Perl materials, including documentation, style
guides, tricks and traps, alternate ports to non-Unix systems and
occasional binary distributions for these. Search engines for
CPAN can be found at http://www.cpan.org/
Most importantly, CPAN includes around a thousand unbundled modules,
some of which require a C compiler to build. Major categories of
Language Extensions and Documentation Tools
Operating System Interfaces
Networking, Device Control (modems) and InterProcess Communication
Data Types and Data Type Utilities
Interfaces to / Emulations of Other Programming Languages
File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see also File Handles)
String Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching
Option, Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing
Internationalization and Locale
Authentication, Security, and Encryption
World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME
Server and Daemon Utilities
Archiving and Compression
Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing, and Graphing
Control Flow Utilities (callbacks and exceptions etc)
File Handle and Input/Output Stream Utilities
The list of the registered CPAN sites as of this writing follows.
Please note that the sorting order is alphabetical on fields:
and thus the North American servers happen to be listed between the
European and the South American sites.
You should try to choose one close to you.
http://ftp.rucus.ru.ac.za/pub/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.rucus.ru.ac.za/pub/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.is.co.za/programming/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.saix.net/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.sun.ac.za/CPAN/CPAN/
http://cpan.linuxforum.net/
http://cpan.shellhung.org/
ftp://ftp.shellhung.org/pub/CPAN
ftp://mirrors.hknet.com/CPAN
http://mirrors.tf.itb.ac.id/cpan/
ftp://ftp.cbn.net.id/mirror/CPAN
ftp://ftp.iglu.org.il/pub/CPAN/
http://cpan.lerner.co.il/
http://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il/pub/software/perl/CPAN/
ftp://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il/pub/software/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.u-aizu.ac.jp/pub/CPAN
ftp://ftp.kddlabs.co.jp/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.ayamura.org/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.dti.ad.jp/pub/lang/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.ring.gr.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
http://mirror.leafbug.org/pub/CPAN
http://ossig.mncc.com.my/mirror/pub/CPAN
ftp://ftp.isu.net.sa/pub/CPAN/
http://mirror.averse.net/pub/CPAN
ftp://mirror.averse.net/pub/CPAN
http://cpan.oss.eznetsols.org
ftp://ftp.oss.eznetsols.org/cpan
ftp://ftp.bora.net/pub/CPAN/
http://mirror.kr.FreeBSD.org/CPAN
ftp://ftp.kr.FreeBSD.org/pub/CPAN
ftp://ftp.nctu.edu.tw/UNIX/perl/CPAN
http://cpan.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/
ftp://cpan.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/pub/CPAN
http://ftp.isu.edu.tw/pub/CPAN
ftp://ftp.isu.edu.tw/pub/CPAN
ftp://ftp1.sinica.edu.tw/pub1/perl/CPAN/
http://ftp.tku.edu.tw/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.tku.edu.tw/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.loxinfo.co.th/pub/cpan/
ftp://ftp.cs.riubon.ac.th/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
http://ftp.ucr.ac.cr/Unix/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.ucr.ac.cr/pub/Unix/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.tuwien.ac.at/pub/CPAN/
http://ftp.easynet.be/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.easynet.be/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.cpan.skynet.be/pub/CPAN
ftp://ftp.kulnet.kuleuven.ac.be/pub/mirror/CPAN/
=item Bosnia and Herzegovina
ftp://cpan.online.bg/cpan
ftp://ftp.zadnik.org/mirrors/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.lirex.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN
http://ftp.linux.hr/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.linux.hr/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.fi.muni.cz/pub/CPAN/
ftp://sunsite.mff.cuni.cz/MIRRORS/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
http://mirrors.sunsite.dk/cpan/
ftp://sunsite.dk/mirrors/cpan/
ftp://www.cpan.dk/ftp.cpan.org/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.ut.ee/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
http://mirror.eunet.fi/CPAN
http://www.enstimac.fr/Perl/CPAN
http://ftp.u-paris10.fr/perl/CPAN
ftp://ftp.u-paris10.fr/perl/CPAN
http://cpan.mirrors.easynet.fr/
ftp://cpan.mirrors.easynet.fr/pub/ftp.cpan.org/
ftp://ftp.club-internet.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.lip6.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.oleane.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.pasteur.fr/pub/computing/CPAN/
http://mir2.ovh.net/ftp.cpan.org
ftp://mir1.ovh.net/ftp.cpan.org
http://ftp.crihan.fr/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/
ftp://ftp.crihan.fr/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/
http://ftp.u-strasbg.fr/CPAN
ftp://ftp.u-strasbg.fr/CPAN
ftp://cpan.cict.fr/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.uvsq.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.rub.de/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.freenet.de/pub/ftp.cpan.org/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/source/CPAN/
ftp://ftp-stud.fht-esslingen.de/pub/Mirrors/CPAN
http://pandemonium.tiscali.de/pub/CPAN/
ftp://pandemonium.tiscali.de/pub/CPAN/
http://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.uni-hamburg.de/pub/soft/lang/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.leo.org/pub/CPAN/
ftp://cpan.noris.de/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.mpi-sb.mpg.de/pub/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.gmd.de/mirrors/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.acn.gr/pub/lang/perl
ftp://ftp.forthnet.gr/pub/languages/perl/CPAN
ftp://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/lang/perl/
http://ftp.kfki.hu/packages/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.kfki.hu/pub/packages/perl/CPAN/
http://ftp.rhnet.is/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.rhnet.is/pub/CPAN/
ftp://cpan.indigo.ie/pub/CPAN/
http://ftp.heanet.ie/mirrors/ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN
ftp://ftp.heanet.ie/mirrors/ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN
http://sunsite.compapp.dcu.ie/pub/perl/
ftp://sunsite.compapp.dcu.ie/pub/perl/
http://gusp.dyndns.org/CPAN/
ftp://gusp.dyndns.org/pub/CPAN
http://softcity.iol.it/cpan
ftp://softcity.iol.it/pub/cpan
ftp://ftp.unina.it/pub/Other/CPAN/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.unipi.it/pub/mirror/perl/CPAN/
ftp://cis.uniRoma2.it/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.edisontel.it/pub/CPAN_Mirror/
ftp://ftp.flashnet.it/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.unix.lt/pub/CPAN/
ftp://download.xs4all.nl/pub/mirror/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.nl.uu.net/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
http://cpan.cybercomm.nl/
ftp://mirror.cybercomm.nl/pub/CPAN
ftp://mirror.vuurwerk.nl/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.cpan.nl/pub/CPAN/
http://ftp.easynet.nl/mirror/CPAN
ftp://ftp.easynet.nl/mirror/CPAN
http://archive.cs.uu.nl/mirror/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.cs.uu.nl/mirror/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.uninett.no/pub/languages/perl/CPAN
ftp://ftp.uit.no/pub/languages/perl/cpan/
ftp://ftp.mega.net.pl/CPAN
ftp://ftp.man.torun.pl/pub/doc/CPAN/
ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.ua.pt/pub/CPAN/
ftp://perl.di.uminho.pt/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.dei.uc.pt/pub/CPAN
ftp://ftp.nfsi.pt/pub/CPAN
http://ftp.linux.pt/pub/mirrors/CPAN
ftp://ftp.linux.pt/pub/mirrors/CPAN
ftp://cpan.ip.pt/pub/cpan/
ftp://ftp.telepac.pt/pub/cpan/
ftp://ftp.bio-net.ro/pub/CPAN
ftp://ftp.kappa.ro/pub/mirrors/ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.roedu.net/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.dntis.ro/pub/cpan/
ftp://ftp.iasi.roedu.net/pub/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/
ftp://ftp.ambra.ro/pub/CPAN
ftp://ftp.dnttm.ro/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.lasting.ro/pub/CPAN
ftp://ftp.timisoara.roedu.net/mirrors/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.chg.ru/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
ftp://cpan.rinet.ru/pub/mirror/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.aha.ru/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.corbina.ru/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.sai.msu.su/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.cvt.stuba.sk/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.arnes.si/software/perl/CPAN/
http://cpan.imasd.elmundo.es/
ftp://ftp.rediris.es/mirror/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.ri.telefonica-data.net/CPAN
ftp://ftp.etse.urv.es/pub/perl/
ftp://ftp.du.se/pub/CPAN/
http://mirror.dataphone.se/CPAN
ftp://mirror.dataphone.se/pub/CPAN
ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
http://cpan.mirror.solnet.ch/
ftp://ftp.solnet.ch/mirror/CPAN/
ftp://sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch/mirror/CPAN/
http://ftp.ulak.net.tr/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.ulak.net.tr/perl/CPAN
ftp://sunsite.bilkent.edu.tr/pub/languages/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.perl.org.ua/pub/CPAN/
http://no-more.kiev.ua/CPAN/
ftp://no-more.kiev.ua/pub/CPAN/
http://www.mirror.ac.uk/sites/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN
ftp://ftp.mirror.ac.uk/sites/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
http://cpan.teleglobe.net/
ftp://cpan.teleglobe.net/pub/CPAN
http://cpan.mirror.anlx.net/
ftp://ftp.mirror.anlx.net/CPAN/
ftp://cpan.etla.org/pub/CPAN
ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/CPAN/
http://cpan.m.flirble.org/
ftp://ftp.flirble.org/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.plig.org/pub/CPAN/
http://cpan.hambule.co.uk/
http://cpan.mirrors.clockerz.net/
ftp://ftp.clockerz.net/pub/CPAN/
ftp://usit.shef.ac.uk/pub/packages/CPAN/
http://cpan.sunsite.ualberta.ca/
ftp://cpan.sunsite.ualberta.ca/pub/CPAN/
http://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/
ftp://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/
ftp://cpan.chebucto.ns.ca/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.nrc.ca/pub/CPAN/
ftp://cpan.azc.uam.mx/mirrors/CPAN
ftp://ftp.unam.mx/pub/CPAN
http://www.msg.com.mx/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.msg.com.mx/pub/CPAN/
http://mirror.hiwaay.net/CPAN/
ftp://mirror.hiwaay.net/CPAN/
http://cpan.develooper.com/
ftp://cpan.valueclick.com/pub/CPAN/
http://www.mednor.net/ftp/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.mednor.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
http://mirrors.gossamer-threads.com/CPAN
ftp://cpan.nas.nasa.gov/pub/perl/CPAN/
http://mirrors.kernel.org/cpan/
ftp://mirrors.kernel.org/pub/CPAN
http://cpan-sj.viaverio.com/
ftp://cpan-sj.viaverio.com/pub/CPAN/
ftp://cpan.digisle.net/pub/CPAN
http://www.perl.com/CPAN/
http://www.uberlan.net/CPAN
ftp://ftp.cs.colorado.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/
http://ftp.lug.udel.edu/pub/CPAN
ftp://ftp.lug.udel.edu/pub/CPAN
=item District of Columbia
ftp://ftp.dc.aleron.net/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.cise.ufl.edu/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
http://mirror.csit.fsu.edu/pub/CPAN/
ftp://mirror.csit.fsu.edu/pub/CPAN/
http://cpan.mirrors.nks.net/
ftp://ftp.uwsg.iu.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/
http://cpan.netnitco.net/
ftp://cpan.netnitco.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
http://archive.progeny.com/CPAN/
ftp://archive.progeny.com/CPAN/
http://fx.saintjoe.edu/pub/CPAN
ftp://ftp.saintjoe.edu/pub/CPAN
http://csociety-ftp.ecn.purdue.edu/pub/CPAN
ftp://csociety-ftp.ecn.purdue.edu/pub/CPAN
ftp://cpan.uky.edu/pub/CPAN/
http://slugsite.louisville.edu/cpan
ftp://slugsite.louisville.edu/CPAN
http://mirrors.towardex.com/CPAN
ftp://mirrors.towardex.com/pub/CPAN
ftp://ftp.ccs.neu.edu/net/mirrors/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
http://cpan.calvin.edu/pub/CPAN
ftp://cpan.calvin.edu/pub/CPAN
http://www.oss.redundant.com/pub/CPAN
ftp://www.oss.redundant.com/pub/CPAN
http://ftp.cpanel.net/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.cpanel.net/pub/CPAN/
http://cpan.teleglobe.net/
ftp://cpan.teleglobe.net/pub/CPAN
http://cpan.thepirtgroup.com/
ftp://cpan.thepirtgroup.com/
ftp://ftp.stealth.net/pub/CPAN/
http://www.rge.com/pub/languages/perl/
ftp://ftp.rge.com/pub/languages/perl/
http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/languages/perl/CPAN
ftp://ftp.ibiblio.org/pub/languages/perl/CPAN
ftp://ftp.duke.edu/pub/perl/
ftp://ftp.ncsu.edu/pub/mirror/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.ou.edu/mirrors/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.orst.edu/pub/CPAN
http://ftp.epix.net/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.epix.net/pub/languages/perl/
http://mirrors.phenominet.com/pub/CPAN/
ftp://mirrors.phenominet.com/pub/CPAN/
ftp://cpan.pair.com/pub/CPAN/
ftp://carroll.cac.psu.edu/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.sunsite.utk.edu/pub/CPAN/
http://ftp.sedl.org/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
http://www.binarycode.org/cpan
ftp://mirror.telentente.com/pub/CPAN
http://mirrors.theonlinerecordstore.com/CPAN
ftp://mirror.xmission.com/CPAN/
http://cpan-du.viaverio.com/
ftp://cpan-du.viaverio.com/pub/CPAN/
http://mirrors.rcn.net/pub/lang/CPAN/
ftp://mirrors.rcn.net/pub/lang/CPAN/
ftp://perl.secsup.org/pub/perl/
http://noc.cvaix.com/mirrors/CPAN/
ftp://cpan.llarian.net/pub/CPAN/
http://cpan.mirrorcentral.com/
ftp://ftp.mirrorcentral.com/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp-mirror.internap.com/pub/CPAN/
http://mirror.sit.wisc.edu/pub/CPAN/
ftp://mirror.sit.wisc.edu/pub/CPAN/
http://mirror.aphix.com/CPAN
ftp://mirror.aphix.com/pub/CPAN
http://ftp.planetmirror.com/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.planetmirror.com/pub/CPAN/
ftp://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/perl/CPAN/
ftp://cpan.topend.com.au/pub/CPAN/
http://cpan.mirrors.ilisys.com.au
ftp://ftp.auckland.ac.nz/pub/perl/CPAN/
http://aniani.ifa.hawaii.edu/CPAN/
ftp://aniani.ifa.hawaii.edu/CPAN/
ftp://mirrors.bannerlandia.com.ar/mirrors/CPAN/
http://www.linux.org.ar/mirrors/cpan
ftp://ftp.linux.org.ar/mirrors/cpan
ftp://cpan.pop-mg.com.br/pub/CPAN/
ftp://ftp.matrix.com.br/pub/perl/CPAN/
http://cpan.hostsul.com.br/
ftp://cpan.hostsul.com.br/
http://cpan.netglobalis.net/
ftp://cpan.netglobalis.net/pub/CPAN/
theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca::CPAN
rsync://ftp.crihan.fr::CPAN
ftp.gwdg.de::FTP/languages/perl/CPAN/
rsync://ftp.heanet.ie/mirrors/ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN
ftp.ayamura.org::pub/CPAN/
cpan.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw::CPAN
rsync://rsync.mirror.anlx.net::CPAN
cpan-du.viaverio.com::CPAN
aniani.ifa.hawaii.edu::CPAN
archive.progeny.com::CPAN
rsync://slugsite.louisville.edu::CPAN
mirrors.kernel.org::mirrors/CPAN
mirrors.phenominet.com::CPAN
cpan-sj.viaverio.com::CPAN
mirror.csit.fsu.edu::CPAN
csociety-ftp.ecn.purdue.edu::CPAN
For an up-to-date listing of CPAN sites,
see http://www.cpan.org/SITES or ftp://www.cpan.org/SITES .
=head1 Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse
(The following section is borrowed directly from Tim Bunce's modules
file, available at your nearest CPAN site.)
Perl implements a class using a package, but the presence of a
package doesn't imply the presence of a class. A package is just a
namespace. A class is a package that provides subroutines that can be
used as methods. A method is just a subroutine that expects, as its
first argument, either the name of a package (for "static" methods),
or a reference to something (for "virtual" methods).
A module is a file that (by convention) provides a class of the same
name (sans the .pm), plus an import method in that class that can be
called to fetch exported symbols. This module may implement some of
its methods by loading dynamic C or C++ objects, but that should be
totally transparent to the user of the module. Likewise, the module
might set up an AUTOLOAD function to slurp in subroutine definitions on
demand, but this is also transparent. Only the F<.pm> file is required to
exist. See L<perlsub>, L<perltoot>, and L<AutoLoader> for details about
=head2 Guidelines for Module Creation
Do similar modules already exist in some form?
If so, please try to reuse the existing modules either in whole or
by inheriting useful features into a new class. If this is not
practical try to get together with the module authors to work on
extending or enhancing the functionality of the existing modules.
A perfect example is the plethora of packages in perl4 for dealing
with command line options.
If you are writing a module to expand an already existing set of
modules, please coordinate with the author of the package. It
helps if you follow the same naming scheme and module interaction
scheme as the original author.
Try to design the new module to be easy to extend and reuse.
Try to C<use warnings;> (or C<use warnings qw(...);>).
Remember that you can add C<no warnings qw(...);> to individual blocks
of code that need less warnings.
Use blessed references. Use the two argument form of bless to bless
into the class name given as the first parameter of the constructor,
or even this if you'd like it to be used as either a static
my $class = ref($self) || $self;
Pass arrays as references so more parameters can be added later
(it's also faster). Convert functions into methods where
appropriate. Split large methods into smaller more flexible ones.
Inherit methods from other modules if appropriate.
Avoid class name tests like: C<die "Invalid" unless ref $ref eq 'FOO'>.
Generally you can delete the C<eq 'FOO'> part with no harm at all.
Let the objects look after themselves! Generally, avoid hard-wired
class names as far as possible.
Avoid C<< $r->Class::func() >> where using C<@ISA=qw(... Class ...)> and
C<< $r->func() >> would work (see L<perlbot> for more details).
Use autosplit so little used or newly added functions won't be a
burden to programs that don't use them. Add test functions to
the module after __END__ either using AutoSplit or by saying:
eval join('',<main::DATA>) || die $@ unless caller();
Does your module pass the 'empty subclass' test? If you say
C<@SUBCLASS::ISA = qw(YOURCLASS);> your applications should be able
to use SUBCLASS in exactly the same way as YOURCLASS. For example,
does your application still work if you change: C<$obj = new YOURCLASS;>
into: C<$obj = new SUBCLASS;> ?
Avoid keeping any state information in your packages. It makes it
difficult for multiple other packages to use yours. Keep state
Try to C<use strict;> (or C<use strict qw(...);>).
Remember that you can add C<no strict qw(...);> to individual blocks
of code that need less strictness.
Follow the guidelines in the perlstyle(1) manual.
Some simple style guidelines
The perlstyle manual supplied with Perl has many helpful points.
Coding style is a matter of personal taste. Many people evolve their
style over several years as they learn what helps them write and
maintain good code. Here's one set of assorted suggestions that
seem to be widely used by experienced developers:
Use underscores to separate words. It is generally easier to read
$var_names_like_this than $VarNamesLikeThis, especially for
non-native speakers of English. It's also a simple rule that works
consistently with VAR_NAMES_LIKE_THIS.
Package/Module names are an exception to this rule. Perl informally
reserves lowercase module names for 'pragma' modules like integer
and strict. Other modules normally begin with a capital letter and
use mixed case with no underscores (need to be short and portable).
You may find it helpful to use letter case to indicate the scope
or nature of a variable. For example:
$ALL_CAPS_HERE constants only (beware clashes with Perl vars)
$Some_Caps_Here package-wide global/static
$no_caps_here function scope my() or local() variables
Function and method names seem to work best as all lowercase.
e.g., C<< $obj->as_string() >>.
You can use a leading underscore to indicate that a variable or
function should not be used outside the package that defined it.
Do NOT export method names!
Do NOT export anything else by default without a good reason!
Exports pollute the namespace of the module user. If you must
export try to use @EXPORT_OK in preference to @EXPORT and avoid
short or common names to reduce the risk of name clashes.
Generally anything not exported is still accessible from outside the
module using the ModuleName::item_name (or C<< $blessed_ref->method >>)
syntax. By convention you can use a leading underscore on names to
indicate informally that they are 'internal' and not for public use.
(It is actually possible to get private functions by saying:
C<my $subref = sub { ... }; &$subref;>. But there's no way to call that
directly as a method, because a method must have a name in the symbol
As a general rule, if the module is trying to be object oriented
then export nothing. If it's just a collection of functions then
@EXPORT_OK anything but use @EXPORT with caution.
Select a name for the module.
This name should be as descriptive, accurate, and complete as
possible. Avoid any risk of ambiguity. Always try to use two or
more whole words. Generally the name should reflect what is special
about what the module does rather than how it does it. Please use
nested module names to group informally or categorize a module.
There should be a very good reason for a module not to have a nested name.
Module names should begin with a capital letter.
Having 57 modules all called Sort will not make life easy for anyone
(though having 23 called Sort::Quick is only marginally better :-).
Imagine someone trying to install your module alongside many others.
If in any doubt ask for suggestions in comp.lang.perl.misc.
If you are developing a suite of related modules/classes it's good
practice to use nested classes with a common prefix as this will
avoid namespace clashes. For example: Xyz::Control, Xyz::View,
Xyz::Model etc. Use the modules in this list as a naming guide.
If adding a new module to a set, follow the original author's
standards for naming modules and the interface to methods in
If developing modules for private internal or project specific use,
that will never be released to the public, then you should ensure
that their names will not clash with any future public module. You
can do this either by using the reserved Local::* category or by
using a category name that includes an underscore like Foo_Corp::*.
To be portable each component of a module name should be limited to
11 characters. If it might be used on MS-DOS then try to ensure each is
unique in the first 8 characters. Nested modules make this easier.
How do you know that you've made the right decisions? Have you
picked an interface design that will cause problems later? Have
you picked the most appropriate name? Do you have any questions?
The best way to know for sure, and pick up many helpful suggestions,
is to ask someone who knows. Comp.lang.perl.misc is read by just about
all the people who develop modules and it's the best place to ask.
All you need to do is post a short summary of the module, its
purpose and interfaces. A few lines on each of the main methods is
probably enough. (If you post the whole module it might be ignored
by busy people - generally the very people you want to read it!)
Don't worry about posting if you can't say when the module will be
ready - just say so in the message. It might be worth inviting
others to help you, they may be able to complete it for you!
README and other Additional Files.
It's well known that software developers usually fully document the
software they write. If, however, the world is in urgent need of
your software and there is not enough time to write the full
documentation please at least provide a README file containing:
A description of the module/package/extension etc.
A copyright notice - see below.
Prerequisites - what else you may need to have.
How to build it - possible changes to Makefile.PL etc.
Recent changes in this release, especially incompatibilities
Changes / enhancements you plan to make in the future.
If the README file seems to be getting too large you may wish to
split out some of the sections into separate files: INSTALL,
Adding a Copyright Notice.
How you choose to license your work is a personal decision.
The general mechanism is to assert your Copyright and then make
a declaration of how others may copy/use/modify your work.
Perl, for example, is supplied with two types of licence: The GNU GPL
and The Artistic Licence (see the files README, Copying, and Artistic,
or L<perlgpl> and L<perlartistic>). Larry has good reasons for NOT
My personal recommendation, out of respect for Larry, Perl, and the
Perl community at large is to state something simply like:
Copyright (c) 1995 Your Name. All rights reserved.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
This statement should at least appear in the README file. You may
also wish to include it in a Copying file and your source files.
Remember to include the other words in addition to the Copyright.
Give the module a version/issue/release number.
To be fully compatible with the Exporter and MakeMaker modules you
should store your module's version number in a non-my package
variable called $VERSION. This should be a floating point
number with at least two digits after the decimal (i.e., hundredths,
e.g, C<$VERSION = "0.01">). Don't use a "1.3.2" style version.
See L<Exporter> for details.
It may be handy to add a function or method to retrieve the number.
Use the number in announcements and archive file names when
releasing the module (ModuleName-1.02.tar.Z).
See perldoc ExtUtils::MakeMaker.pm for details.
How to release and distribute a module.
It's good idea to post an announcement of the availability of your
module (or the module itself if small) to the comp.lang.perl.announce
Usenet newsgroup. This will at least ensure very wide once-off
If possible, register the module with CPAN. You should
include details of its location in your announcement.
Some notes about ftp archives: Please use a long descriptive file
name that includes the version number. Most incoming directories
will not be readable/listable, i.e., you won't be able to see your
file after uploading it. Remember to send your email notification
message as soon as possible after uploading else your file may get
deleted automatically. Allow time for the file to be processed
and/or check the file has been processed before announcing its
FTP Archives for Perl Modules:
Follow the instructions and links on:
http://www.cpan.org/modules/00modlist.long.html
http://www.cpan.org/modules/04pause.html
or upload to one of these sites:
https://pause.kbx.de/pause/
http://pause.perl.org/pause/
and notify <modules@perl.org>.
By using the WWW interface you can ask the Upload Server to mirror
your modules from your ftp or WWW site into your own directory on
Please remember to send me an updated entry for the Module list!
Take care when changing a released module.
Always strive to remain compatible with previous released versions.
Otherwise try to add a mechanism to revert to the
old behavior if people rely on it. Document incompatible changes.
=head2 Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules
There is no requirement to convert anything.
If it ain't broke, don't fix it! Perl 4 library scripts should
continue to work with no problems. You may need to make some minor
changes (like escaping non-array @'s in double quoted strings) but
there is no need to convert a .pl file into a Module for just that.
Consider the implications.
All Perl applications that make use of the script will need to
be changed (slightly) if the script is converted into a module. Is
it worth it unless you plan to make other changes at the same time?
Make the most of the opportunity.
If you are going to convert the script to a module you can use the
opportunity to redesign the interface. The guidelines for module
creation above include many of the issues you should consider.
The pl2pm utility will get you started.
This utility will read *.pl files (given as parameters) and write
corresponding *.pm files. The pl2pm utilities does the following:
Adds the standard Module prologue lines
Converts package specifiers from ' to ::
Converts die(...) to croak(...)
Several other minor changes
Being a mechanical process pl2pm is not bullet proof. The converted
code will need careful checking, especially any package statements.
Don't delete the original .pl file till the new .pm one works!
=head2 Guidelines for Reusing Application Code
Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library.
Many applications contain some Perl code that could be reused.
Help save the world! Share your code in a form that makes it easy
Break-out the reusable code into one or more separate module files.
Take the opportunity to reconsider and redesign the interfaces.
In some cases the 'application' can then be reduced to a small
fragment of code built on top of the reusable modules. In these cases
the application could invoked as:
% perl -e 'use Module::Name; method(@ARGV)' ...
% perl -mModule::Name ... (in perl5.002 or higher)
Perl does not enforce private and public parts of its modules as you may
have been used to in other languages like C++, Ada, or Modula-17. Perl
doesn't have an infatuation with enforced privacy. It would prefer
that you stayed out of its living room because you weren't invited, not
because it has a shotgun.
The module and its user have a contract, part of which is common law,
and part of which is "written". Part of the common law contract is
that a module doesn't pollute any namespace it wasn't asked to. The
written contract for the module (A.K.A. documentation) may make other
provisions. But then you know when you C<use RedefineTheWorld> that
you're redefining the world and willing to take the consequences.