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<title>6.2 os.path -- Common pathname manipulations
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<H1><A NAME=
"SECTION008200000000000000000">
6.2 <tt class=
"module">os.path
</tt> --
Common pathname manipulations
</A><A NAME=
"module-os.path"></A>
This module implements some useful functions on pathnames.
<a id='l2h-
1765' xml:id='l2h-
1765'
></a>
<span class=
"warning"><b class=
"label">Warning:
</b>
On Windows, many of these functions do not properly
support UNC pathnames.
<tt class=
"function">splitunc()
</tt> and
<tt class=
"function">ismount()
</tt>do handle them correctly.
</span><dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1735' xml:id='l2h-
1735'
class=
"function">abspath
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>path
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Return a normalized absolutized version of the pathname
<var>path
</var>.
On most platforms, this is equivalent to
<code>normpath(join(os.getcwd(),
<var>path
</var>))
</code>.
<span class=
"versionnote">New in version
1.5.2.
</span>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1736' xml:id='l2h-
1736'
class=
"function">basename
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>path
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Return the base name of pathname
<var>path
</var>. This is the second half
of the pair returned by
<code>split(
<var>path
</var>)
</code>. Note that the
result of this function is different from the
<span class=
"Unix">Unix
</span> <b class=
"program">basename
</b> program; where
<b class=
"program">basename
</b> for
<code>'/foo/bar/'
</code> returns
<code>'bar'
</code>, the
<tt class=
"function">basename()
</tt>
function returns an empty string (
<code>''
</code>).
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1737' xml:id='l2h-
1737'
class=
"function">commonprefix
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>list
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Return the longest path prefix (taken character-by-character) that is a
<var>list
</var>. If
<var>list
</var> is empty, return the empty string
(
<code>''
</code>). Note that this may return invalid paths because it works a
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1738' xml:id='l2h-
1738'
class=
"function">dirname
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>path
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Return the directory name of pathname
<var>path
</var>. This is the first
half of the pair returned by
<code>split(
<var>path
</var>)
</code>.
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1739' xml:id='l2h-
1739'
class=
"function">exists
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>path
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Return
<code>True
</code> if
<var>path
</var> refers to an existing path.
Returns
<code>False
</code> for broken symbolic links.
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1740' xml:id='l2h-
1740'
class=
"function">lexists
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>path
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Return
<code>True
</code> if
<var>path
</var> refers to an existing path.
Returns
<code>True
</code> for broken symbolic links.
Equivalent to
<tt class=
"function">exists()
</tt> on platforms lacking
<tt class=
"function">os.lstat()
</tt>.
<span class=
"versionnote">New in version
2.4.
</span>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1741' xml:id='l2h-
1741'
class=
"function">expanduser
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>path
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
On
<span class=
"Unix">Unix
</span>, return the argument with an initial component of
"<tt class="samp
">~</tt>" or
"<tt class="samp
">~<var>user</var></tt>" replaced by that
<var>user
</var>'s home directory.
An initial
"<tt class="samp
">~</tt>" is replaced by the environment variable
<a class=
"envvar" id='l2h-
1766' xml:id='l2h-
1766'
>HOME
</a> if it is set; otherwise the current user's home directory
is looked up in the password directory through the built-in module
<tt class=
"module"><a href=
"module-pwd.html">pwd
</a></tt><a id='l2h-
1767' xml:id='l2h-
1767'
></a>.
An initial
"<tt class="samp
">~<var>user</var></tt>" is looked up directly in the
On Windows, only
"<tt class="samp
">~</tt>" is supported; it is replaced by the
environment variable
<a class=
"envvar" id='l2h-
1768' xml:id='l2h-
1768'
>HOME
</a> or by a combination of
<a class=
"envvar" id='l2h-
1769' xml:id='l2h-
1769'
>HOMEDRIVE
</a> and
<a class=
"envvar" id='l2h-
1770' xml:id='l2h-
1770'
>HOMEPATH
</a>.
If the expansion fails or if the
path does not begin with a tilde, the path is returned unchanged.
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1742' xml:id='l2h-
1742'
class=
"function">expandvars
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>path
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Return the argument with environment variables expanded. Substrings
of the form
"<tt class="samp
">$<var>name</var></tt>" or
"<tt class="samp
">${<var>name</var>}</tt>" are
replaced by the value of environment variable
<var>name
</var>. Malformed
variable names and references to non-existing variables are left
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1743' xml:id='l2h-
1743'
class=
"function">getatime
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>path
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Return the time of last access of
<var>path
</var>. The return
value is a number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the
<tt class=
"module"><a href=
"module-time.html">time
</a></tt> module). Raise
<tt class=
"exception">os.error
</tt> if the file does
not exist or is inaccessible.
<span class=
"versionnote">New in version
1.5.2.
</span>
<span class=
"versionnote">Changed in version
2.3:
If
<tt class=
"function">os.stat_float_times()
</tt> returns True, the result is a floating point number.
</span><dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1744' xml:id='l2h-
1744'
class=
"function">getmtime
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>path
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Return the time of last modification of
<var>path
</var>. The return
value is a number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the
<tt class=
"module"><a href=
"module-time.html">time
</a></tt> module). Raise
<tt class=
"exception">os.error
</tt> if the file does
not exist or is inaccessible.
<span class=
"versionnote">New in version
1.5.2.
</span>
<span class=
"versionnote">Changed in version
2.3:
If
<tt class=
"function">os.stat_float_times()
</tt> returns True, the result is a floating point number.
</span><dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1745' xml:id='l2h-
1745'
class=
"function">getctime
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>path
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Return the system's ctime which, on some systems (like
<span class=
"Unix">Unix
</span>) is the
time of the last change, and, on others (like Windows), is the
creation time for
<var>path
</var>. The return
value is a number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the
<tt class=
"module"><a href=
"module-time.html">time
</a></tt> module). Raise
<tt class=
"exception">os.error
</tt> if the file does
not exist or is inaccessible.
<span class=
"versionnote">New in version
2.3.
</span>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1746' xml:id='l2h-
1746'
class=
"function">getsize
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>path
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Return the size, in bytes, of
<var>path
</var>. Raise
<tt class=
"exception">os.error
</tt> if the file does not exist or is inaccessible.
<span class=
"versionnote">New in version
1.5.2.
</span>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1747' xml:id='l2h-
1747'
class=
"function">isabs
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>path
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Return
<code>True
</code> if
<var>path
</var> is an absolute pathname (begins with a
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1748' xml:id='l2h-
1748'
class=
"function">isfile
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>path
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Return
<code>True
</code> if
<var>path
</var> is an existing regular file. This follows
symbolic links, so both
<tt class=
"function">islink()
</tt> and
<tt class=
"function">isfile()
</tt>can be true for the same path.
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1749' xml:id='l2h-
1749'
class=
"function">isdir
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>path
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Return
<code>True
</code> if
<var>path
</var> is an existing directory. This follows
symbolic links, so both
<tt class=
"function">islink()
</tt> and
<tt class=
"function">isdir()
</tt> can
be true for the same path.
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1750' xml:id='l2h-
1750'
class=
"function">islink
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>path
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Return
<code>True
</code> if
<var>path
</var> refers to a directory entry that is a
symbolic link. Always
<code>False
</code> if symbolic links are not supported.
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1751' xml:id='l2h-
1751'
class=
"function">ismount
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>path
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Return
<code>True
</code> if pathname
<var>path
</var> is a
<i class=
"dfn">mount point
</i>: a point in
a file system where a different file system has been mounted. The
function checks whether
<var>path
</var>'s parent,
<span class=
"file"><var>path
</var>/..
</span>, is
on a different device than
<var>path
</var>, or whether
<span class=
"file"><var>path
</var>/..
</span>and
<var>path
</var> point to the same i-node on the same device -- this
should detect mount points for all
<span class=
"Unix">Unix
</span> and POSIX variants.
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1752' xml:id='l2h-
1752'
class=
"function">join
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>path1
</var><big>[
</big><var>, path2
</var><big>[
</big><var>, ...
</var><big>]
</big><var></var><big>]
</big><var></var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Joins one or more path components intelligently. If any component is
an absolute path, all previous components are thrown away, and joining
continues. The return value is the concatenation of
<var>path1
</var>, and
optionally
<var>path2
</var>, etc., with exactly one directory separator
(
<code>os.sep
</code>) inserted between components, unless
<var>path2
</var> is
empty. Note that on Windows, since there is a current directory for
each drive,
<tt class=
"function">os.path.join(
"c:",
"foo")
</tt> represents a path
relative to the current directory on drive
<span class=
"file">C:
</span> (
<span class=
"file">c:foo
</span>), not
<span class=
"file">c:
\\foo
</span>.
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1753' xml:id='l2h-
1753'
class=
"function">normcase
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>path
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Normalize the case of a pathname. On
<span class=
"Unix">Unix
</span>, this returns the path
unchanged; on case-insensitive filesystems, it converts the path to
lowercase. On Windows, it also converts forward slashes to backward
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1754' xml:id='l2h-
1754'
class=
"function">normpath
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>path
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Normalize a pathname. This collapses redundant separators and
up-level references so that
<code>A//B
</code>,
<code>A/./B
</code> and
<code>A/foo/../B
</code> all become
<code>A/B
</code>. It does not normalize the
case (use
<tt class=
"function">normcase()
</tt> for that). On Windows, it converts
forward slashes to backward slashes. It should be understood that this may
change the meaning of the path if it contains symbolic links!
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1755' xml:id='l2h-
1755'
class=
"function">realpath
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>path
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Return the canonical path of the specified filename, eliminating any
symbolic links encountered in the path.
Availability:
<span class=
"Unix">Unix
</span>.
<span class=
"versionnote">New in version
2.2.
</span>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1756' xml:id='l2h-
1756'
class=
"function">samefile
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>path1, path2
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Return
<code>True
</code> if both pathname arguments refer to the same file or
directory (as indicated by device number and i-node number).
Raise an exception if a
<tt class=
"function">os.stat()
</tt> call on either pathname
Availability: Macintosh,
<span class=
"Unix">Unix
</span>.
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1757' xml:id='l2h-
1757'
class=
"function">sameopenfile
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>fp1, fp2
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Return
<code>True
</code> if the file objects
<var>fp1
</var> and
<var>fp2
</var> refer to the
same file. The two file objects may represent different file
Availability: Macintosh,
<span class=
"Unix">Unix
</span>.
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1758' xml:id='l2h-
1758'
class=
"function">samestat
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>stat1, stat2
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Return
<code>True
</code> if the stat tuples
<var>stat1
</var> and
<var>stat2
</var> refer to
the same file. These structures may have been returned by
<tt class=
"function">fstat()
</tt>,
<tt class=
"function">lstat()
</tt>, or
<tt class=
"function">stat()
</tt>. This
function implements the underlying comparison used by
<tt class=
"function">samefile()
</tt> and
<tt class=
"function">sameopenfile()
</tt>.
Availability: Macintosh,
<span class=
"Unix">Unix
</span>.
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1759' xml:id='l2h-
1759'
class=
"function">split
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>path
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Split the pathname
<var>path
</var> into a pair,
<code>(
<var>head
</var>,
<var>tail
</var>)
</code> where
<var>tail
</var> is the last pathname component and
<var>head
</var> is everything leading up to that. The
<var>tail
</var> part will
never contain a slash; if
<var>path
</var> ends in a slash,
<var>tail
</var> will
be empty. If there is no slash in
<var>path
</var>,
<var>head
</var> will be
empty. If
<var>path
</var> is empty, both
<var>head
</var> and
<var>tail
</var> are
empty. Trailing slashes are stripped from
<var>head
</var> unless it is the
root (one or more slashes only). In nearly all cases,
<code>join(
<var>head
</var>,
<var>tail
</var>)
</code> equals
<var>path
</var> (the only
exception being when there were multiple slashes separating
<var>head
</var><dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1760' xml:id='l2h-
1760'
class=
"function">splitdrive
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>path
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Split the pathname
<var>path
</var> into a pair
<code>(
<var>drive
</var>,
<var>tail
</var>)
</code> where
<var>drive
</var> is either a drive specification or the
empty string. On systems which do not use drive specifications,
<var>drive
</var> will always be the empty string. In all cases,
<code><var>drive
</var> +
<var>tail
</var></code> will be the same as
<var>path
</var>.
<span class=
"versionnote">New in version
1.3.
</span>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1761' xml:id='l2h-
1761'
class=
"function">splitext
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>path
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Split the pathname
<var>path
</var> into a pair
<code>(
<var>root
</var>,
<var>ext
</var>)
</code> such that
<code><var>root
</var> +
<var>ext
</var> ==
<var>path
</var></code>,
and
<var>ext
</var> is empty or begins with a period and contains
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1762' xml:id='l2h-
1762'
class=
"function">splitunc
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>path
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Split the pathname
<var>path
</var> into a pair
<code>(
<var>unc
</var>,
<var>rest
</var>)
</code>so that
<var>unc
</var> is the UNC mount point (such as
<code>r'
\\host
\mount'
</code>),
if present, and
<var>rest
</var> the rest of the path (such as
<code>r'
\path
\file.ext'
</code>). For paths containing drive letters,
<var>unc
</var>
will always be the empty string.
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
1763' xml:id='l2h-
1763'
class=
"function">walk
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>path, visit, arg
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Calls the function
<var>visit
</var> with arguments
<code>(
<var>arg
</var>,
<var>dirname
</var>,
<var>names
</var>)
</code> for each directory in the
directory tree rooted at
<var>path
</var> (including
<var>path
</var> itself, if it
is a directory). The argument
<var>dirname
</var> specifies the visited
directory, the argument
<var>names
</var> lists the files in the directory
(gotten from
<code>os.listdir(
<var>dirname
</var>)
</code>).
The
<var>visit
</var> function may modify
<var>names
</var> to
influence the set of directories visited below
<var>dirname
</var>, e.g. to
avoid visiting certain parts of the tree. (The object referred to by
<var>names
</var> must be modified in place, using
<tt class=
"keyword">del
</tt> or slice
<div class=
"note"><b class=
"label">Note:
</b>
Symbolic links to directories are not treated as subdirectories, and
that
<tt class=
"function">walk()
</tt> therefore will not visit them. To visit linked
directories you must identify them with
<code>os.path.islink(
<var>file
</var>)
</code> and
<code>os.path.isdir(
<var>file
</var>)
</code>, and invoke
<tt class=
"function">walk()
</tt> as
<span class=
"note"><b class=
"label">Note:
</b>
The newer
<tt class=
"function"><tt class=
"module"><a href=
"module-os.html">os
</a></tt>.walk()
</tt> generator supplies
similar functionality and can be easier to use.
</span><dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-
1764' xml:id='l2h-
1764'
>supports_unicode_filenames
</tt></b></dt>
True if arbitrary Unicode strings can be used as file names (within
limitations imposed by the file system), and if
<tt class=
"function">os.listdir()
</tt> returns Unicode strings for a Unicode
<span class=
"versionnote">New in version
2.3.
</span>
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<span class=
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2.4.2, documentation updated on
28 September
2005.
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