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<title>11.5 urllib2 -- extensible library for opening URLs
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<H1><A NAME=
"SECTION0013500000000000000000">
11.5 <tt class=
"module">urllib2
</tt> --
extensible library for opening URLs
</A><A NAME=
"module-urllib2"></A>
The
<tt class=
"module">urllib2
</tt> module defines functions and classes which help
in opening URLs (mostly HTTP) in a complex world -- basic and digest
authentication, redirections, cookies and more.
The
<tt class=
"module">urllib2
</tt> module defines the following functions:
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
3218' xml:id='l2h-
3218'
class=
"function">urlopen
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>url
</var><big>[
</big><var>, data
</var><big>]
</big><var></var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Open the URL
<var>url
</var>, which can be either a string or a
<tt class=
"class">Request
</tt><var>data
</var> should be a string, which specifies additional data to
send to the server. In HTTP requests, which are the only ones that
support
<var>data
</var>, it should be a buffer in the format of
<span class=
"mimetype">application/x-www-form-urlencoded
</span>, for example one returned
from
<tt class=
"function">urllib.urlencode()
</tt>.
This function returns a file-like object with two additional methods:
<LI><tt class=
"method">geturl()
</tt> -- return the URL of the resource retrieved
<LI><tt class=
"method">info()
</tt> -- return the meta-information of the page, as
Raises
<tt class=
"exception">URLError
</tt> on errors.
Note that
<code>None
</code> may be returned if no handler handles the
request (though the default installed global
<tt class=
"class">OpenerDirector
</tt>uses
<tt class=
"class">UnknownHandler
</tt> to ensure this never happens).
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
3219' xml:id='l2h-
3219'
class=
"function">install_opener
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>opener
</var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Install an
<tt class=
"class">OpenerDirector
</tt> instance as the default global
opener. Installing an opener is only necessary if you want urlopen to
use that opener; otherwise, simply call
<tt class=
"method">OpenerDirector.open()
</tt>instead of
<tt class=
"function">urlopen()
</tt>. The code does not check for a real
<tt class=
"class">OpenerDirector
</tt>, and any class with the appropriate interface
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-
3220' xml:id='l2h-
3220'
class=
"function">build_opener
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var></var><big>[
</big><var>handler, ...
</var><big>]
</big><var></var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Return an
<tt class=
"class">OpenerDirector
</tt> instance, which chains the
handlers in the order given.
<var>handler
</var>s can be either instances
of
<tt class=
"class">BaseHandler
</tt>, or subclasses of
<tt class=
"class">BaseHandler
</tt> (in
which case it must be possible to call the constructor without
any parameters). Instances of the following classes will be in
front of the
<var>handler
</var>s, unless the
<var>handler
</var>s contain
them, instances of them or subclasses of them:
<tt class=
"class">ProxyHandler
</tt>,
<tt class=
"class">UnknownHandler
</tt>,
<tt class=
"class">HTTPHandler
</tt>,
<tt class=
"class">HTTPDefaultErrorHandler
</tt>,
<tt class=
"class">HTTPRedirectHandler
</tt>,
<tt class=
"class">FTPHandler
</tt>,
<tt class=
"class">FileHandler
</tt>,
<tt class=
"class">HTTPErrorProcessor
</tt>.
If the Python installation has SSL support (
<tt class=
"function">socket.ssl()
</tt>exists),
<tt class=
"class">HTTPSHandler
</tt> will also be added.
Beginning in Python
2.3, a
<tt class=
"class">BaseHandler
</tt> subclass may also
change its
<tt class=
"member">handler_order
</tt> member variable to modify its
position in the handlers list. Besides
<tt class=
"class">ProxyHandler
</tt>, which has
<tt class=
"member">handler_order
</tt> of
<code>100</code>, all handlers currently have it
The following exceptions are raised as appropriate:
<dl><dt><b><span class=
"typelabel">exception
</span> <tt id='l2h-
3221' xml:id='l2h-
3221'
class=
"exception">URLError
</tt></b></dt>
The handlers raise this exception (or derived exceptions) when they
run into a problem. It is a subclass of
<tt class=
"exception">IOError
</tt>.
<dl><dt><b><span class=
"typelabel">exception
</span> <tt id='l2h-
3222' xml:id='l2h-
3222'
class=
"exception">HTTPError
</tt></b></dt>
A subclass of
<tt class=
"exception">URLError
</tt>, it can also function as a
non-exceptional file-like return value (the same thing that
<tt class=
"function">urlopen()
</tt> returns). This is useful when handling exotic
HTTP errors, such as requests for authentication.
<dl><dt><b><span class=
"typelabel">exception
</span> <tt id='l2h-
3223' xml:id='l2h-
3223'
class=
"exception">GopherError
</tt></b></dt>
A subclass of
<tt class=
"exception">URLError
</tt>, this is the error raised by the
The following classes are provided:
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><span class=
"typelabel">class
</span> <tt id='l2h-
3224' xml:id='l2h-
3224'
class=
"class">Request
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var>url
</var><big>[
</big><var>, data
</var><big>]
</big><var></var><big>[
</big><var>, headers
</var><big>]
</big><var>
</var><big>[
</big><var>, origin_req_host
</var><big>]
</big><var></var><big>[
</big><var>, unverifiable
</var><big>]
</big><var></var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
This class is an abstraction of a URL request.
<var>url
</var> should be a string which is a valid URL. For a description
of
<var>data
</var> see the
<tt class=
"method">add_data()
</tt> description.
<var>headers
</var> should be a dictionary, and will be treated as if
<tt class=
"method">add_header()
</tt> was called with each key and value as arguments.
The final two arguments are only of interest for correct handling of
third-party HTTP cookies:
<var>origin_req_host
</var> should be the request-host of the origin
transaction, as defined by
<a class=
"rfc" id='rfcref-
89986' xml:id='rfcref-
89986'
href=
"http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2965.html">RFC
2965</a>. It defaults to
<code>cookielib.request_host(self)
</code>. This is the host name or IP
address of the original request that was initiated by the user. For
example, if the request is for an image in an HTML document, this
should be the request-host of the request for the page containing the
<var>unverifiable
</var> should indicate whether the request is
unverifiable, as defined by RFC
2965. It defaults to False. An
unverifiable request is one whose URL the user did not have the option
to approve. For example, if the request is for an image in an HTML
document, and the user had no option to approve the automatic fetching
of the image, this should be true.
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><span class=
"typelabel">class
</span> <tt id='l2h-
3225' xml:id='l2h-
3225'
class=
"class">OpenerDirector
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var></var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
The
<tt class=
"class">OpenerDirector
</tt> class opens URLs via
<tt class=
"class">BaseHandler
</tt>s
chained together. It manages the chaining of handlers, and recovery
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><span class=
"typelabel">class
</span> <tt id='l2h-
3226' xml:id='l2h-
3226'
class=
"class">BaseHandler
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var></var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
This is the base class for all registered handlers -- and handles only
the simple mechanics of registration.
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><span class=
"typelabel">class
</span> <tt id='l2h-
3227' xml:id='l2h-
3227'
class=
"class">HTTPDefaultErrorHandler
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var></var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
A class which defines a default handler for HTTP error responses; all
responses are turned into
<tt class=
"exception">HTTPError
</tt> exceptions.
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><span class=
"typelabel">class
</span> <tt id='l2h-
3228' xml:id='l2h-
3228'
class=
"class">HTTPRedirectHandler
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var></var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
A class to handle redirections.
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><span class=
"typelabel">class
</span> <tt id='l2h-
3229' xml:id='l2h-
3229'
class=
"class">HTTPCookieProcessor
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var></var><big>[
</big><var>cookiejar
</var><big>]
</big><var></var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
A class to handle HTTP Cookies.
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><span class=
"typelabel">class
</span> <tt id='l2h-
3230' xml:id='l2h-
3230'
class=
"class">ProxyHandler
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var></var><big>[
</big><var>proxies
</var><big>]
</big><var></var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Cause requests to go through a proxy.
If
<var>proxies
</var> is given, it must be a dictionary mapping
protocol names to URLs of proxies.
The default is to read the list of proxies from the environment
variables
<a class=
"envvar" id='l2h-
3246' xml:id='l2h-
3246'
><protocol
>_proxy
</a>.
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><span class=
"typelabel">class
</span> <tt id='l2h-
3231' xml:id='l2h-
3231'
class=
"class">HTTPPasswordMgr
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var></var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
<code>(
<var>realm
</var>,
<var>uri
</var>) -
> (
<var>user
</var>,
<var>password
</var>)
</code>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><span class=
"typelabel">class
</span> <tt id='l2h-
3232' xml:id='l2h-
3232'
class=
"class">HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var></var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
<code>(
<var>realm
</var>,
<var>uri
</var>) -
> (
<var>user
</var>,
<var>password
</var>)
</code> mappings.
A realm of
<code>None
</code> is considered a catch-all realm, which is searched
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><span class=
"typelabel">class
</span> <tt id='l2h-
3233' xml:id='l2h-
3233'
class=
"class">AbstractBasicAuthHandler
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var></var><big>[
</big><var>password_mgr
</var><big>]
</big><var></var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
This is a mixin class that helps with HTTP authentication, both
to the remote host and to a proxy.
<var>password_mgr
</var>, if given, should be something that is compatible
with
<tt class=
"class">HTTPPasswordMgr
</tt>; refer to section
<A href=
"http-password-mgr.html#http-password-mgr">11.5.7</A>for information on the interface that must be supported.
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><span class=
"typelabel">class
</span> <tt id='l2h-
3234' xml:id='l2h-
3234'
class=
"class">HTTPBasicAuthHandler
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var></var><big>[
</big><var>password_mgr
</var><big>]
</big><var></var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Handle authentication with the remote host.
<var>password_mgr
</var>, if given, should be something that is compatible
with
<tt class=
"class">HTTPPasswordMgr
</tt>; refer to section
<A href=
"http-password-mgr.html#http-password-mgr">11.5.7</A>for information on the interface that must be supported.
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><span class=
"typelabel">class
</span> <tt id='l2h-
3235' xml:id='l2h-
3235'
class=
"class">ProxyBasicAuthHandler
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var></var><big>[
</big><var>password_mgr
</var><big>]
</big><var></var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Handle authentication with the proxy.
<var>password_mgr
</var>, if given, should be something that is compatible
with
<tt class=
"class">HTTPPasswordMgr
</tt>; refer to section
<A href=
"http-password-mgr.html#http-password-mgr">11.5.7</A>for information on the interface that must be supported.
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><span class=
"typelabel">class
</span> <tt id='l2h-
3236' xml:id='l2h-
3236'
class=
"class">AbstractDigestAuthHandler
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var></var><big>[
</big><var>password_mgr
</var><big>]
</big><var></var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
This is a mixin class that helps with HTTP authentication, both
to the remote host and to a proxy.
<var>password_mgr
</var>, if given, should be something that is compatible
with
<tt class=
"class">HTTPPasswordMgr
</tt>; refer to section
<A href=
"http-password-mgr.html#http-password-mgr">11.5.7</A>for information on the interface that must be supported.
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><span class=
"typelabel">class
</span> <tt id='l2h-
3237' xml:id='l2h-
3237'
class=
"class">HTTPDigestAuthHandler
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var></var><big>[
</big><var>password_mgr
</var><big>]
</big><var></var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Handle authentication with the remote host.
<var>password_mgr
</var>, if given, should be something that is compatible
with
<tt class=
"class">HTTPPasswordMgr
</tt>; refer to section
<A href=
"http-password-mgr.html#http-password-mgr">11.5.7</A>for information on the interface that must be supported.
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><span class=
"typelabel">class
</span> <tt id='l2h-
3238' xml:id='l2h-
3238'
class=
"class">ProxyDigestAuthHandler
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var></var><big>[
</big><var>password_mgr
</var><big>]
</big><var></var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Handle authentication with the proxy.
<var>password_mgr
</var>, if given, should be something that is compatible
with
<tt class=
"class">HTTPPasswordMgr
</tt>; refer to section
<A href=
"http-password-mgr.html#http-password-mgr">11.5.7</A>for information on the interface that must be supported.
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><span class=
"typelabel">class
</span> <tt id='l2h-
3239' xml:id='l2h-
3239'
class=
"class">HTTPHandler
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var></var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
A class to handle opening of HTTP URLs.
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><span class=
"typelabel">class
</span> <tt id='l2h-
3240' xml:id='l2h-
3240'
class=
"class">HTTPSHandler
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var></var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
A class to handle opening of HTTPS URLs.
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><span class=
"typelabel">class
</span> <tt id='l2h-
3241' xml:id='l2h-
3241'
class=
"class">FileHandler
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var></var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><span class=
"typelabel">class
</span> <tt id='l2h-
3242' xml:id='l2h-
3242'
class=
"class">FTPHandler
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var></var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><span class=
"typelabel">class
</span> <tt id='l2h-
3243' xml:id='l2h-
3243'
class=
"class">CacheFTPHandler
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var></var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
Open FTP URLs, keeping a cache of open FTP connections to minimize
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><span class=
"typelabel">class
</span> <tt id='l2h-
3244' xml:id='l2h-
3244'
class=
"class">GopherHandler
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var></var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding=
"0" cellspacing=
"0"><tr valign=
"baseline">
<td><nobr><b><span class=
"typelabel">class
</span> <tt id='l2h-
3245' xml:id='l2h-
3245'
class=
"class">UnknownHandler
</tt></b>(
</nobr></td>
<td><var></var>)
</td></tr></table></dt>
A catch-all class to handle unknown URLs.
<p><br /></p><hr class='online-navigation'
/>
<div class='online-navigation'
>
<!--Table of Child-Links-->
<A NAME=
"CHILD_LINKS"><STRONG>Subsections
</STRONG></a>
<LI><A href=
"request-objects.html">11.5.1 Request Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"opener-director-objects.html">11.5.2 OpenerDirector Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"base-handler-objects.html">11.5.3 BaseHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"http-redirect-handler.html">11.5.4 HTTPRedirectHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"http-cookie-processor.html">11.5.5 HTTPCookieProcessor Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"proxy-handler.html">11.5.6 ProxyHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"http-password-mgr.html">11.5.7 HTTPPasswordMgr Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"abstract-basic-auth-handler.html">11.5.8 AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"http-basic-auth-handler.html">11.5.9 HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"proxy-basic-auth-handler.html">11.5.10 ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"abstract-digest-auth-handler.html">11.5.11 AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"http-digest-auth-handler.html">11.5.12 HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"proxy-digest-auth-handler.html">11.5.13 ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"http-handler-objects.html">11.5.14 HTTPHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"https-handler-objects.html">11.5.15 HTTPSHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"file-handler-objects.html">11.5.16 FileHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"ftp-handler-objects.html">11.5.17 FTPHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"cacheftp-handler-objects.html">11.5.18 CacheFTPHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"gopher-handler.html">11.5.19 GopherHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"unknown-handler-objects.html">11.5.20 UnknownHandler Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"http-error-processor-objects.html">11.5.21 HTTPErrorProcessor Objects
</a>
<LI><A href=
"urllib2-examples.html">11.5.22 Examples
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