use vars
qw(@ISA $VERSION);
$VERSION = eval $VERSION;
my %module = (MacOS => 'Mac',
NetWare => 'Win32', # Yes, File::Spec::Win32 works on NetWare.
symbian => 'Win32', # Yes, File::Spec::Win32 works on symbian.
dos => 'OS2', # Yes, File::Spec::OS2 works on DJGPP.
my $module = $module{$^O} || 'Unix';
require "File/Spec/$module.pm";
@ISA = ("File::Spec::$module");
File::Spec - portably perform operations on file names
$x=File::Spec->catfile('a', 'b', 'c');
which returns 'a/b/c' under Unix. Or:
use File::Spec::Functions;
$x = catfile('a', 'b', 'c');
This module is designed to support operations commonly performed on file
specifications (usually called "file names", but not to be confused with the
contents of a file, or Perl's file handles), such as concatenating several
directory and file names into a single path, or determining whether a path
is rooted. It is based on code directly taken from MakeMaker 5.17, code
written by Andreas KE<ouml>nig, Andy Dougherty, Charles Bailey, Ilya
Zakharevich, Paul Schinder, and others.
Since these functions are different for most operating systems, each set of
OS specific routines is available in a separate module, including:
The module appropriate for the current OS is automatically loaded by
File::Spec. Since some modules (like VMS) make use of facilities available
only under that OS, it may not be possible to load all modules under all
Since File::Spec is object oriented, subroutines should not be called directly,
File::Spec::catfile('a','b');
but rather as class methods:
File::Spec->catfile('a','b');
For simple uses, L<File::Spec::Functions> provides convenient functional
No physical check on the filesystem, but a logical cleanup of a
$cpath = File::Spec->canonpath( $path ) ;
Note that this does *not* collapse F<x/../y> sections into F<y>. This
is by design. If F</foo> on your system is a symlink to F</bar/baz>,
then F</foo/../quux> is actually F</bar/quux>, not F</quux> as a naive
F<../>-removal would give you. If you want to do this kind of
processing, you probably want C<Cwd>'s C<realpath()> function to
actually traverse the filesystem cleaning up paths like this.
Concatenate two or more directory names to form a complete path ending
with a directory. But remove the trailing slash from the resulting
string, because it doesn't look good, isn't necessary and confuses
OS/2. Of course, if this is the root directory, don't cut off the
$path = File::Spec->catdir( @directories );
Concatenate one or more directory names and a filename to form a
complete path ending with a filename
$path = File::Spec->catfile( @directories, $filename );
Returns a string representation of the current directory.
$curdir = File::Spec->curdir();
Returns a string representation of the null device.
$devnull = File::Spec->devnull();
Returns a string representation of the root directory.
$rootdir = File::Spec->rootdir();
Returns a string representation of the first writable directory from a
list of possible temporary directories. Returns the current directory
if no writable temporary directories are found. The list of directories
checked depends on the platform; e.g. File::Spec::Unix checks C<$ENV{TMPDIR}>
(unless taint is on) and F</tmp>.
$tmpdir = File::Spec->tmpdir();
Returns a string representation of the parent directory.
$updir = File::Spec->updir();
Given a list of file names, strip out those that refer to a parent
directory. (Does not strip symlinks, only '.', '..', and equivalents.)
@paths = File::Spec->no_upwards( @paths );
Returns a true or false value indicating, respectively, that alphabetic
case is not or is significant when comparing file specifications.
$is_case_tolerant = File::Spec->case_tolerant();
=item file_name_is_absolute
Takes as its argument a path, and returns true if it is an absolute path.
$is_absolute = File::Spec->file_name_is_absolute( $path );
This does not consult the local filesystem on Unix, Win32, OS/2, or
Mac OS (Classic). It does consult the working environment for VMS
(see L<File::Spec::VMS/file_name_is_absolute>).
Takes no argument. Returns the environment variable C<PATH> (or the local
platform's equivalent) as a list.
@PATH = File::Spec->path();
join is the same as catfile.
Splits a path in to volume, directory, and filename portions. On systems
with no concept of volume, returns '' for volume.
($volume,$directories,$file) = File::Spec->splitpath( $path );
($volume,$directories,$file) = File::Spec->splitpath( $path, $no_file );
For systems with no syntax differentiating filenames from directories,
assumes that the last file is a path unless C<$no_file> is true or a
trailing separator or F</.> or F</..> is present. On Unix, this means that C<$no_file>
true makes this return ( '', $path, '' ).
The directory portion may or may not be returned with a trailing '/'.
The results can be passed to L</catpath()> to get back a path equivalent to
(usually identical to) the original path.
The opposite of L</catdir()>.
@dirs = File::Spec->splitdir( $directories );
C<$directories> must be only the directory portion of the path on systems
that have the concept of a volume or that have path syntax that differentiates
Unlike just splitting the directories on the separator, empty
directory names (C<''>) can be returned, because these are significant
Takes volume, directory and file portions and returns an entire path. Under
Unix, C<$volume> is ignored, and directory and file are concatenated. A '/' is
inserted if need be. On other OSes, C<$volume> is significant.
$full_path = File::Spec->catpath( $volume, $directory, $file );
Takes a destination path and an optional base path returns a relative path
from the base path to the destination path:
$rel_path = File::Spec->abs2rel( $path ) ;
$rel_path = File::Spec->abs2rel( $path, $base ) ;
If C<$base> is not present or '', then L<cwd()|Cwd> is used. If C<$base> is
relative, then it is converted to absolute form using
L</rel2abs()>. This means that it is taken to be relative to
On systems with the concept of volume, if C<$path> and C<$base> appear to be
on two different volumes, we will not attempt to resolve the two
paths, and we will instead simply return C<$path>. Note that previous
versions of this module ignored the volume of C<$base>, which resulted in
garbage results part of the time.
On systems that have a grammar that indicates filenames, this ignores the
C<$base> filename as well. Otherwise all path components are assumed to be
If C<$path> is relative, it is converted to absolute form using L</rel2abs()>.
This means that it is taken to be relative to L<cwd()|Cwd>.
No checks against the filesystem are made. On VMS, there is
interaction with the working environment, as logicals and
Based on code written by Shigio Yamaguchi.
Converts a relative path to an absolute path.
$abs_path = File::Spec->rel2abs( $path ) ;
$abs_path = File::Spec->rel2abs( $path, $base ) ;
If C<$base> is not present or '', then L<cwd()|Cwd> is used. If C<$base> is relative,
then it is converted to absolute form using L</rel2abs()>. This means that it
is taken to be relative to L<cwd()|Cwd>.
On systems with the concept of volume, if C<$path> and C<$base> appear to be
on two different volumes, we will not attempt to resolve the two
paths, and we will instead simply return C<$path>. Note that previous
versions of this module ignored the volume of C<$base>, which resulted in
garbage results part of the time.
On systems that have a grammar that indicates filenames, this ignores the
C<$base> filename as well. Otherwise all path components are assumed to be
If C<$path> is absolute, it is cleaned up and returned using L</canonpath()>.
No checks against the filesystem are made. On VMS, there is
interaction with the working environment, as logicals and
Based on code written by Shigio Yamaguchi.
For further information, please see L<File::Spec::Unix>,
L<File::Spec::Mac>, L<File::Spec::OS2>, L<File::Spec::Win32>, or
L<File::Spec::Unix>, L<File::Spec::Mac>, L<File::Spec::OS2>,
L<File::Spec::Win32>, L<File::Spec::VMS>, L<File::Spec::Functions>,
Currently maintained by Ken Williams C<< <KWILLIAMS@cpan.org> >>.
The vast majority of the code was written by
Kenneth Albanowski C<< <kjahds@kjahds.com> >>,
Andy Dougherty C<< <doughera@lafayette.edu> >>,
Andreas KE<ouml>nig C<< <A.Koenig@franz.ww.TU-Berlin.DE> >>,
Tim Bunce C<< <Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk> >>.
VMS support by Charles Bailey C<< <bailey@newman.upenn.edu> >>.
OS/2 support by Ilya Zakharevich C<< <ilya@math.ohio-state.edu> >>.
Mac support by Paul Schinder C<< <schinder@pobox.com> >>, and
Thomas Wegner C<< <wegner_thomas@yahoo.com> >>.
abs2rel() and rel2abs() written by Shigio Yamaguchi C<< <shigio@tamacom.com> >>,
modified by Barrie Slaymaker C<< <barries@slaysys.com> >>.
splitpath(), splitdir(), catpath() and catdir() by Barrie Slaymaker.
Copyright (c) 2004 by the Perl 5 Porters. All rights reserved.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the same terms as Perl itself.
projects / OpenSPARC-T2-SAM / blob