.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man v1.37, Pod::Parser v1.32
.\" ========================================================================
.de Sh \" Subsection heading
.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP)
.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text
.de Ve \" End verbatim text
.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will
.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left
.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. | will give a
.\" real vertical bar. \*(C+ will give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to
.\" do unbreakable dashes and therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C'
.\" expand to `' in nroff, nothing in troff, for use with C<>.
.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
. if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch
. if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch
.\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.Sh), items (.Ip), and index
.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
. tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
.\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts.
. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
. ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m)
. \" simple accents for nroff and troff
. ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u"
. ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u'
. ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u'
. ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u'
. ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u'
. ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u'
. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents
.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V'
.ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H'
.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#]
.ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H'
.ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u'
.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#]
.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#]
.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
. \" corrections for vroff
.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'
. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
.\" ========================================================================
.TH PERLDEBTUT 1 "2006-01-07" "perl v5.8.8" "Perl Programmers Reference Guide"
perldebtut \- Perl debugging tutorial
A (very) lightweight introduction in the use of the perl debugger, and a
pointer to existing, deeper sources of information on the subject of debugging
There's an extraordinary number of people out there who don't appear to know
anything about using the perl debugger, though they use the language every
First of all, there's a few things you can do to make your life a lot more
straightforward when it comes to debugging perl programs, without using the
debugger at all. To demonstrate, here's a simple script, named \*(L"hello\*(R", with
\& $var1 = 'Hello World'; # always wanted to do that :-)
While this compiles and runs happily, it probably won't do what's expected,
namely it doesn't print \*(L"Hello World\en\*(R" at all; It will on the other hand do
exactly what it was told to do, computers being a bit that way inclined. That
is, it will print out a newline character, and you'll get what looks like a
blank line. It looks like there's 2 variables when (because of the typo)
\& $var1 = 'Hello World';
To catch this kind of problem, we can force each variable to be declared
before use by pulling in the strict module, by putting 'use strict;' after the
first line of the script.
Now when you run it, perl complains about the 3 undeclared variables and we
get four error messages because one variable is referenced twice:
\& Global symbol "$var1" requires explicit package name at ./t1 line 4.
\& Global symbol "$var2" requires explicit package name at ./t1 line 5.
\& Global symbol "$varl" requires explicit package name at ./t1 line 5.
\& Global symbol "$var2" requires explicit package name at ./t1 line 7.
\& Execution of ./hello aborted due to compilation errors.
Luvverly! and to fix this we declare all variables explicitly and now our
\& my $var1 = 'Hello World';
\& my $var2 = "$varl\en";
We then do (always a good idea) a syntax check before we try to run it again:
And now when we run it, we get \*(L"\en\*(R" still, but at least we know why. Just
getting this script to compile has exposed the '$varl' (with the letter 'l')
variable, and simply changing \f(CW$varl\fR to \f(CW$var1\fR solves the problem.
.SH "Looking at data and \-w and v"
.IX Header "Looking at data and -w and v"
Ok, but how about when you want to really see your data, what's in that
dynamic variable, just before using it?
\& 'tom' => qw(and jerry),
\& 'welcome' => q(Hello World),
\& my @data = keys %data;
\& print "$data{$key}\en";
Looks \s-1OK\s0, after it's been through the syntax check (perl \-c scriptname), we
run it and all we get is a blank line again! Hmmmm.
One common debugging approach here, would be to liberally sprinkle a few print
statements, to add a check just before we print out our data, and another just
\& print "All OK\en" if grep($key, keys %data);
\& print "$data{$key}\en";
\& print "done: '$data{$key}'\en";
After much staring at the same piece of code and not seeing the wood for the
trees for some time, we get a cup of coffee and try another approach. That
is, we bring in the cavalry by giving perl the '\fB\-d\fR' switch on the command
\& Default die handler restored.
\& Loading DB routines from perl5db.pl version 1.07
\& Editor support available.
\& Enter h or `h h' for help, or `man perldebug' for more help.
\& main::(./data:4): my $key = 'welcome';
Now, what we've done here is to launch the built-in perl debugger on our
script. It's stopped at the first line of executable code and is waiting for
Before we go any further, you'll want to know how to quit the debugger: use
just the letter '\fBq\fR', not the words 'quit' or 'exit':
That's it, you're back on home turf again.
Fire the debugger up again on your script and we'll look at the help menu.
There's a couple of ways of calling help: a simple '\fBh\fR' will get the summary
help list, '\fB|h\fR' (pipe\-h) will pipe the help through your pager (which is
(probably 'more' or 'less'), and finally, '\fBh h\fR' (h\-space\-h) will give you
the entire help screen. Here is the summary page:
\& List/search source lines: Control script execution:
\& l [ln|sub] List source code T Stack trace
\& - or . List previous/current line s [expr] Single step [in expr]
\& v [line] View around line n [expr] Next, steps over subs
\& f filename View source in file <CR/Enter> Repeat last n or s
\& /pattern/ ?patt? Search forw/backw r Return from subroutine
\& M Show module versions c [ln|sub] Continue until position
\& Debugger controls: L List break/watch/actions
\& o [...] Set debugger options t [expr] Toggle trace [trace expr]
\& <[<]|{[{]|>[>] [cmd] Do pre/post-prompt b [ln|event|sub] [cnd] Set breakpoint
\& ! [N|pat] Redo a previous command B ln|* Delete a/all breakpoints
\& H [-num] Display last num commands a [ln] cmd Do cmd before line
\& = [a val] Define/list an alias A ln|* Delete a/all actions
\& h [db_cmd] Get help on command w expr Add a watch expression
\& h h Complete help page W expr|* Delete a/all watch exprs
\& |[|]db_cmd Send output to pager ![!] syscmd Run cmd in a subprocess
\& q or ^D Quit R Attempt a restart
\& Data Examination: expr Execute perl code, also see: s,n,t expr
\& x|m expr Evals expr in list context, dumps the result or lists methods.
\& p expr Print expression (uses script's current package).
\& S [[!]pat] List subroutine names [not] matching pattern
\& V [Pk [Vars]] List Variables in Package. Vars can be ~pattern or !pattern.
\& X [Vars] Same as "V current_package [Vars]".
\& y [n [Vars]] List lexicals in higher scope <n>. Vars same as V.
\& For more help, type h cmd_letter, or run man perldebug for all docs.
More confusing options than you can shake a big stick at! It's not as bad as
it looks and it's very useful to know more about all of it, and fun too!
There's a couple of useful ones to know about straight away. You wouldn't
think we're using any libraries at all at the moment, but '\fBM\fR' will show
which modules are currently loaded, and their version number, while '\fBm\fR'
will show the methods, and '\fBS\fR' shows all subroutines (by pattern) as
shown below. '\fBV\fR' and '\fBX\fR' show variables in the program by package
scope and can be constrained by pattern.
Using 'X' and cousins requires you not to use the type identifiers ($@%), just
\& FileHandle(stderr) => fileno(2)
Remember we're in our tiny program with a problem, we should have a look at
where we are, and what our data looks like. First of all let's view some code
at our present position (the first line of code in this case), via '\fBv\fR':
\& 4==> my $key = 'welcome';
\& 7 'tom' => qw(and jerry),
\& 8 'welcome' => q(Hello World),
\& 9 'zip' => q(welcome),
At line number 4 is a helpful pointer, that tells you where you are now. To
see more code, type 'v' again:
\& 8 'welcome' => q(Hello World),
\& 9 'zip' => q(welcome),
\& 11: my @data = keys %data;
\& 12: print "All OK\en" if grep($key, keys %data);
\& 13: print "$data{$key}\en";
\& 14: print "done: '$data{$key}'\en";
And if you wanted to list line 5 again, type 'l 5', (note the space):
In this case, there's not much to see, but of course normally there's pages of
stuff to wade through, and 'l' can be very useful. To reset your view to the
line we're about to execute, type a lone period '.':
\& main::(./data_a:4): my $key = 'welcome';
The line shown is the one that is about to be executed \fBnext\fR, it hasn't
happened yet. So while we can print a variable with the letter '\fBp\fR', at
this point all we'd get is an empty (undefined) value back. What we need to
do is to step through the next executable statement with an '\fBs\fR':
\& main::(./data_a:5): my %data = (
\& main::(./data_a:6): 'this' => qw(that),
\& main::(./data_a:7): 'tom' => qw(and jerry),
\& main::(./data_a:8): 'welcome' => q(Hello World),
\& main::(./data_a:9): 'zip' => q(welcome),
\& main::(./data_a:10): );
Now we can have a look at that first ($key) variable:
line 13 is where the action is, so let's continue down to there via the letter
\&'\fBc\fR', which by the way, inserts a 'one\-time\-only' breakpoint at the given
\& main::(./data_a:13): print "$data{$key}\en";
We've gone past our check (where 'All \s-1OK\s0' was printed) and have stopped just
before the meat of our task. We could try to print out a couple of variables
to see what is happening:
Not much in there, lets have a look at our hash:
\& Hello Worldziptomandwelcomejerrywelcomethisthat
\& Hello Worldtomwelcomejerrythis
Well, this isn't very easy to read, and using the helpful manual (\fBh h\fR), the
\&'\fBx\fR' command looks promising:
That's not much help, a couple of welcomes in there, but no indication of
which are keys, and which are values, it's just a listed array dump and, in
this case, not particularly helpful. The trick here, is to use a \fBreference\fR
\& 'Hello World' => 'zip'
The reference is truly dumped and we can finally see what we're dealing with.
Our quoting was perfectly valid but wrong for our purposes, with 'and jerry'
being treated as 2 separate words rather than a phrase, thus throwing the
evenly paired hash structure out of alignment.
The '\fB\-w\fR' switch would have told us about this, had we used it at the start,
and saved us a lot of trouble:
\& Odd number of elements in hash assignment at ./data line 5.
We fix our quoting: 'tom' => q(and jerry), and run it again, this time we get
While we're here, take a closer look at the '\fBx\fR' command, it's really useful
and will merrily dump out nested references, complete objects, partial objects
\&\- just about whatever you throw at it:
Let's make a quick object and x\-plode it, first we'll start the debugger:
it wants some form of input from \s-1STDIN\s0, so we give it something non\-committal,
\& Default die handler restored.
\& Loading DB routines from perl5db.pl version 1.07
\& Editor support available.
\& Enter h or `h h' for help, or `man perldebug' for more help.
Now build an on-the-fly object over a couple of lines (note the backslash):
\& DB<1> $obj = bless({'unique_id'=>'123', 'attr'=> \e
\& cont: {'col' => 'black', 'things' => [qw(this that etc)]}}, 'MY_class')
And let's have a look at it:
\& 0 MY_class=HASH(0x828ad98)
\& 'attr' => HASH(0x828ad68)
\& 'things' => ARRAY(0x828abb8)
Useful, huh? You can eval nearly anything in there, and experiment with bits
of code or regexes until the cows come home:
\& DB<3> @data = qw(this that the other atheism leather theory scythe)
\& DB<4> p 'saw -> '.($cnt += map { print "\et:\et$_\en" } grep(/the/, sort @data))
If you want to see the command History, type an '\fBH\fR':
\& 4: p 'saw -> '.($cnt += map { print "\et:\et$_\en" } grep(/the/, sort @data))
\& 3: @data = qw(this that the other atheism leather theory scythe)
\& 1: $obj = bless({'unique_id'=>'123', 'attr'=>
\& {'col' => 'black', 'things' => [qw(this that etc)]}}, 'MY_class')
And if you want to repeat any previous command, use the exclamation: '\fB!\fR':
\& p 'saw -> '.($cnt += map { print "$_\en" } grep(/the/, sort @data))
For more on references see perlref and perlreftut
.SH "Stepping through code"
.IX Header "Stepping through code"
Here's a simple program which converts between Celsius and Fahrenheit, it too
\& my $arg = $ARGV[0] || '-c20';
\& if ($arg =~ /^\e-(c|f)((\e-|\e+)*\ed+(\e.\ed+)*)$/) {
\& my ($deg, $num) = ($1, $2);
\& my ($in, $out) = ($num, $num);
\& $out = sprintf('%0.2f', $out);
\& $out =~ s/^((\e-|\e+)*\ed+)\e.0+$/$1/;
\& print "Usage: $0 -[c|f] num\en";
\& my $c = 5 * $f - 32 / 9;
\& my $f = 9 * $c / 5 + 32;
For some reason, the Fahrenheit to Celsius conversion fails to return the
expected output. This is what it does:
Not very consistent! We'll set a breakpoint in the code manually and run it
under the debugger to see what's going on. A breakpoint is a flag, to which
the debugger will run without interruption, when it reaches the breakpoint, it
will stop execution and offer a prompt for further interaction. In normal
use, these debugger commands are completely ignored, and they are safe \- if a
little messy, to leave in production code.
\& my ($in, $out) = ($num, $num);
\& $DB::single=2; # insert at line 9!
\& Default die handler restored.
\& Loading DB routines from perl5db.pl version 1.07
\& Editor support available.
\& Enter h or `h h' for help, or `man perldebug' for more help.
\& main::(temp:4): my $arg = $ARGV[0] || '-c100';
We'll simply continue down to our pre-set breakpoint with a '\fBc\fR':
\& main::(temp:10): if ($deg eq 'c') {
Followed by a view command to see where we are:
\& 7: my ($deg, $num) = ($1, $2);
\& 8: my ($in, $out) = ($num, $num);
\& 10==> if ($deg eq 'c') {
\& 12: $out = &c2f($num);
\& 15: $out = &f2c($num);
And a print to show what values we're currently using:
We can put another break point on any line beginning with a colon, we'll use
line 17 as that's just as we come out of the subroutine, and we'd like to
There's no feedback from this, but you can see what breakpoints are set by
using the list 'L' command:
\& 17: print "$out $deg\en";
Note that to delete a breakpoint you use 'd' or 'D'.
Now we'll continue down into our subroutine, this time rather than by line
number, we'll use the subroutine name, followed by the now familiar 'v':
\& main::f2c(temp:30): my $f = shift;
\& 28: my $c = 5 * $f - 32 / 9;
Note that if there was a subroutine call between us and line 29, and we wanted
to \fBsingle-step\fR through it, we could use the '\fBs\fR' command, and to step
over it we would use '\fBn\fR' which would execute the sub, but not descend into
it for inspection. In this case though, we simply continue down to line 29:
\& main::f2c(temp:29): return $c;
And have a look at the return value:
This is not the right answer at all, but the sum looks correct. I wonder if
it's anything to do with operator precedence? We'll try a couple of other
possibilities with our sum:
\& DB<6> p (5 * $f - 32 / 9)
\& DB<7> p 5 * $f - (32 / 9)
\& DB<8> p (5 * $f) - 32 / 9
\& DB<9> p 5 * ($f - 32) / 9
:\-) that's more like it! Ok, now we can set our return variable and we'll
return out of the sub with an 'r':
\& DB<10> $c = 5 * ($f - 32) / 9
\& scalar context return from main::f2c: 0.722222222222221
Looks good, let's just continue off the end of the script:
\& Debugged program terminated. Use q to quit or R to restart,
\& use O inhibit_exit to avoid stopping after program termination,
\& h q, h R or h O to get additional info.
A quick fix to the offending line (insert the missing parentheses) in the
actual program and we're finished.
.SH "Placeholder for a, w, t, T"
.IX Header "Placeholder for a, w, t, T"
Actions, watch variables, stack traces etc.: on the \s-1TODO\s0 list.
.SH "REGULAR EXPRESSIONS"
.IX Header "REGULAR EXPRESSIONS"
Ever wanted to know what a regex looked like? You'll need perl compiled with
the \s-1DEBUGGING\s0 flag for this one:
\& > perl -Dr -e '/^pe(a)*rl$/i'
\& Compiling REx `^pe(a)*rl$'
\& 4: CURLYN[1] {0,32767}(14)
\& floating `'$ at 4..2147483647 (checking floating) stclass `EXACTF <pe>'
\& Omitting $` $& $' support.
\& Freeing REx: `^pe(a)*rl$'
Did you really want to know? :\-)
For more gory details on getting regular expressions to work, have a look at
perlre, perlretut, and to decode the mysterious labels (\s-1BOL\s0 and \s-1CURLYN\s0,
etc. above), see perldebguts.
To get all the output from your error log, and not miss any messages via
helpful operating system buffering, insert a line like this, at the start of
To watch the tail of a dynamically growing logfile, (from the command line):
Wrapping all die calls in a handler routine can be useful to see how, and from
where, they're being called, perlvar has more information:
\& BEGIN { $SIG{__DIE__} = sub { require Carp; Carp::confess(@_) } }
Various useful techniques for the redirection of \s-1STDOUT\s0 and \s-1STDERR\s0 filehandles
are explained in perlopentut and perlfaq8.
Just a quick hint here for all those \s-1CGI\s0 programmers who can't figure out how
on earth to get past that 'waiting for input' prompt, when running their \s-1CGI\s0
script from the command\-line, try something like this:
\& > perl -d my_cgi.pl -nodebug
Of course \s-1CGI\s0 and perlfaq9 will tell you more.
The command line interface is tightly integrated with an \fBemacs\fR extension
and there's a \fBvi\fR interface too.
You don't have to do this all on the command line, though, there are a few \s-1GUI\s0
options out there. The nice thing about these is you can wave a mouse over a
variable and a dump of its data will appear in an appropriate window, or in a
popup balloon, no more tiresome typing of 'x \f(CW$varname\fR' :\-)
In particular have a hunt around for the following:
\&\fBptkdb\fR perlTK based wrapper for the built-in debugger
\&\fBddd\fR data display debugger
\&\fBPerlDevKit\fR and \fBPerlBuilder\fR are \s-1NT\s0 specific
\&\s-1NB\s0. (more info on these and others would be appreciated).
We've seen how to encourage good coding practices with \fBuse strict\fR and
\&\fB\-w\fR. We can run the perl debugger \fBperl \-d scriptname\fR to inspect your
data from within the perl debugger with the \fBp\fR and \fBx\fR commands. You can
walk through your code, set breakpoints with \fBb\fR and step through that code
with \fBs\fR or \fBn\fR, continue with \fBc\fR and return from a sub with \fBr\fR. Fairly
intuitive stuff when you get down to it.
There is of course lots more to find out about, this has just scratched the
surface. The best way to learn more is to use perldoc to find out more about
the language, to read the on-line help (perldebug is probably the next
place to go), and of course, experiment.
Richard Foley <richard@rfi.net> Copyright (c) 2000
.IX Header "CONTRIBUTORS"
Various people have made helpful suggestions and contributions, in particular:
Ronald J Kimball <rjk@linguist.dartmouth.edu>
Hugo van der Sanden <hv@crypt0.demon.co.uk>
Peter Scott <Peter@PSDT.com>
projects / OpenSPARC-T2-SAM / blob