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129 | .\" ======================================================================== | |
130 | .\" | |
131 | .IX Title "Encode::Supported 3" | |
132 | .TH Encode::Supported 3 "2001-09-21" "perl v5.8.8" "Perl Programmers Reference Guide" | |
133 | .SH "NAME" | |
134 | Encode::Supported \-\- Encodings supported by Encode | |
135 | .SH "DESCRIPTION" | |
136 | .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" | |
137 | .Sh "Encoding Names" | |
138 | .IX Subsection "Encoding Names" | |
139 | Encoding names are case insensitive. White space in names | |
140 | is ignored. In addition, an encoding may have aliases. | |
141 | Each encoding has one \*(L"canonical\*(R" name. The \*(L"canonical\*(R" | |
142 | name is chosen from the names of the encoding by picking | |
143 | the first in the following sequence (with a few exceptions). | |
144 | .IP "\(bu" 4 | |
145 | The name used by the Perl community. That includes 'utf8' and 'ascii'. | |
146 | Unlike aliases, canonical names directly reach the method so such | |
147 | frequently used words like 'utf8' don't need to do alias lookups. | |
148 | .IP "\(bu" 4 | |
149 | The \s-1MIME\s0 name as defined in \s-1IETF\s0 RFCs. This includes all \*(L"iso\-\*(R"s. | |
150 | .IP "\(bu" 4 | |
151 | The name in the \s-1IANA\s0 registry. | |
152 | .IP "\(bu" 4 | |
153 | The name used by the organization that defined it. | |
154 | .PP | |
155 | In case \fIde jure\fR canonical names differ from that of the Encode | |
156 | module, they are always aliased if it ever be implemented. So you can | |
157 | safely tell if a given encoding is implemented or not just by passing | |
158 | the canonical name. | |
159 | .PP | |
160 | Because of all the alias issues, and because in the general case | |
161 | encodings have state, \*(L"Encode\*(R" uses an encoding object internally | |
162 | once an operation is in progress. | |
163 | .SH "Supported Encodings" | |
164 | .IX Header "Supported Encodings" | |
165 | As of Perl 5.8.0, at least the following encodings are recognized. | |
166 | Note that unless otherwise specified, they are all case insensitive | |
167 | (via alias) and all occurrence of spaces are replaced with '\-'. | |
168 | In other words, \*(L"\s-1ISO\s0 8859 1\*(R" and \*(L"iso\-8859\-1\*(R" are identical. | |
169 | .PP | |
170 | Encodings are categorized and implemented in several different modules | |
171 | but you don't have to \f(CW\*(C`use Encode::XX\*(C'\fR to make them available for | |
172 | most cases. Encode.pm will automatically load those modules on demand. | |
173 | .Sh "Built-in Encodings" | |
174 | .IX Subsection "Built-in Encodings" | |
175 | The following encodings are always available. | |
176 | .PP | |
177 | .Vb 8 | |
178 | \& Canonical Aliases Comments & References | |
179 | \& ---------------------------------------------------------------- | |
180 | \& ascii US-ascii ISO-646-US [ECMA] | |
181 | \& ascii-ctrl Special Encoding | |
182 | \& iso-8859-1 latin1 [ISO] | |
183 | \& null Special Encoding | |
184 | \& utf8 UTF-8 [RFC2279] | |
185 | \& ---------------------------------------------------------------- | |
186 | .Ve | |
187 | .PP | |
188 | \&\fInull\fR and \fIascii-ctrl\fR are special. \*(L"null\*(R" fails for all character | |
189 | so when you set fallback mode to \s-1PERLQQ\s0, \s-1HTMLCREF\s0 or \s-1XMLCREF\s0, \s-1ALL\s0 | |
190 | \&\s-1CHARACTERS\s0 will fall back to character references. Ditto for | |
191 | \&\*(L"ascii\-ctrl\*(R" except for control characters. For fallback modes, see | |
192 | Encode. | |
193 | .Sh "Encode::Unicode \*(-- other Unicode encodings" | |
194 | .IX Subsection "Encode::Unicode other Unicode encodings" | |
195 | Unicode coding schemes other than native utf8 are supported by | |
196 | Encode::Unicode, which will be autoloaded on demand. | |
197 | .PP | |
198 | .Vb 11 | |
199 | \& ---------------------------------------------------------------- | |
200 | \& UCS-2BE UCS-2, iso-10646-1 [IANA, UC] | |
201 | \& UCS-2LE [UC] | |
202 | \& UTF-16 [UC] | |
203 | \& UTF-16BE [UC] | |
204 | \& UTF-16LE [UC] | |
205 | \& UTF-32 [UC] | |
206 | \& UTF-32BE UCS-4 [UC] | |
207 | \& UTF-32LE [UC] | |
208 | \& UTF-7 [RFC2152] | |
209 | \& ---------------------------------------------------------------- | |
210 | .Ve | |
211 | .PP | |
212 | To find how (UCS\-2|UTF\-(16|32))(LE|BE)? differ from one another, | |
213 | see Encode::Unicode. | |
214 | .PP | |
215 | \&\s-1UTF\-7\s0 is a special encoding which \*(L"re\-encodes\*(R" \s-1UTF\-16BE\s0 into a 7\-bit | |
216 | encoding. It is implemented seperately by Encode::Unicode::UTF7. | |
217 | .Sh "Encode::Byte \*(-- Extended \s-1ASCII\s0" | |
218 | .IX Subsection "Encode::Byte Extended ASCII" | |
219 | Encode::Byte implements most single-byte encodings except for | |
220 | Symbols and \s-1EBCDIC\s0. The following encodings are based on single-byte | |
221 | encodings implemented as extended \s-1ASCII\s0. Most of them map | |
222 | \&\ex80\-\exff (upper half) to non-ASCII characters. | |
223 | .IP "\s-1ISO\-8859\s0 and corresponding vendor mappings" 4 | |
224 | .IX Item "ISO-8859 and corresponding vendor mappings" | |
225 | Since there are so many, they are presented in table format with | |
226 | languages and corresponding encoding names by vendors. Note that | |
227 | the table is sorted in order of \s-1ISO\-8859\s0 and the corresponding vendor | |
228 | mappings are slightly different from that of \s-1ISO\s0. See | |
229 | <http://czyborra.com/charsets/iso8859.html> for details. | |
230 | .Sp | |
231 | .Vb 32 | |
232 | \& Lang/Regions ISO/Other Std. DOS Windows Macintosh Others | |
233 | \& ---------------------------------------------------------------- | |
234 | \& N. America (ASCII) cp437 AdobeStandardEncoding | |
235 | \& cp863 (DOSCanadaF) | |
236 | \& W. Europe iso-8859-1 cp850 cp1252 MacRoman nextstep | |
237 | \& hp-roman8 | |
238 | \& cp860 (DOSPortuguese) | |
239 | \& Cntrl. Europe iso-8859-2 cp852 cp1250 MacCentralEurRoman | |
240 | \& MacCroatian | |
241 | \& MacRomanian | |
242 | \& MacRumanian | |
243 | \& Latin3[1] iso-8859-3 | |
244 | \& Latin4[2] iso-8859-4 | |
245 | \& Cyrillics iso-8859-5 cp855 cp1251 MacCyrillic | |
246 | \& (See also next section) cp866 MacUkrainian | |
247 | \& Arabic iso-8859-6 cp864 cp1256 MacArabic | |
248 | \& cp1006 MacFarsi | |
249 | \& Greek iso-8859-7 cp737 cp1253 MacGreek | |
250 | \& cp869 (DOSGreek2) | |
251 | \& Hebrew iso-8859-8 cp862 cp1255 MacHebrew | |
252 | \& Turkish iso-8859-9 cp857 cp1254 MacTurkish | |
253 | \& Nordics iso-8859-10 cp865 | |
254 | \& cp861 MacIcelandic | |
255 | \& MacSami | |
256 | \& Thai iso-8859-11[3] cp874 MacThai | |
257 | \& (iso-8859-12 is nonexistent. Reserved for Indics?) | |
258 | \& Baltics iso-8859-13 cp775 cp1257 | |
259 | \& Celtics iso-8859-14 | |
260 | \& Latin9 [4] iso-8859-15 | |
261 | \& Latin10 iso-8859-16 | |
262 | \& Vietnamese viscii cp1258 MacVietnamese | |
263 | \& ---------------------------------------------------------------- | |
264 | .Ve | |
265 | .Sp | |
266 | .Vb 5 | |
267 | \& [1] Esperanto, Maltese, and Turkish. Turkish is now on 8859-9. | |
268 | \& [2] Baltics. Now on 8859-10, except for Latvian. | |
269 | \& [3] TIS 620 + Non-Breaking Space (0xA0 / U+00A0) | |
270 | \& [4] Nicknamed Latin0; the Euro sign as well as French and Finnish | |
271 | \& letters that are missing from 8859-1 were added. | |
272 | .Ve | |
273 | .Sp | |
274 | All cp* are also available as ibm\-*, ms\-*, and windows\-* . See also | |
275 | <http://czyborra.com/charsets/codepages.html>. | |
276 | .Sp | |
277 | Macintosh encodings don't seem to be registered in such entities as | |
278 | \&\s-1IANA\s0. \*(L"Canonical\*(R" names in Encode are based upon Apple's Tech Note | |
279 | 1150. See <http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn1150.html> | |
280 | for details. | |
281 | .IP "\s-1KOI8\s0 \- De Facto Standard for the Cyrillic world" 4 | |
282 | .IX Item "KOI8 - De Facto Standard for the Cyrillic world" | |
283 | Though \s-1ISO\-8859\s0 does have \s-1ISO\-8859\-5\s0, the \s-1KOI8\s0 series is far more | |
284 | popular in the Net. Encode comes with the following \s-1KOI\s0 charsets. | |
285 | For gory details, see <http://czyborra.com/charsets/cyrillic.html> | |
286 | .Sp | |
287 | .Vb 5 | |
288 | \& ---------------------------------------------------------------- | |
289 | \& koi8-f | |
290 | \& koi8-r cp878 [RFC1489] | |
291 | \& koi8-u [RFC2319] | |
292 | \& ---------------------------------------------------------------- | |
293 | .Ve | |
294 | .IP "gsm0338 \- Hentai Latin 1" 4 | |
295 | .IX Item "gsm0338 - Hentai Latin 1" | |
296 | \&\s-1GSM0338\s0 is for \s-1GSM\s0 handsets. Though it shares alphanumerals with | |
297 | \&\s-1ASCII\s0, control character ranges and other parts are mapped very | |
298 | differently, mainly to store Greek characters. There are also escape | |
299 | sequences (starting with 0x1B) to cover e.g. the Euro sign. Some | |
300 | special cases like a trailing 0x00 byte or a lone 0x1B byte are not | |
301 | well-defined and \fIdecode()\fR will return an empty string for them. | |
302 | One possible workaround is | |
303 | .Sp | |
304 | .Vb 3 | |
305 | \& $gsm =~ s/\ex00\ez/\ex00\ex00/; | |
306 | \& $uni = decode("gsm0338", $gsm); | |
307 | \& $uni .= "\exA0" if $gsm =~ /\ex1B\ez/; | |
308 | .Ve | |
309 | .Sp | |
310 | Note that the Encode implementation of \s-1GSM0338\s0 does not implement the | |
311 | reuse of Latin capital letters as Greek capital letters (for example, | |
312 | the 0x5A is U+005A (\s-1LATIN\s0 \s-1CAPITAL\s0 \s-1LETTER\s0 Z), not U+0396 (\s-1GREEK\s0 \s-1CAPITAL\s0 | |
313 | \&\s-1LETTER\s0 \s-1ZETA\s0). | |
314 | .Sp | |
315 | The \s-1GSM0338\s0 is also covered in Encode::Byte even though it is not | |
316 | an \*(L"extended \s-1ASCII\s0\*(R" encoding. | |
317 | .Sh "\s-1CJK:\s0 Chinese, Japanese, Korean (Multibyte)" | |
318 | .IX Subsection "CJK: Chinese, Japanese, Korean (Multibyte)" | |
319 | Note that Vietnamese is listed above. Also read \*(L"Encoding vs Charset\*(R" | |
320 | below. Also note that these are implemented in distinct modules by | |
321 | countries, due to the size concerns (simplified Chinese is mapped | |
322 | to '\s-1CN\s0', continental China, while traditional Chinese is mapped to | |
323 | \&'\s-1TW\s0', Taiwan). Please refer to their respective documentation pages. | |
324 | .IP "Encode::CN \*(-- Continental China" 4 | |
325 | .IX Item "Encode::CN Continental China" | |
326 | .Vb 9 | |
327 | \& Standard DOS/Win Macintosh Comment/Reference | |
328 | \& ---------------------------------------------------------------- | |
329 | \& euc-cn [1] MacChineseSimp | |
330 | \& (gbk) cp936 [2] | |
331 | \& gb12345-raw { GB12345 without CES } | |
332 | \& gb2312-raw { GB2312 without CES } | |
333 | \& hz | |
334 | \& iso-ir-165 | |
335 | \& ---------------------------------------------------------------- | |
336 | .Ve | |
337 | .Sp | |
338 | .Vb 2 | |
339 | \& [1] GB2312 is aliased to this. See L<Microsoft-related naming mess> | |
340 | \& [2] gbk is aliased to this. See L<Microsoft-related naming mess> | |
341 | .Ve | |
342 | .IP "Encode::JP \*(-- Japan" 4 | |
343 | .IX Item "Encode::JP Japan" | |
344 | .Vb 11 | |
345 | \& Standard DOS/Win Macintosh Comment/Reference | |
346 | \& ---------------------------------------------------------------- | |
347 | \& euc-jp | |
348 | \& shiftjis cp932 macJapanese | |
349 | \& 7bit-jis | |
350 | \& iso-2022-jp [RFC1468] | |
351 | \& iso-2022-jp-1 [RFC2237] | |
352 | \& jis0201-raw { JIS X 0201 (roman + halfwidth kana) without CES } | |
353 | \& jis0208-raw { JIS X 0208 (Kanji + fullwidth kana) without CES } | |
354 | \& jis0212-raw { JIS X 0212 (Extended Kanji) without CES } | |
355 | \& ---------------------------------------------------------------- | |
356 | .Ve | |
357 | .IP "Encode::KR \*(-- Korea" 4 | |
358 | .IX Item "Encode::KR Korea" | |
359 | .Vb 8 | |
360 | \& Standard DOS/Win Macintosh Comment/Reference | |
361 | \& ---------------------------------------------------------------- | |
362 | \& euc-kr MacKorean [RFC1557] | |
363 | \& cp949 [1] | |
364 | \& iso-2022-kr [RFC1557] | |
365 | \& johab [KS X 1001:1998, Annex 3] | |
366 | \& ksc5601-raw { KSC5601 without CES } | |
367 | \& ---------------------------------------------------------------- | |
368 | .Ve | |
369 | .Sp | |
370 | .Vb 2 | |
371 | \& [1] ks_c_5601-1987, (x-)?windows-949, and uhc are aliased to this. | |
372 | \& See below. | |
373 | .Ve | |
374 | .IP "Encode::TW \*(-- Taiwan" 4 | |
375 | .IX Item "Encode::TW Taiwan" | |
376 | .Vb 5 | |
377 | \& Standard DOS/Win Macintosh Comment/Reference | |
378 | \& ---------------------------------------------------------------- | |
379 | \& big5-eten cp950 MacChineseTrad {big5 aliased to big5-eten} | |
380 | \& big5-hkscs | |
381 | \& ---------------------------------------------------------------- | |
382 | .Ve | |
383 | .IP "Encode::HanExtra \*(-- More Chinese via \s-1CPAN\s0" 4 | |
384 | .IX Item "Encode::HanExtra More Chinese via CPAN" | |
385 | Due to the size concerns, additional Chinese encodings below are | |
386 | distributed separately on \s-1CPAN\s0, under the name Encode::HanExtra. | |
387 | .Sp | |
388 | .Vb 8 | |
389 | \& Standard DOS/Win Macintosh Comment/Reference | |
390 | \& ---------------------------------------------------------------- | |
391 | \& big5ext CMEX's Big5e Extension | |
392 | \& big5plus CMEX's Big5+ Extension | |
393 | \& cccii Chinese Character Code for Information Interchange | |
394 | \& euc-tw EUC (Extended Unix Character) | |
395 | \& gb18030 GBK with Traditional Characters | |
396 | \& ---------------------------------------------------------------- | |
397 | .Ve | |
398 | .IP "Encode::JIS2K \*(-- \s-1JIS\s0 X 0213 encodings via \s-1CPAN\s0" 4 | |
399 | .IX Item "Encode::JIS2K JIS X 0213 encodings via CPAN" | |
400 | Due to size concerns, additional Japanese encodings below are | |
401 | distributed separately on \s-1CPAN\s0, under the name Encode::JIS2K. | |
402 | .Sp | |
403 | .Vb 8 | |
404 | \& Standard DOS/Win Macintosh Comment/Reference | |
405 | \& ---------------------------------------------------------------- | |
406 | \& euc-jisx0213 | |
407 | \& shiftjisx0123 | |
408 | \& iso-2022-jp-3 | |
409 | \& jis0213-1-raw | |
410 | \& jis0213-2-raw | |
411 | \& ---------------------------------------------------------------- | |
412 | .Ve | |
413 | .Sh "Miscellaneous encodings" | |
414 | .IX Subsection "Miscellaneous encodings" | |
415 | .IP "Encode::EBCDIC" 4 | |
416 | .IX Item "Encode::EBCDIC" | |
417 | See perlebcdic for details. | |
418 | .Sp | |
419 | .Vb 8 | |
420 | \& ---------------------------------------------------------------- | |
421 | \& cp37 | |
422 | \& cp500 | |
423 | \& cp875 | |
424 | \& cp1026 | |
425 | \& cp1047 | |
426 | \& posix-bc | |
427 | \& ---------------------------------------------------------------- | |
428 | .Ve | |
429 | .IP "Encode::Symbols" 4 | |
430 | .IX Item "Encode::Symbols" | |
431 | For symbols and dingbats. | |
432 | .Sp | |
433 | .Vb 7 | |
434 | \& ---------------------------------------------------------------- | |
435 | \& symbol | |
436 | \& dingbats | |
437 | \& MacDingbats | |
438 | \& AdobeZdingbat | |
439 | \& AdobeSymbol | |
440 | \& ---------------------------------------------------------------- | |
441 | .Ve | |
442 | .IP "Encode::MIME::Header" 4 | |
443 | .IX Item "Encode::MIME::Header" | |
444 | Strictly speaking, \s-1MIME\s0 header encoding documented in \s-1RFC\s0 2047 is more | |
445 | of encapsulation than encoding. However, their support in modern | |
446 | world is imperative so they are supported. | |
447 | .Sp | |
448 | .Vb 5 | |
449 | \& ---------------------------------------------------------------- | |
450 | \& MIME-Header [RFC2047] | |
451 | \& MIME-B [RFC2047] | |
452 | \& MIME-Q [RFC2047] | |
453 | \& ---------------------------------------------------------------- | |
454 | .Ve | |
455 | .IP "Encode::Guess" 4 | |
456 | .IX Item "Encode::Guess" | |
457 | This one is not a name of encoding but a utility that lets you pick up | |
458 | the most appropriate encoding for a data out of given \fIsuspects\fR. See | |
459 | Encode::Guess for details. | |
460 | .SH "Unsupported encodings" | |
461 | .IX Header "Unsupported encodings" | |
462 | The following encodings are not supported as yet; some because they | |
463 | are rarely used, some because of technical difficulties. They may | |
464 | be supported by external modules via \s-1CPAN\s0 in the future, however. | |
465 | .IP "\s-1ISO\-2022\-JP\-2\s0 [\s-1RFC1554\s0]" 4 | |
466 | .IX Item "ISO-2022-JP-2 [RFC1554]" | |
467 | Not very popular yet. Needs Unicode Database or equivalent to | |
468 | implement \fIencode()\fR (because it includes \s-1JIS\s0 X 0208/0212, \s-1KSC5601\s0, and | |
469 | \&\s-1GB2312\s0 simultaneously, whose code points in Unicode overlap. So you | |
470 | need to lookup the database to determine to what character set a given | |
471 | Unicode character should belong). | |
472 | .IP "\s-1ISO\-2022\-CN\s0 [\s-1RFC1922\s0]" 4 | |
473 | .IX Item "ISO-2022-CN [RFC1922]" | |
474 | Not very popular. Needs \s-1CNS\s0 11643\-1 and \-2 which are not available in | |
475 | this module. \s-1CNS\s0 11643 is supported (via euc\-tw) in Encode::HanExtra. | |
476 | Autrijus Tang may add support for this encoding in his module in future. | |
477 | .IP "Various HP-UX encodings" 4 | |
478 | .IX Item "Various HP-UX encodings" | |
479 | The following are unsupported due to the lack of mapping data. | |
480 | .Sp | |
481 | .Vb 2 | |
482 | \& '8' - arabic8, greek8, hebrew8, kana8, thai8, and turkish8 | |
483 | \& '15' - japanese15, korean15, and roi15 | |
484 | .Ve | |
485 | .IP "Cyrillic encoding \s-1ISO\-IR\-111\s0" 4 | |
486 | .IX Item "Cyrillic encoding ISO-IR-111" | |
487 | Anton Tagunov doubts its usefulness. | |
488 | .IP "\s-1ISO\-8859\-8\-1\s0 [Hebrew]" 4 | |
489 | .IX Item "ISO-8859-8-1 [Hebrew]" | |
490 | None of the Encode team knows Hebrew enough (\s-1ISO\-8859\-8\s0, cp1255 and | |
491 | MacHebrew are supported because and just because there were mappings | |
492 | available at <http://www.unicode.org/>). Contributions welcome. | |
493 | .IP "\s-1ISIRI\s0 3342, Iran System, \s-1ISIRI\s0 2900 [Farsi]" 4 | |
494 | .IX Item "ISIRI 3342, Iran System, ISIRI 2900 [Farsi]" | |
495 | Ditto. | |
496 | .IP "Thai encoding \s-1TCVN\s0" 4 | |
497 | .IX Item "Thai encoding TCVN" | |
498 | Ditto. | |
499 | .IP "Vietnamese encodings \s-1VPS\s0" 4 | |
500 | .IX Item "Vietnamese encodings VPS" | |
501 | Though Jungshik Shin has reported that Mozilla supports this encoding, | |
502 | it was too late before 5.8.0 for us to add it. In the future, it | |
503 | may be available via a separate module. See | |
504 | <http://lxr.mozilla.org/seamonkey/source/intl/uconv/ucvlatin/vps.uf> | |
505 | and | |
506 | <http://lxr.mozilla.org/seamonkey/source/intl/uconv/ucvlatin/vps.ut> | |
507 | if you are interested in helping us. | |
508 | .IP "Various Mac encodings" 4 | |
509 | .IX Item "Various Mac encodings" | |
510 | The following are unsupported due to the lack of mapping data. | |
511 | .Sp | |
512 | .Vb 5 | |
513 | \& MacArmenian, MacBengali, MacBurmese, MacEthiopic | |
514 | \& MacExtArabic, MacGeorgian, MacKannada, MacKhmer | |
515 | \& MacLaotian, MacMalayalam, MacMongolian, MacOriya | |
516 | \& MacSinhalese, MacTamil, MacTelugu, MacTibetan | |
517 | \& MacVietnamese | |
518 | .Ve | |
519 | .Sp | |
520 | The rest which are already available are based upon the vendor mappings | |
521 | at <http://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/> . | |
522 | .IP "(Mac) Indic encodings" 4 | |
523 | .IX Item "(Mac) Indic encodings" | |
524 | The maps for the following are available at <http://www.unicode.org/> | |
525 | but remain unsupport because those encodings need algorithmical | |
526 | approach, currently unsupported by \fIenc2xs\fR: | |
527 | .Sp | |
528 | .Vb 3 | |
529 | \& MacDevanagari | |
530 | \& MacGurmukhi | |
531 | \& MacGujarati | |
532 | .Ve | |
533 | .Sp | |
534 | For details, please see \f(CW\*(C`Unicode mapping issues and notes:\*(C'\fR at | |
535 | <http://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/DEVANAGA.TXT> . | |
536 | .Sp | |
537 | I believe this issue is prevalent not only for Mac Indics but also in | |
538 | other Indic encodings, but the above were the only Indic encodings | |
539 | maps that I could find at <http://www.unicode.org/> . | |
540 | .SH "Encoding vs. Charset \*(-- terminology" | |
541 | .IX Header "Encoding vs. Charset terminology" | |
542 | We are used to using the term (character) \fIencoding\fR and \fIcharacter | |
543 | set\fR interchangeably. But just as confusing the terms byte and | |
544 | character is dangerous and the terms should be differentiated when | |
545 | needed, we need to differentiate \fIencoding\fR and \fIcharacter set\fR. | |
546 | .PP | |
547 | To understand that, here is a description of how we make computers | |
548 | grok our characters. | |
549 | .IP "\(bu" 4 | |
550 | First we start with which characters to include. We call this | |
551 | collection of characters \fIcharacter repertoire\fR. | |
552 | .IP "\(bu" 4 | |
553 | Then we have to give each character a unique \s-1ID\s0 so your computer can | |
554 | tell the difference between 'a' and 'A'. This itemized character | |
555 | repertoire is now a \fIcharacter set\fR. | |
556 | .IP "\(bu" 4 | |
557 | If your computer can grow the character set without further | |
558 | processing, you can go ahead and use it. This is called a \fIcoded | |
559 | character set\fR (\s-1CCS\s0) or \fIraw character encoding\fR. \s-1ASCII\s0 is used this | |
560 | way for most cases. | |
561 | .IP "\(bu" 4 | |
562 | But in many cases, especially multi-byte \s-1CJK\s0 encodings, you have to | |
563 | tweak a little more. Your network connection may not accept any data | |
564 | with the Most Significant Bit set, and your computer may not be able to | |
565 | tell if a given byte is a whole character or just half of it. So you | |
566 | have to \fIencode\fR the character set to use it. | |
567 | .Sp | |
568 | A \fIcharacter encoding scheme\fR (\s-1CES\s0) determines how to encode a given | |
569 | character set, or a set of multiple character sets. 7bit \s-1ISO\-2022\s0 is | |
570 | an example of a \s-1CES\s0. You switch between character sets via \fIescape | |
571 | sequences\fR. | |
572 | .PP | |
573 | Technically, or mathematically, speaking, a character set encoded in | |
574 | such a \s-1CES\s0 that maps character by character may form a \s-1CCS\s0. \s-1EUC\s0 is such | |
575 | an example. The \s-1CES\s0 of \s-1EUC\s0 is as follows: | |
576 | .IP "\(bu" 4 | |
577 | Map \s-1ASCII\s0 unchanged. | |
578 | .IP "\(bu" 4 | |
579 | Map such a character set that consists of 94 or 96 powered by N | |
580 | members by adding 0x80 to each byte. | |
581 | .IP "\(bu" 4 | |
582 | You can also use 0x8e and 0x8f to indicate that the following sequence of | |
583 | characters belongs to yet another character set. To each following byte | |
584 | is added the value 0x80. | |
585 | .PP | |
586 | By carefully looking at the encoded byte sequence, you can find that the | |
587 | byte sequence conforms a unique number. In that sense, \s-1EUC\s0 is a \s-1CCS\s0 | |
588 | generated by a \s-1CES\s0 above from up to four \s-1CCS\s0 (complicated?). \s-1UTF\-8\s0 | |
589 | falls into this category. See \*(L"\s-1UTF\-8\s0\*(R" in perlUnicode to find out how | |
590 | \&\s-1UTF\-8\s0 maps Unicode to a byte sequence. | |
591 | .PP | |
592 | You may also have found out by now why 7bit \s-1ISO\-2022\s0 cannot comprise | |
593 | a \s-1CCS\s0. If you look at a byte sequence \ex21\ex21, you can't tell if | |
594 | it is two !'s or \s-1IDEOGRAPHIC\s0 \s-1SPACE\s0. \s-1EUC\s0 maps the latter to \exA1\exA1 | |
595 | so you have no trouble differentiating between \*(L"!!\*(R". and \*(L"\ \*(R". | |
596 | .SH "Encoding Classification (by Anton Tagunov and Dan Kogai)" | |
597 | .IX Header "Encoding Classification (by Anton Tagunov and Dan Kogai)" | |
598 | This section tries to classify the supported encodings by their | |
599 | applicability for information exchange over the Internet and to | |
600 | choose the most suitable aliases to name them in the context of | |
601 | such communication. | |
602 | .IP "\(bu" 4 | |
603 | To (en|de)code encodings marked by \f(CW\*(C`(**)\*(C'\fR, you need | |
604 | \&\f(CW\*(C`Encode::HanExtra\*(C'\fR, available from \s-1CPAN\s0. | |
605 | .PP | |
606 | Encoding names | |
607 | .PP | |
608 | .Vb 3 | |
609 | \& US-ASCII UTF-8 ISO-8859-* KOI8-R | |
610 | \& Shift_JIS EUC-JP ISO-2022-JP ISO-2022-JP-1 | |
611 | \& EUC-KR Big5 GB2312 | |
612 | .Ve | |
613 | .PP | |
614 | are registered with \s-1IANA\s0 as preferred \s-1MIME\s0 names and may | |
615 | be used over the Internet. | |
616 | .PP | |
617 | \&\f(CW\*(C`Shift_JIS\*(C'\fR has been officialized by \s-1JIS\s0 X 0208:1997. | |
618 | \&\*(L"Microsoft\-related naming mess\*(R" gives details. | |
619 | .PP | |
620 | \&\f(CW\*(C`GB2312\*(C'\fR is the \s-1IANA\s0 name for \f(CW\*(C`EUC\-CN\*(C'\fR. | |
621 | See \*(L"Microsoft\-related naming mess\*(R" for details. | |
622 | .PP | |
623 | \&\f(CW\*(C`GB_2312\-80\*(C'\fR \fIraw\fR encoding is available as \f(CW\*(C`gb2312\-raw\*(C'\fR | |
624 | with Encode. See Encode::CN for details. | |
625 | .PP | |
626 | .Vb 2 | |
627 | \& EUC-CN | |
628 | \& KOI8-U [RFC2319] | |
629 | .Ve | |
630 | .PP | |
631 | have not been registered with \s-1IANA\s0 (as of March 2002) but | |
632 | seem to be supported by major web browsers. | |
633 | The \s-1IANA\s0 name for \f(CW\*(C`EUC\-CN\*(C'\fR is \f(CW\*(C`GB2312\*(C'\fR. | |
634 | .PP | |
635 | .Vb 1 | |
636 | \& KS_C_5601-1987 | |
637 | .Ve | |
638 | .PP | |
639 | is heavily misused. | |
640 | See \*(L"Microsoft\-related naming mess\*(R" for details. | |
641 | .PP | |
642 | \&\f(CW\*(C`KS_C_5601\-1987\*(C'\fR \fIraw\fR encoding is available as \f(CW\*(C`kcs5601\-raw\*(C'\fR | |
643 | with Encode. See Encode::KR for details. | |
644 | .PP | |
645 | .Vb 1 | |
646 | \& UTF-16 UTF-16BE UTF-16LE | |
647 | .Ve | |
648 | .PP | |
649 | are IANA-registered \f(CW\*(C`charset\*(C'\fRs. See [\s-1RFC\s0 2781] for details. | |
650 | Jungshik Shin reports that \s-1UTF\-16\s0 with a \s-1BOM\s0 is well accepted | |
651 | by \s-1MS\s0 \s-1IE\s0 5/6 and \s-1NS\s0 4/6. Beware however that | |
652 | .IP "\(bu" 4 | |
653 | \&\f(CW\*(C`UTF\-16\*(C'\fR support in any software you're going to be | |
654 | using/interoperating with has probably been less tested | |
655 | then \f(CW\*(C`UTF\-8\*(C'\fR support | |
656 | .IP "\(bu" 4 | |
657 | \&\f(CW\*(C`UTF\-8\*(C'\fR coded data seamlessly passes traditional | |
658 | command piping (\f(CW\*(C`cat\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`more\*(C'\fR, etc.) while \f(CW\*(C`UTF\-16\*(C'\fR coded | |
659 | data is likely to cause confusion (with its zero bytes, | |
660 | for example) | |
661 | .IP "\(bu" 4 | |
662 | it is beyond the power of words to describe the way \s-1HTML\s0 browsers | |
663 | encode non\-\f(CW\*(C`ASCII\*(C'\fR form data. To get a general impression, visit | |
664 | <http://ppewww.ph.gla.ac.uk/~flavell/charset/form\-i18n.html>. | |
665 | While encoding of form data has stabilized for \f(CW\*(C`UTF\-8\*(C'\fR encoded pages | |
666 | (at least \s-1IE\s0 5/6, \s-1NS\s0 6, and Opera 6 behave consistently), be sure to | |
667 | expect fun (and cross-browser discrepancies) with \f(CW\*(C`UTF\-16\*(C'\fR encoded | |
668 | pages! | |
669 | .PP | |
670 | The rule of thumb is to use \f(CW\*(C`UTF\-8\*(C'\fR unless you know what | |
671 | you're doing and unless you really benefit from using \f(CW\*(C`UTF\-16\*(C'\fR. | |
672 | .PP | |
673 | .Vb 5 | |
674 | \& ISO-IR-165 [RFC1345] | |
675 | \& VISCII | |
676 | \& GB 12345 | |
677 | \& GB 18030 (**) (see links bellow) | |
678 | \& EUC-TW (**) | |
679 | .Ve | |
680 | .PP | |
681 | are totally valid encodings but not registered at \s-1IANA\s0. | |
682 | The names under which they are listed here are probably the | |
683 | most widely-known names for these encodings and are recommended | |
684 | names. | |
685 | .PP | |
686 | .Vb 1 | |
687 | \& BIG5PLUS (**) | |
688 | .Ve | |
689 | .PP | |
690 | is a proprietary name. | |
691 | .Sh "Microsoft-related naming mess" | |
692 | .IX Subsection "Microsoft-related naming mess" | |
693 | Microsoft products misuse the following names: | |
694 | .IP "\s-1KS_C_5601\-1987\s0" 4 | |
695 | .IX Item "KS_C_5601-1987" | |
696 | Microsoft extension to \f(CW\*(C`EUC\-KR\*(C'\fR. | |
697 | .Sp | |
698 | Proper names: \f(CW\*(C`CP949\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`UHC\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`x\-windows\-949\*(C'\fR (as used by Mozilla). | |
699 | .Sp | |
700 | See <http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/ietf\-charsets/2001AprJun/0033.html> | |
701 | for details. | |
702 | .Sp | |
703 | Encode aliases \f(CW\*(C`KS_C_5601\-1987\*(C'\fR to \f(CW\*(C`cp949\*(C'\fR to reflect this common | |
704 | misusage. \fIRaw\fR \f(CW\*(C`KS_C_5601\-1987\*(C'\fR encoding is available as | |
705 | \&\f(CW\*(C`kcs5601\-raw\*(C'\fR. | |
706 | .Sp | |
707 | See Encode::KR for details. | |
708 | .IP "\s-1GB2312\s0" 4 | |
709 | .IX Item "GB2312" | |
710 | Microsoft extension to \f(CW\*(C`EUC\-CN\*(C'\fR. | |
711 | .Sp | |
712 | Proper names: \f(CW\*(C`CP936\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`GBK\*(C'\fR. | |
713 | .Sp | |
714 | \&\f(CW\*(C`GB2312\*(C'\fR has been registered in the \f(CW\*(C`EUC\-CN\*(C'\fR meaning at | |
715 | \&\s-1IANA\s0. This has partially repaired the situation: Microsoft's | |
716 | \&\f(CW\*(C`GB2312\*(C'\fR has become a superset of the official \f(CW\*(C`GB2312\*(C'\fR. | |
717 | .Sp | |
718 | Encode aliases \f(CW\*(C`GB2312\*(C'\fR to \f(CW\*(C`euc\-cn\*(C'\fR in full agreement with | |
719 | \&\s-1IANA\s0 registration. \f(CW\*(C`cp936\*(C'\fR is supported separately. | |
720 | \&\fIRaw\fR \f(CW\*(C`GB_2312\-80\*(C'\fR encoding is available as \f(CW\*(C`gb2312\-raw\*(C'\fR. | |
721 | .Sp | |
722 | See Encode::CN for details. | |
723 | .IP "Big5" 4 | |
724 | .IX Item "Big5" | |
725 | Microsoft extension to \f(CW\*(C`Big5\*(C'\fR. | |
726 | .Sp | |
727 | Proper name: \f(CW\*(C`CP950\*(C'\fR. | |
728 | .Sp | |
729 | Encode separately supports \f(CW\*(C`Big5\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`cp950\*(C'\fR. | |
730 | .IP "Shift_JIS" 4 | |
731 | .IX Item "Shift_JIS" | |
732 | Microsoft's understanding of \f(CW\*(C`Shift_JIS\*(C'\fR. | |
733 | .Sp | |
734 | \&\s-1JIS\s0 has not endorsed the full Microsoft standard however. | |
735 | The official \f(CW\*(C`Shift_JIS\*(C'\fR includes only \s-1JIS\s0 X 0201 and \s-1JIS\s0 X 0208 | |
736 | character sets, while Microsoft has always used \f(CW\*(C`Shift_JIS\*(C'\fR | |
737 | to encode a wider character repertoire. See \f(CW\*(C`IANA\*(C'\fR registration for | |
738 | \&\f(CW\*(C`Windows\-31J\*(C'\fR. | |
739 | .Sp | |
740 | As a historical predecessor, Microsoft's variant | |
741 | probably has more rights for the name, though it may be objected | |
742 | that Microsoft shouldn't have used \s-1JIS\s0 as part of the name | |
743 | in the first place. | |
744 | .Sp | |
745 | Unambiguous name: \f(CW\*(C`CP932\*(C'\fR. \f(CW\*(C`IANA\*(C'\fR name (also used by Mozilla, and | |
746 | provided as an alias by Encode): \f(CW\*(C`Windows\-31J\*(C'\fR. | |
747 | .Sp | |
748 | Encode separately supports \f(CW\*(C`Shift_JIS\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`cp932\*(C'\fR. | |
749 | .SH "Glossary" | |
750 | .IX Header "Glossary" | |
751 | .IP "character repertoire" 4 | |
752 | .IX Item "character repertoire" | |
753 | A collection of unique characters. A \fIcharacter\fR set in the strictest | |
754 | sense. At this stage, characters are not numbered. | |
755 | .IP "coded character set (\s-1CCS\s0)" 4 | |
756 | .IX Item "coded character set (CCS)" | |
757 | A character set that is mapped in a way computers can use directly. | |
758 | Many character encodings, including \s-1EUC\s0, fall in this category. | |
759 | .IP "character encoding scheme (\s-1CES\s0)" 4 | |
760 | .IX Item "character encoding scheme (CES)" | |
761 | An algorithm to map a character set to a byte sequence. You don't | |
762 | have to be able to tell which character set a given byte sequence | |
763 | belongs. 7\-bit \s-1ISO\-2022\s0 is a \s-1CES\s0 but it cannot be a \s-1CCS\s0. \s-1EUC\s0 is an | |
764 | example of being both a \s-1CCS\s0 and \s-1CES\s0. | |
765 | .IP "charset (in \s-1MIME\s0 context)" 4 | |
766 | .IX Item "charset (in MIME context)" | |
767 | has long been used in the meaning of \f(CW\*(C`encoding\*(C'\fR, \s-1CES\s0. | |
768 | .Sp | |
769 | While the word combination \f(CW\*(C`character set\*(C'\fR has lost this meaning | |
770 | in \s-1MIME\s0 context since [\s-1RFC\s0 2130], the \f(CW\*(C`charset\*(C'\fR abbreviation has | |
771 | retained it. This is how [\s-1RFC\s0 2277] and [\s-1RFC\s0 2278] bless \f(CW\*(C`charset\*(C'\fR: | |
772 | .Sp | |
773 | .Vb 7 | |
774 | \& This document uses the term "charset" to mean a set of rules for | |
775 | \& mapping from a sequence of octets to a sequence of characters, such | |
776 | \& as the combination of a coded character set and a character encoding | |
777 | \& scheme; this is also what is used as an identifier in MIME "charset=" | |
778 | \& parameters, and registered in the IANA charset registry ... (Note | |
779 | \& that this is NOT a term used by other standards bodies, such as ISO). | |
780 | \& [RFC 2277] | |
781 | .Ve | |
782 | .IP "\s-1EUC\s0" 4 | |
783 | .IX Item "EUC" | |
784 | Extended Unix Character. See \s-1ISO\-2022\s0. | |
785 | .IP "\s-1ISO\-2022\s0" 4 | |
786 | .IX Item "ISO-2022" | |
787 | A \s-1CES\s0 that was carefully designed to coexist with \s-1ASCII\s0. There are a 7 | |
788 | bit version and an 8 bit version. | |
789 | .Sp | |
790 | The 7 bit version switches character set via escape sequence so it | |
791 | cannot form a \s-1CCS\s0. Since this is more difficult to handle in programs | |
792 | than the 8 bit version, the 7 bit version is not very popular except for | |
793 | iso\-2022\-jp, the \fIde facto\fR standard \s-1CES\s0 for e\-mails. | |
794 | .Sp | |
795 | The 8 bit version can form a \s-1CCS\s0. \s-1EUC\s0 and \s-1ISO\-8859\s0 are two examples | |
796 | thereof. Pre\-5.6 perl could use them as string literals. | |
797 | .IP "\s-1UCS\s0" 4 | |
798 | .IX Item "UCS" | |
799 | Short for \fIUniversal Character Set\fR. When you say just \s-1UCS\s0, it means | |
800 | \&\fIUnicode\fR. | |
801 | .IP "\s-1UCS\-2\s0" 4 | |
802 | .IX Item "UCS-2" | |
803 | \&\s-1ISO/IEC\s0 10646 encoding form: Universal Character Set coded in two | |
804 | octets. | |
805 | .IP "Unicode" 4 | |
806 | .IX Item "Unicode" | |
807 | A character set that aims to include all character repertoires of the | |
808 | world. Many character sets in various national as well as industrial | |
809 | standards have become, in a way, just subsets of Unicode. | |
810 | .IP "\s-1UTF\s0" 4 | |
811 | .IX Item "UTF" | |
812 | Short for \fIUnicode Transformation Format\fR. Determines how to map a | |
813 | Unicode character into a byte sequence. | |
814 | .IP "\s-1UTF\-16\s0" 4 | |
815 | .IX Item "UTF-16" | |
816 | A \s-1UTF\s0 in 16\-bit encoding. Can either be in big endian or little | |
817 | endian. The big endian version is called \s-1UTF\-16BE\s0 (equal to \s-1UCS\-2\s0 + | |
818 | surrogate support) and the little endian version is called \s-1UTF\-16LE\s0. | |
819 | .SH "See Also" | |
820 | .IX Header "See Also" | |
821 | Encode, | |
822 | Encode::Byte, | |
823 | Encode::CN, Encode::JP, Encode::KR, Encode::TW, | |
824 | Encode::EBCDIC, Encode::Symbol | |
825 | Encode::MIME::Header, Encode::Guess | |
826 | .SH "References" | |
827 | .IX Header "References" | |
828 | .IP "\s-1ECMA\s0" 4 | |
829 | .IX Item "ECMA" | |
830 | European Computer Manufacturers Association | |
831 | <http://www.ecma.ch> | |
832 | .RS 4 | |
833 | .ie n .IP "\s-1ECMA\-035\s0 (eq ""ISO\-2022"")" 4 | |
834 | .el .IP "\s-1ECMA\-035\s0 (eq \f(CWISO\-2022\fR)" 4 | |
835 | .IX Item "ECMA-035 (eq ISO-2022)" | |
836 | <http://www.ecma.ch/ecma1/STAND/ECMA\-035.HTM> | |
837 | .Sp | |
838 | The specification of \s-1ISO\-2022\s0 is available from the link above. | |
839 | .RE | |
840 | .RS 4 | |
841 | .RE | |
842 | .IP "\s-1IANA\s0" 4 | |
843 | .IX Item "IANA" | |
844 | Internet Assigned Numbers Authority | |
845 | <http://www.iana.org/> | |
846 | .RS 4 | |
847 | .IP "Assigned Charset Names by \s-1IANA\s0" 4 | |
848 | .IX Item "Assigned Charset Names by IANA" | |
849 | <http://www.iana.org/assignments/character\-sets> | |
850 | .Sp | |
851 | Most of the \f(CW\*(C`canonical names\*(C'\fR in Encode derive from this list | |
852 | so you can directly apply the string you have extracted from \s-1MIME\s0 | |
853 | header of mails and web pages. | |
854 | .RE | |
855 | .RS 4 | |
856 | .RE | |
857 | .IP "\s-1ISO\s0" 4 | |
858 | .IX Item "ISO" | |
859 | International Organization for Standardization | |
860 | <http://www.iso.ch/> | |
861 | .IP "\s-1RFC\s0" 4 | |
862 | .IX Item "RFC" | |
863 | Request For Comments \*(-- need I say more? | |
864 | <http://www.rfc\-editor.org/>, <http://www.rfc.net/>, | |
865 | <http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/> | |
866 | .IP "\s-1UC\s0" 4 | |
867 | .IX Item "UC" | |
868 | Unicode Consortium | |
869 | <http://www.unicode.org/> | |
870 | .RS 4 | |
871 | .IP "Unicode Glossary" 4 | |
872 | .IX Item "Unicode Glossary" | |
873 | <http://www.unicode.org/glossary/> | |
874 | .Sp | |
875 | The glossary of this document is based upon this site. | |
876 | .RE | |
877 | .RS 4 | |
878 | .RE | |
879 | .Sh "Other Notable Sites" | |
880 | .IX Subsection "Other Notable Sites" | |
881 | .IP "czyborra.com" 4 | |
882 | .IX Item "czyborra.com" | |
883 | <http://czyborra.com/> | |
884 | .Sp | |
885 | Contains a lot of useful information, especially gory details of \s-1ISO\s0 | |
886 | vs. vendor mappings. | |
887 | .IP "\s-1CJK\s0.inf" 4 | |
888 | .IX Item "CJK.inf" | |
889 | <http://www.oreilly.com/people/authors/lunde/cjk_inf.html> | |
890 | .Sp | |
891 | Somewhat obsolete (last update in 1996), but still useful. Also try | |
892 | .Sp | |
893 | <ftp://ftp.oreilly.com/pub/examples/nutshell/cjkv/pdf/GB18030_Summary.pdf> | |
894 | .Sp | |
895 | You will find brief info on \f(CW\*(C`EUC\-CN\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`GBK\*(C'\fR and mostly on \f(CW\*(C`GB 18030\*(C'\fR. | |
896 | .IP "Jungshik Shin's Hangul \s-1FAQ\s0" 4 | |
897 | .IX Item "Jungshik Shin's Hangul FAQ" | |
898 | <http://jshin.net/faq> | |
899 | .Sp | |
900 | And especially its subject 8. | |
901 | .Sp | |
902 | <http://jshin.net/faq/qa8.html> | |
903 | .Sp | |
904 | A comprehensive overview of the Korean (\f(CW\*(C`KS *\*(C'\fR) standards. | |
905 | .ie n .IP "debian.org: ""Introduction to i18n""" 4 | |
906 | .el .IP "debian.org: ``Introduction to i18n''" 4 | |
907 | .IX Item "debian.org: Introduction to i18n" | |
908 | A brief description for most of the mentioned \s-1CJK\s0 encodings is | |
909 | contained in | |
910 | <http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/intro\-i18n/ch\-codes.en.html> | |
911 | .Sh "Offline sources" | |
912 | .IX Subsection "Offline sources" | |
913 | .ie n .IP """CJKV Information Processing"" by Ken Lunde" 4 | |
914 | .el .IP "\f(CWCJKV Information Processing\fR by Ken Lunde" 4 | |
915 | .IX Item "CJKV Information Processing by Ken Lunde" | |
916 | \&\s-1CJKV\s0 Information Processing | |
917 | 1999 O'Reilly & Associates, \s-1ISBN\s0 : 1\-56592\-224\-7 | |
918 | .Sp | |
919 | The modern successor of \f(CW\*(C`CJK.inf\*(C'\fR. | |
920 | .Sp | |
921 | Features a comprehensive coverage of \s-1CJKV\s0 character sets and | |
922 | encodings along with many other issues faced by anyone trying | |
923 | to better support \s-1CJKV\s0 languages/scripts in all the areas of | |
924 | information processing. | |
925 | .Sp | |
926 | To purchase this book, visit | |
927 | <http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/cjkvinfo/> | |
928 | or your favourite bookstore. |