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| 51 | <link rel='up' href='../index.html' title='Python Documentation Index' /> |
| 52 | <div class="titlepage"> |
| 53 | <div class='center'> |
| 54 | <h1>Python Reference Manual</h1> |
| 55 | <p><b><font size="+2">Guido van Rossum</font></b></p> |
| 56 | <p> |
| 57 | <strong>Python Software Foundation</strong> |
| 58 | <BR> |
| 59 | Email: <span class="email">docs@python.org</span> |
| 60 | </p> |
| 61 | <p><i> Fred L. Drake, Jr., editor</i></p> |
| 62 | <p><strong>Release 2.4.2</strong><br /> |
| 63 | <strong>28 September 2005</strong></p> |
| 64 | <p></p> |
| 65 | </div> |
| 66 | </div> |
| 67 | |
| 68 | <P> |
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| 72 | <!--Table of Child-Links--> |
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| 74 | |
| 75 | <UL CLASS="ChildLinks"> |
| 76 | <LI><A href="front.html">Front Matter</a> |
| 77 | <LI><A href="contents.html">Contents</a> |
| 78 | <LI><A href="introduction.html">1. Introduction</a> |
| 79 | <UL> |
| 80 | <LI><A href="implementations.html">1.1 Alternate Implementations</a> |
| 81 | <LI><A href="notation.html">1.2 Notation</a> |
| 82 | </ul> |
| 83 | <LI><A href="lexical.html">2. Lexical analysis</a> |
| 84 | <UL> |
| 85 | <LI><A href="line-structure.html">2.1 Line structure</a> |
| 86 | <UL> |
| 87 | <LI><A href="logical.html">2.1.1 Logical lines</a> |
| 88 | <LI><A href="physical.html">2.1.2 Physical lines</a> |
| 89 | <LI><A href="comments.html">2.1.3 Comments</a> |
| 90 | <LI><A href="encodings.html">2.1.4 Encoding declarations</a> |
| 91 | <LI><A href="explicit-joining.html">2.1.5 Explicit line joining</a> |
| 92 | <LI><A href="implicit-joining.html">2.1.6 Implicit line joining</a> |
| 93 | <LI><A href="blank-lines.html">2.1.7 Blank lines</a> |
| 94 | <LI><A href="indentation.html">2.1.8 Indentation</a> |
| 95 | <LI><A href="whitespace.html">2.1.9 Whitespace between tokens</a> |
| 96 | </ul> |
| 97 | <LI><A href="other-tokens.html">2.2 Other tokens</a> |
| 98 | <LI><A href="identifiers.html">2.3 Identifiers and keywords</a> |
| 99 | <UL> |
| 100 | <LI><A href="keywords.html">2.3.1 Keywords</a> |
| 101 | <LI><A href="id-classes.html">2.3.2 Reserved classes of identifiers</a> |
| 102 | </ul> |
| 103 | <LI><A href="literals.html">2.4 Literals</a> |
| 104 | <UL> |
| 105 | <LI><A href="strings.html">2.4.1 String literals</a> |
| 106 | <LI><A href="string-catenation.html">2.4.2 String literal concatenation</a> |
| 107 | <LI><A href="numbers.html">2.4.3 Numeric literals</a> |
| 108 | <LI><A href="integers.html">2.4.4 Integer and long integer literals</a> |
| 109 | <LI><A href="floating.html">2.4.5 Floating point literals</a> |
| 110 | <LI><A href="imaginary.html">2.4.6 Imaginary literals</a> |
| 111 | </ul> |
| 112 | <LI><A href="operators.html">2.5 Operators</a> |
| 113 | <LI><A href="delimiters.html">2.6 Delimiters</a> |
| 114 | </ul> |
| 115 | <LI><A href="datamodel.html">3. Data model</a> |
| 116 | <UL> |
| 117 | <LI><A href="objects.html">3.1 Objects, values and types</a> |
| 118 | <LI><A href="types.html">3.2 The standard type hierarchy</a> |
| 119 | <LI><A href="specialnames.html">3.3 Special method names</a> |
| 120 | <UL> |
| 121 | <LI><A href="customization.html">3.3.1 Basic customization</a> |
| 122 | <LI><A href="attribute-access.html">3.3.2 Customizing attribute access</a> |
| 123 | <LI><A href="metaclasses.html">3.3.3 Customizing class creation</a> |
| 124 | <LI><A href="callable-types.html">3.3.4 Emulating callable objects</a> |
| 125 | <LI><A href="sequence-types.html">3.3.5 Emulating container types</a> |
| 126 | <LI><A href="sequence-methods.html">3.3.6 Additional methods for emulation of sequence types</a> |
| 127 | <LI><A href="numeric-types.html">3.3.7 Emulating numeric types</a> |
| 128 | <LI><A href="coercion-rules.html">3.3.8 Coercion rules</a> |
| 129 | </ul> |
| 130 | </ul> |
| 131 | <LI><A href="execmodel.html">4. Execution model</a> |
| 132 | <UL> |
| 133 | <LI><A href="naming.html">4.1 Naming and binding</a> |
| 134 | <UL> |
| 135 | <LI><A href="dynamic-features.html">4.1.1 Interaction with dynamic features</a> |
| 136 | </ul> |
| 137 | <LI><A href="exceptions.html">4.2 Exceptions</a> |
| 138 | </ul> |
| 139 | <LI><A href="expressions.html">5. Expressions</a> |
| 140 | <UL> |
| 141 | <LI><A href="conversions.html">5.1 Arithmetic conversions</a> |
| 142 | <LI><A href="atoms.html">5.2 Atoms</a> |
| 143 | <UL> |
| 144 | <LI><A href="atom-identifiers.html">5.2.1 Identifiers (Names)</a> |
| 145 | <LI><A href="atom-literals.html">5.2.2 Literals</a> |
| 146 | <LI><A href="parenthesized.html">5.2.3 Parenthesized forms</a> |
| 147 | <LI><A href="lists.html">5.2.4 List displays</a> |
| 148 | <LI><A href="genexpr.html">5.2.5 Generator expressions</a> |
| 149 | <LI><A href="dict.html">5.2.6 Dictionary displays</a> |
| 150 | <LI><A href="string-conversions.html">5.2.7 String conversions</a> |
| 151 | </ul> |
| 152 | <LI><A href="primaries.html">5.3 Primaries</a> |
| 153 | <UL> |
| 154 | <LI><A href="attribute-references.html">5.3.1 Attribute references</a> |
| 155 | <LI><A href="subscriptions.html">5.3.2 Subscriptions</a> |
| 156 | <LI><A href="slicings.html">5.3.3 Slicings</a> |
| 157 | <LI><A href="calls.html">5.3.4 Calls</a> |
| 158 | </ul> |
| 159 | <LI><A href="power.html">5.4 The power operator</a> |
| 160 | <LI><A href="unary.html">5.5 Unary arithmetic operations</a> |
| 161 | <LI><A href="binary.html">5.6 Binary arithmetic operations</a> |
| 162 | <LI><A href="shifting.html">5.7 Shifting operations</a> |
| 163 | <LI><A href="bitwise.html">5.8 Binary bit-wise operations</a> |
| 164 | <LI><A href="comparisons.html">5.9 Comparisons</a> |
| 165 | <LI><A href="Booleans.html">5.10 Boolean operations</a> |
| 166 | <LI><A href="lambdas.html">5.11 Lambdas</a> |
| 167 | <LI><A href="exprlists.html">5.12 Expression lists</a> |
| 168 | <LI><A href="evalorder.html">5.13 Evaluation order</a> |
| 169 | <LI><A href="summary.html">5.14 Summary</a> |
| 170 | </ul> |
| 171 | <LI><A href="simple.html">6. Simple statements</a> |
| 172 | <UL> |
| 173 | <LI><A href="exprstmts.html">6.1 Expression statements</a> |
| 174 | <LI><A href="assert.html">6.2 Assert statements</a> |
| 175 | <LI><A href="assignment.html">6.3 Assignment statements</a> |
| 176 | <UL> |
| 177 | <LI><A href="augassign.html">6.3.1 Augmented assignment statements</a> |
| 178 | </ul> |
| 179 | <LI><A href="pass.html">6.4 The <tt class="keyword">pass</tt> statement</a> |
| 180 | <LI><A href="del.html">6.5 The <tt class="keyword">del</tt> statement</a> |
| 181 | <LI><A href="print.html">6.6 The <tt class="keyword">print</tt> statement</a> |
| 182 | <LI><A href="return.html">6.7 The <tt class="keyword">return</tt> statement</a> |
| 183 | <LI><A href="yield.html">6.8 The <tt class="keyword">yield</tt> statement</a> |
| 184 | <LI><A href="raise.html">6.9 The <tt class="keyword">raise</tt> statement</a> |
| 185 | <LI><A href="break.html">6.10 The <tt class="keyword">break</tt> statement</a> |
| 186 | <LI><A href="continue.html">6.11 The <tt class="keyword">continue</tt> statement</a> |
| 187 | <LI><A href="import.html">6.12 The <tt class="keyword">import</tt> statement</a> |
| 188 | <UL> |
| 189 | <LI><A href="future.html">6.12.1 Future statements</a> |
| 190 | </ul> |
| 191 | <LI><A href="global.html">6.13 The <tt class="keyword">global</tt> statement</a> |
| 192 | <LI><A href="exec.html">6.14 The <tt class="keyword">exec</tt> statement</a> |
| 193 | </ul> |
| 194 | <LI><A href="compound.html">7. Compound statements</a> |
| 195 | <UL> |
| 196 | <LI><A href="if.html">7.1 The <tt class="keyword">if</tt> statement</a> |
| 197 | <LI><A href="while.html">7.2 The <tt class="keyword">while</tt> statement</a> |
| 198 | <LI><A href="for.html">7.3 The <tt class="keyword">for</tt> statement</a> |
| 199 | <LI><A href="try.html">7.4 The <tt class="keyword">try</tt> statement</a> |
| 200 | <LI><A href="function.html">7.5 Function definitions</a> |
| 201 | <LI><A href="class.html">7.6 Class definitions</a> |
| 202 | </ul> |
| 203 | <LI><A href="top-level.html">8. Top-level components</a> |
| 204 | <UL> |
| 205 | <LI><A href="programs.html">8.1 Complete Python programs</a> |
| 206 | <LI><A href="file-input.html">8.2 File input</a> |
| 207 | <LI><A href="interactive.html">8.3 Interactive input</a> |
| 208 | <LI><A href="expression-input.html">8.4 Expression input</a> |
| 209 | </ul> |
| 210 | <LI><A href="node105.html">A. History and License</a> |
| 211 | <UL> |
| 212 | <LI><A href="node106.html">A.1 History of the software</a> |
| 213 | <LI><A href="node107.html">A.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python</a> |
| 214 | <LI><A href="node108.html">A.3 Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software</a> |
| 215 | <UL> |
| 216 | <LI><A href="node109.html">A.3.1 Mersenne Twister</a> |
| 217 | <LI><A href="node110.html">A.3.2 Sockets</a> |
| 218 | <LI><A href="node111.html">A.3.3 Floating point exception control</a> |
| 219 | <LI><A href="node112.html">A.3.4 MD5 message digest algorithm</a> |
| 220 | <LI><A href="node113.html">A.3.5 Asynchronous socket services</a> |
| 221 | <LI><A href="node114.html">A.3.6 Cookie management</a> |
| 222 | <LI><A href="node115.html">A.3.7 Profiling</a> |
| 223 | <LI><A href="node116.html">A.3.8 Execution tracing</a> |
| 224 | <LI><A href="node117.html">A.3.9 UUencode and UUdecode functions</a> |
| 225 | <LI><A href="node118.html">A.3.10 XML Remote Procedure Calls</a> |
| 226 | </ul> |
| 227 | </ul> |
| 228 | <LI><A href="genindex.html">Index</a> |
| 229 | <LI><A href="about.html">About this document ...</a> |
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| 265 | <span class="release-info">Release 2.4.2, documentation updated on 28 September 2005.</span> |
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