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| 54 | <H2><A NAME="SECTION006140000000000000000"> |
| 55 | 4.1.4 Deprecated string functions</A> |
| 56 | </H2> |
| 57 | |
| 58 | <P> |
| 59 | The following list of functions are also defined as methods of string and |
| 60 | Unicode objects; see ``String Methods'' (section |
| 61 | <A href="string-methods.html#string-methods">2.3.6</A>) for more information on those. You should consider |
| 62 | these functions as deprecated, although they will not be removed until Python |
| 63 | 3.0. The functions defined in this module are: |
| 64 | |
| 65 | <P> |
| 66 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 67 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-836' xml:id='l2h-836' class="function">atof</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 68 | <td><var>s</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 69 | <dd> |
| 70 | <div class="versionnote"><b>Deprecated since release 2.0.</b> |
| 71 | Use the <tt class="function">float()</tt> built-in function.</div><p></p> |
| 72 | Convert a string to a floating point number. The string must have |
| 73 | the standard syntax for a floating point literal in Python, |
| 74 | optionally preceded by a sign ("<tt class="samp">+</tt>" or "<tt class="samp">-</tt>"). Note that |
| 75 | this behaves identical to the built-in function |
| 76 | <tt class="function">float()</tt><a id='l2h-837' xml:id='l2h-837'></a> when passed a string. |
| 77 | |
| 78 | <P> |
| 79 | <span class="note"><b class="label">Note:</b> |
| 80 | When passing in a string, values for NaN<a id='l2h-838' xml:id='l2h-838'></a> |
| 81 | and Infinity<a id='l2h-839' xml:id='l2h-839'></a> may be returned, depending on the |
| 82 | underlying C library. The specific set of strings accepted which |
| 83 | cause these values to be returned depends entirely on the C library |
| 84 | and is known to vary.</span> |
| 85 | </dl> |
| 86 | |
| 87 | <P> |
| 88 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 89 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-840' xml:id='l2h-840' class="function">atoi</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 90 | <td><var>s</var><big>[</big><var>, base</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 91 | <dd> |
| 92 | <div class="versionnote"><b>Deprecated since release 2.0.</b> |
| 93 | Use the <tt class="function">int()</tt> built-in function.</div><p></p> |
| 94 | Convert string <var>s</var> to an integer in the given <var>base</var>. The |
| 95 | string must consist of one or more digits, optionally preceded by a |
| 96 | sign ("<tt class="samp">+</tt>" or "<tt class="samp">-</tt>"). The <var>base</var> defaults to 10. If it |
| 97 | is 0, a default base is chosen depending on the leading characters |
| 98 | of the string (after stripping the sign): "<tt class="samp">0x</tt>" or "<tt class="samp">0X</tt>" means 16, "<tt class="samp">0</tt>" means 8, anything else means 10. If <var>base</var> |
| 99 | is 16, a leading "<tt class="samp">0x</tt>" or "<tt class="samp">0X</tt>" is always accepted, though |
| 100 | not required. This behaves identically to the built-in function |
| 101 | <tt class="function">int()</tt> when passed a string. (Also note: for a more |
| 102 | flexible interpretation of numeric literals, use the built-in |
| 103 | function <tt class="function">eval()</tt><a id='l2h-841' xml:id='l2h-841'></a>.) |
| 104 | </dl> |
| 105 | |
| 106 | <P> |
| 107 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 108 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-842' xml:id='l2h-842' class="function">atol</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 109 | <td><var>s</var><big>[</big><var>, base</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 110 | <dd> |
| 111 | <div class="versionnote"><b>Deprecated since release 2.0.</b> |
| 112 | Use the <tt class="function">long()</tt> built-in function.</div><p></p> |
| 113 | Convert string <var>s</var> to a long integer in the given <var>base</var>. |
| 114 | The string must consist of one or more digits, optionally preceded |
| 115 | by a sign ("<tt class="samp">+</tt>" or "<tt class="samp">-</tt>"). The <var>base</var> argument has the |
| 116 | same meaning as for <tt class="function">atoi()</tt>. A trailing "<tt class="samp">l</tt>" or |
| 117 | "<tt class="samp">L</tt>" is not allowed, except if the base is 0. Note that when |
| 118 | invoked without <var>base</var> or with <var>base</var> set to 10, this |
| 119 | behaves identical to the built-in function |
| 120 | <tt class="function">long()</tt><a id='l2h-843' xml:id='l2h-843'></a> when passed a string. |
| 121 | </dl> |
| 122 | |
| 123 | <P> |
| 124 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 125 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-844' xml:id='l2h-844' class="function">capitalize</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 126 | <td><var>word</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 127 | <dd> |
| 128 | Return a copy of <var>word</var> with only its first character capitalized. |
| 129 | </dl> |
| 130 | |
| 131 | <P> |
| 132 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 133 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-845' xml:id='l2h-845' class="function">expandtabs</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 134 | <td><var>s</var><big>[</big><var>, tabsize</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 135 | <dd> |
| 136 | Expand tabs in a string replacing them by one or more spaces, |
| 137 | depending on the current column and the given tab size. The column |
| 138 | number is reset to zero after each newline occurring in the string. |
| 139 | This doesn't understand other non-printing characters or escape |
| 140 | sequences. The tab size defaults to 8. |
| 141 | </dl> |
| 142 | |
| 143 | <P> |
| 144 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 145 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-846' xml:id='l2h-846' class="function">find</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 146 | <td><var>s, sub</var><big>[</big><var>, start</var><big>[</big><var>,end</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 147 | <dd> |
| 148 | Return the lowest index in <var>s</var> where the substring <var>sub</var> is |
| 149 | found such that <var>sub</var> is wholly contained in |
| 150 | <code><var>s</var>[<var>start</var>:<var>end</var>]</code>. Return <code>-1</code> on failure. |
| 151 | Defaults for <var>start</var> and <var>end</var> and interpretation of |
| 152 | negative values is the same as for slices. |
| 153 | </dl> |
| 154 | |
| 155 | <P> |
| 156 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 157 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-847' xml:id='l2h-847' class="function">rfind</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 158 | <td><var>s, sub</var><big>[</big><var>, start</var><big>[</big><var>, end</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 159 | <dd> |
| 160 | Like <tt class="function">find()</tt> but find the highest index. |
| 161 | </dl> |
| 162 | |
| 163 | <P> |
| 164 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 165 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-848' xml:id='l2h-848' class="function">index</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 166 | <td><var>s, sub</var><big>[</big><var>, start</var><big>[</big><var>, end</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 167 | <dd> |
| 168 | Like <tt class="function">find()</tt> but raise <tt class="exception">ValueError</tt> when the |
| 169 | substring is not found. |
| 170 | </dl> |
| 171 | |
| 172 | <P> |
| 173 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 174 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-849' xml:id='l2h-849' class="function">rindex</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 175 | <td><var>s, sub</var><big>[</big><var>, start</var><big>[</big><var>, end</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 176 | <dd> |
| 177 | Like <tt class="function">rfind()</tt> but raise <tt class="exception">ValueError</tt> when the |
| 178 | substring is not found. |
| 179 | </dl> |
| 180 | |
| 181 | <P> |
| 182 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 183 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-850' xml:id='l2h-850' class="function">count</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 184 | <td><var>s, sub</var><big>[</big><var>, start</var><big>[</big><var>, end</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 185 | <dd> |
| 186 | Return the number of (non-overlapping) occurrences of substring |
| 187 | <var>sub</var> in string <code><var>s</var>[<var>start</var>:<var>end</var>]</code>. |
| 188 | Defaults for <var>start</var> and <var>end</var> and interpretation of |
| 189 | negative values are the same as for slices. |
| 190 | </dl> |
| 191 | |
| 192 | <P> |
| 193 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 194 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-851' xml:id='l2h-851' class="function">lower</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 195 | <td><var>s</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 196 | <dd> |
| 197 | Return a copy of <var>s</var>, but with upper case letters converted to |
| 198 | lower case. |
| 199 | </dl> |
| 200 | |
| 201 | <P> |
| 202 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 203 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-852' xml:id='l2h-852' class="function">split</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 204 | <td><var>s</var><big>[</big><var>, sep</var><big>[</big><var>, maxsplit</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 205 | <dd> |
| 206 | Return a list of the words of the string <var>s</var>. If the optional |
| 207 | second argument <var>sep</var> is absent or <code>None</code>, the words are |
| 208 | separated by arbitrary strings of whitespace characters (space, tab, |
| 209 | newline, return, formfeed). If the second argument <var>sep</var> is |
| 210 | present and not <code>None</code>, it specifies a string to be used as the |
| 211 | word separator. The returned list will then have one more item |
| 212 | than the number of non-overlapping occurrences of the separator in |
| 213 | the string. The optional third argument <var>maxsplit</var> defaults to |
| 214 | 0. If it is nonzero, at most <var>maxsplit</var> number of splits occur, |
| 215 | and the remainder of the string is returned as the final element of |
| 216 | the list (thus, the list will have at most <code><var>maxsplit</var>+1</code> |
| 217 | elements). |
| 218 | |
| 219 | <P> |
| 220 | The behavior of split on an empty string depends on the value of <var>sep</var>. |
| 221 | If <var>sep</var> is not specified, or specified as <code>None</code>, the result will |
| 222 | be an empty list. If <var>sep</var> is specified as any string, the result will |
| 223 | be a list containing one element which is an empty string. |
| 224 | </dl> |
| 225 | |
| 226 | <P> |
| 227 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 228 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-853' xml:id='l2h-853' class="function">rsplit</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 229 | <td><var>s</var><big>[</big><var>, sep</var><big>[</big><var>, maxsplit</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 230 | <dd> |
| 231 | Return a list of the words of the string <var>s</var>, scanning <var>s</var> |
| 232 | from the end. To all intents and purposes, the resulting list of |
| 233 | words is the same as returned by <tt class="function">split()</tt>, except when the |
| 234 | optional third argument <var>maxsplit</var> is explicitly specified and |
| 235 | nonzero. When <var>maxsplit</var> is nonzero, at most <var>maxsplit</var> |
| 236 | number of splits - the <em>rightmost</em> ones - occur, and the remainder |
| 237 | of the string is returned as the first element of the list (thus, the |
| 238 | list will have at most <code><var>maxsplit</var>+1</code> elements). |
| 239 | |
| 240 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.4.</span> |
| 241 | |
| 242 | </dl> |
| 243 | |
| 244 | <P> |
| 245 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 246 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-854' xml:id='l2h-854' class="function">splitfields</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 247 | <td><var>s</var><big>[</big><var>, sep</var><big>[</big><var>, maxsplit</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 248 | <dd> |
| 249 | This function behaves identically to <tt class="function">split()</tt>. (In the |
| 250 | past, <tt class="function">split()</tt> was only used with one argument, while |
| 251 | <tt class="function">splitfields()</tt> was only used with two arguments.) |
| 252 | </dl> |
| 253 | |
| 254 | <P> |
| 255 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 256 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-855' xml:id='l2h-855' class="function">join</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 257 | <td><var>words</var><big>[</big><var>, sep</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 258 | <dd> |
| 259 | Concatenate a list or tuple of words with intervening occurrences of |
| 260 | <var>sep</var>. The default value for <var>sep</var> is a single space |
| 261 | character. It is always true that |
| 262 | "<tt class="samp">string.join(string.split(<var>s</var>, <var>sep</var>), <var>sep</var>)</tt>" equals <var>s</var>. |
| 263 | </dl> |
| 264 | |
| 265 | <P> |
| 266 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 267 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-856' xml:id='l2h-856' class="function">joinfields</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 268 | <td><var>words</var><big>[</big><var>, sep</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 269 | <dd> |
| 270 | This function behaves identically to <tt class="function">join()</tt>. (In the past, |
| 271 | <tt class="function">join()</tt> was only used with one argument, while |
| 272 | <tt class="function">joinfields()</tt> was only used with two arguments.) |
| 273 | Note that there is no <tt class="method">joinfields()</tt> method on string |
| 274 | objects; use the <tt class="method">join()</tt> method instead. |
| 275 | </dl> |
| 276 | |
| 277 | <P> |
| 278 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 279 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-857' xml:id='l2h-857' class="function">lstrip</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 280 | <td><var>s</var><big>[</big><var>, chars</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 281 | <dd> |
| 282 | Return a copy of the string with leading characters removed. If |
| 283 | <var>chars</var> is omitted or <code>None</code>, whitespace characters are |
| 284 | removed. If given and not <code>None</code>, <var>chars</var> must be a string; |
| 285 | the characters in the string will be stripped from the beginning of |
| 286 | the string this method is called on. |
| 287 | |
| 288 | <span class="versionnote">Changed in version 2.2.3: |
| 289 | The <var>chars</var> parameter was added. The <var>chars</var> |
| 290 | parameter cannot be passed in earlier 2.2 versions.</span> |
| 291 | |
| 292 | </dl> |
| 293 | |
| 294 | <P> |
| 295 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 296 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-858' xml:id='l2h-858' class="function">rstrip</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 297 | <td><var>s</var><big>[</big><var>, chars</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 298 | <dd> |
| 299 | Return a copy of the string with trailing characters removed. If |
| 300 | <var>chars</var> is omitted or <code>None</code>, whitespace characters are |
| 301 | removed. If given and not <code>None</code>, <var>chars</var> must be a string; |
| 302 | the characters in the string will be stripped from the end of the |
| 303 | string this method is called on. |
| 304 | |
| 305 | <span class="versionnote">Changed in version 2.2.3: |
| 306 | The <var>chars</var> parameter was added. The <var>chars</var> |
| 307 | parameter cannot be passed in earlier 2.2 versions.</span> |
| 308 | |
| 309 | </dl> |
| 310 | |
| 311 | <P> |
| 312 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 313 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-859' xml:id='l2h-859' class="function">strip</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 314 | <td><var>s</var><big>[</big><var>, chars</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 315 | <dd> |
| 316 | Return a copy of the string with leading and trailing characters |
| 317 | removed. If <var>chars</var> is omitted or <code>None</code>, whitespace |
| 318 | characters are removed. If given and not <code>None</code>, <var>chars</var> |
| 319 | must be a string; the characters in the string will be stripped from |
| 320 | the both ends of the string this method is called on. |
| 321 | |
| 322 | <span class="versionnote">Changed in version 2.2.3: |
| 323 | The <var>chars</var> parameter was added. The <var>chars</var> |
| 324 | parameter cannot be passed in earlier 2.2 versions.</span> |
| 325 | |
| 326 | </dl> |
| 327 | |
| 328 | <P> |
| 329 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 330 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-860' xml:id='l2h-860' class="function">swapcase</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 331 | <td><var>s</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 332 | <dd> |
| 333 | Return a copy of <var>s</var>, but with lower case letters |
| 334 | converted to upper case and vice versa. |
| 335 | </dl> |
| 336 | |
| 337 | <P> |
| 338 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 339 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-861' xml:id='l2h-861' class="function">translate</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 340 | <td><var>s, table</var><big>[</big><var>, deletechars</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 341 | <dd> |
| 342 | Delete all characters from <var>s</var> that are in <var>deletechars</var> (if |
| 343 | present), and then translate the characters using <var>table</var>, which |
| 344 | must be a 256-character string giving the translation for each |
| 345 | character value, indexed by its ordinal. |
| 346 | </dl> |
| 347 | |
| 348 | <P> |
| 349 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 350 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-862' xml:id='l2h-862' class="function">upper</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 351 | <td><var>s</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 352 | <dd> |
| 353 | Return a copy of <var>s</var>, but with lower case letters converted to |
| 354 | upper case. |
| 355 | </dl> |
| 356 | |
| 357 | <P> |
| 358 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 359 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-863' xml:id='l2h-863' class="function">ljust</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 360 | <td><var>s, width</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 361 | <dd> |
| 362 | <dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 363 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">rjust</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 364 | <td><var>s, width</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 365 | <dd><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 366 | <td><nobr><b><tt class="function">center</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 367 | <td><var>s, width</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 368 | <dd> These functions respectively left-justify, right-justify and center |
| 369 | a string in a field of given width. They return a string that is at |
| 370 | least <var>width</var> characters wide, created by padding the string |
| 371 | <var>s</var> with spaces until the given width on the right, left or both |
| 372 | sides. The string is never truncated. |
| 373 | </dl> |
| 374 | |
| 375 | <P> |
| 376 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 377 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-866' xml:id='l2h-866' class="function">zfill</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 378 | <td><var>s, width</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 379 | <dd> |
| 380 | Pad a numeric string on the left with zero digits until the given |
| 381 | width is reached. Strings starting with a sign are handled |
| 382 | correctly. |
| 383 | </dl> |
| 384 | |
| 385 | <P> |
| 386 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 387 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-867' xml:id='l2h-867' class="function">replace</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 388 | <td><var>str, old, new</var><big>[</big><var>, maxreplace</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 389 | <dd> |
| 390 | Return a copy of string <var>str</var> with all occurrences of substring |
| 391 | <var>old</var> replaced by <var>new</var>. If the optional argument |
| 392 | <var>maxreplace</var> is given, the first <var>maxreplace</var> occurrences are |
| 393 | replaced. |
| 394 | </dl> |
| 395 | |
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| 430 | <span class="release-info">Release 2.4.2, documentation updated on 28 September 2005.</span> |
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