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| 54 | <H2><A NAME="SECTION009410000000000000000"></A><A NAME="dictObjects"></A> |
| 55 | <BR> |
| 56 | 7.4.1 Dictionary Objects |
| 57 | </H2> |
| 58 | |
| 59 | <P> |
| 60 | <a id='l2h-603' xml:id='l2h-603'></a><dl><dt><b><tt class="ctype"><a id='l2h-604' xml:id='l2h-604'>PyDictObject</a></tt></b></dt> |
| 61 | <dd> |
| 62 | This subtype of <tt class="ctype">PyObject</tt> represents a Python dictionary |
| 63 | object. |
| 64 | </dl> |
| 65 | |
| 66 | <P> |
| 67 | <dl><dt>PyTypeObject <b><tt id='l2h-605' xml:id='l2h-605' class="cdata">PyDict_Type</tt></b></dt> |
| 68 | <dd> |
| 69 | This instance of <tt class="ctype">PyTypeObject</tt> represents the Python |
| 70 | dictionary type. This is exposed to Python programs as |
| 71 | <code>types.DictType</code> and <code>types.DictionaryType</code>. |
| 72 | <a id='l2h-607' xml:id='l2h-607'></a></dd></dl> |
| 73 | |
| 74 | <P> |
| 75 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>int <b><tt id='l2h-608' xml:id='l2h-608' class="cfunction">PyDict_Check</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 76 | <dd> |
| 77 | Return true if <var>p</var> is a dict object or an instance of a |
| 78 | subtype of the dict type. |
| 79 | |
| 80 | <span class="versionnote">Changed in version 2.2: |
| 81 | Allowed subtypes to be accepted.</span> |
| 82 | |
| 83 | </dd></dl> |
| 84 | |
| 85 | <P> |
| 86 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>int <b><tt id='l2h-609' xml:id='l2h-609' class="cfunction">PyDict_CheckExact</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 87 | <dd> |
| 88 | Return true if <var>p</var> is a dict object, but not an instance of a |
| 89 | subtype of the dict type. |
| 90 | |
| 91 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.4.</span> |
| 92 | |
| 93 | </dd></dl> |
| 94 | |
| 95 | <P> |
| 96 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>PyObject* <b><tt id='l2h-610' xml:id='l2h-610' class="cfunction">PyDict_New</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 97 | <dd> |
| 98 | <div class="refcount-info"> |
| 99 | <span class="label">Return value:</span> |
| 100 | <span class="value">New reference.</span> |
| 101 | </div> |
| 102 | Return a new empty dictionary, or <tt class="constant">NULL</tt> on failure. |
| 103 | </dd></dl> |
| 104 | |
| 105 | <P> |
| 106 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>PyObject* <b><tt id='l2h-611' xml:id='l2h-611' class="cfunction">PyDictProxy_New</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>dict</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 107 | <dd> |
| 108 | <div class="refcount-info"> |
| 109 | <span class="label">Return value:</span> |
| 110 | <span class="value">New reference.</span> |
| 111 | </div> |
| 112 | Return a proxy object for a mapping which enforces read-only |
| 113 | behavior. This is normally used to create a proxy to prevent |
| 114 | modification of the dictionary for non-dynamic class types. |
| 115 | |
| 116 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.2.</span> |
| 117 | |
| 118 | </dd></dl> |
| 119 | |
| 120 | <P> |
| 121 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>void <b><tt id='l2h-612' xml:id='l2h-612' class="cfunction">PyDict_Clear</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 122 | <dd> |
| 123 | Empty an existing dictionary of all key-value pairs. |
| 124 | </dd></dl> |
| 125 | |
| 126 | <P> |
| 127 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>int <b><tt id='l2h-613' xml:id='l2h-613' class="cfunction">PyDict_Contains</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>, PyObject *<var>key</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 128 | <dd> |
| 129 | Determine if dictionary <var>p</var> contains <var>key</var>. If an item |
| 130 | in <var>p</var> is matches <var>key</var>, return <code>1</code>, otherwise return |
| 131 | <code>0</code>. On error, return <code>-1</code>. This is equivalent to the |
| 132 | Python expression "<tt class="samp"><var>key</var> in <var>p</var></tt>". |
| 133 | |
| 134 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.4.</span> |
| 135 | |
| 136 | </dd></dl> |
| 137 | |
| 138 | <P> |
| 139 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>PyObject* <b><tt id='l2h-614' xml:id='l2h-614' class="cfunction">PyDict_Copy</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 140 | <dd> |
| 141 | <div class="refcount-info"> |
| 142 | <span class="label">Return value:</span> |
| 143 | <span class="value">New reference.</span> |
| 144 | </div> |
| 145 | Return a new dictionary that contains the same key-value pairs as |
| 146 | <var>p</var>. |
| 147 | |
| 148 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 1.6.</span> |
| 149 | |
| 150 | </dd></dl> |
| 151 | |
| 152 | <P> |
| 153 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>int <b><tt id='l2h-615' xml:id='l2h-615' class="cfunction">PyDict_SetItem</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>, PyObject *<var>key</var>, |
| 154 | PyObject *<var>val</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 155 | <dd> |
| 156 | Insert <var>value</var> into the dictionary <var>p</var> with a key of |
| 157 | <var>key</var>. <var>key</var> must be hashable; if it isn't, |
| 158 | <tt class="exception">TypeError</tt> will be raised. |
| 159 | Return <code>0</code> on success or <code>-1</code> on failure. |
| 160 | </dd></dl> |
| 161 | |
| 162 | <P> |
| 163 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>int <b><tt id='l2h-616' xml:id='l2h-616' class="cfunction">PyDict_SetItemString</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>, |
| 164 | char *<var>key</var>, |
| 165 | PyObject *<var>val</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 166 | <dd> |
| 167 | Insert <var>value</var> into the dictionary <var>p</var> using <var>key</var> as a |
| 168 | key. <var>key</var> should be a <tt class="ctype">char*</tt>. The key object is created |
| 169 | using <code>PyString_FromString(<var>key</var>)</code>. Return <code>0</code> on |
| 170 | success or <code>-1</code> on failure. |
| 171 | <a id='l2h-630' xml:id='l2h-630'></a> |
| 172 | </dd></dl> |
| 173 | |
| 174 | <P> |
| 175 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>int <b><tt id='l2h-617' xml:id='l2h-617' class="cfunction">PyDict_DelItem</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>, PyObject *<var>key</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 176 | <dd> |
| 177 | Remove the entry in dictionary <var>p</var> with key <var>key</var>. |
| 178 | <var>key</var> must be hashable; if it isn't, <tt class="exception">TypeError</tt> is |
| 179 | raised. Return <code>0</code> on success or <code>-1</code> on failure. |
| 180 | </dd></dl> |
| 181 | |
| 182 | <P> |
| 183 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>int <b><tt id='l2h-618' xml:id='l2h-618' class="cfunction">PyDict_DelItemString</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>, char *<var>key</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 184 | <dd> |
| 185 | Remove the entry in dictionary <var>p</var> which has a key specified by |
| 186 | the string <var>key</var>. Return <code>0</code> on success or <code>-1</code> on |
| 187 | failure. |
| 188 | </dd></dl> |
| 189 | |
| 190 | <P> |
| 191 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>PyObject* <b><tt id='l2h-619' xml:id='l2h-619' class="cfunction">PyDict_GetItem</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>, PyObject *<var>key</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 192 | <dd> |
| 193 | <div class="refcount-info"> |
| 194 | <span class="label">Return value:</span> |
| 195 | <span class="value">Borrowed reference.</span> |
| 196 | </div> |
| 197 | Return the object from dictionary <var>p</var> which has a key |
| 198 | <var>key</var>. Return <tt class="constant">NULL</tt> if the key <var>key</var> is not present, but |
| 199 | <em>without</em> setting an exception. |
| 200 | </dd></dl> |
| 201 | |
| 202 | <P> |
| 203 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>PyObject* <b><tt id='l2h-620' xml:id='l2h-620' class="cfunction">PyDict_GetItemString</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>, char *<var>key</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 204 | <dd> |
| 205 | <div class="refcount-info"> |
| 206 | <span class="label">Return value:</span> |
| 207 | <span class="value">Borrowed reference.</span> |
| 208 | </div> |
| 209 | This is the same as <tt class="cfunction">PyDict_GetItem()</tt>, but <var>key</var> is |
| 210 | specified as a <tt class="ctype">char*</tt>, rather than a <tt class="ctype">PyObject*</tt>. |
| 211 | </dd></dl> |
| 212 | |
| 213 | <P> |
| 214 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>PyObject* <b><tt id='l2h-621' xml:id='l2h-621' class="cfunction">PyDict_Items</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 215 | <dd> |
| 216 | <div class="refcount-info"> |
| 217 | <span class="label">Return value:</span> |
| 218 | <span class="value">New reference.</span> |
| 219 | </div> |
| 220 | Return a <tt class="ctype">PyListObject</tt> containing all the items from the |
| 221 | dictionary, as in the dictionary method <tt class="method">items()</tt> (see the |
| 222 | <em class="citetitle"><a |
| 223 | href="../lib/lib.html" |
| 224 | title="Python Library Reference" |
| 225 | >Python Library Reference</a></em>). |
| 226 | </dd></dl> |
| 227 | |
| 228 | <P> |
| 229 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>PyObject* <b><tt id='l2h-622' xml:id='l2h-622' class="cfunction">PyDict_Keys</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 230 | <dd> |
| 231 | <div class="refcount-info"> |
| 232 | <span class="label">Return value:</span> |
| 233 | <span class="value">New reference.</span> |
| 234 | </div> |
| 235 | Return a <tt class="ctype">PyListObject</tt> containing all the keys from the |
| 236 | dictionary, as in the dictionary method <tt class="method">keys()</tt> (see the |
| 237 | <em class="citetitle"><a |
| 238 | href="../lib/lib.html" |
| 239 | title="Python Library Reference" |
| 240 | >Python Library Reference</a></em>). |
| 241 | </dd></dl> |
| 242 | |
| 243 | <P> |
| 244 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>PyObject* <b><tt id='l2h-623' xml:id='l2h-623' class="cfunction">PyDict_Values</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 245 | <dd> |
| 246 | <div class="refcount-info"> |
| 247 | <span class="label">Return value:</span> |
| 248 | <span class="value">New reference.</span> |
| 249 | </div> |
| 250 | Return a <tt class="ctype">PyListObject</tt> containing all the values from the |
| 251 | dictionary <var>p</var>, as in the dictionary method <tt class="method">values()</tt> |
| 252 | (see the <em class="citetitle"><a |
| 253 | href="../lib/lib.html" |
| 254 | title="Python Library Reference" |
| 255 | >Python Library Reference</a></em>). |
| 256 | </dd></dl> |
| 257 | |
| 258 | <P> |
| 259 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>int <b><tt id='l2h-624' xml:id='l2h-624' class="cfunction">PyDict_Size</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 260 | <dd> |
| 261 | Return the number of items in the dictionary. This is equivalent |
| 262 | to "<tt class="samp">len(<var>p</var>)</tt>" on a dictionary.<a id='l2h-625' xml:id='l2h-625'></a></dd></dl> |
| 263 | |
| 264 | <P> |
| 265 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>int <b><tt id='l2h-626' xml:id='l2h-626' class="cfunction">PyDict_Next</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>p</var>, int *<var>ppos</var>, |
| 266 | PyObject **<var>pkey</var>, PyObject **<var>pvalue</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 267 | <dd> |
| 268 | Iterate over all key-value pairs in the dictionary <var>p</var>. The |
| 269 | <tt class="ctype">int</tt> referred to by <var>ppos</var> must be initialized to |
| 270 | <code>0</code> prior to the first call to this function to start the |
| 271 | iteration; the function returns true for each pair in the |
| 272 | dictionary, and false once all pairs have been reported. The |
| 273 | parameters <var>pkey</var> and <var>pvalue</var> should either point to |
| 274 | <tt class="ctype">PyObject*</tt> variables that will be filled in with each key and |
| 275 | value, respectively, or may be <tt class="constant">NULL</tt>. Any references returned through |
| 276 | them are borrowed. <var>ppos</var> should not be altered during iteration. |
| 277 | Its value represents offsets within the internal dictionary structure, |
| 278 | and since the structure is sparse, the offsets are not consecutive. |
| 279 | |
| 280 | <P> |
| 281 | For example: |
| 282 | |
| 283 | <P> |
| 284 | <div class="verbatim"><pre> |
| 285 | PyObject *key, *value; |
| 286 | int pos = 0; |
| 287 | |
| 288 | while (PyDict_Next(self->dict, &pos, &key, &value)) { |
| 289 | /* do something interesting with the values... */ |
| 290 | ... |
| 291 | } |
| 292 | </pre></div> |
| 293 | |
| 294 | <P> |
| 295 | The dictionary <var>p</var> should not be mutated during iteration. It |
| 296 | is safe (since Python 2.1) to modify the values of the keys as you |
| 297 | iterate over the dictionary, but only so long as the set of keys |
| 298 | does not change. For example: |
| 299 | |
| 300 | <P> |
| 301 | <div class="verbatim"><pre> |
| 302 | PyObject *key, *value; |
| 303 | int pos = 0; |
| 304 | |
| 305 | while (PyDict_Next(self->dict, &pos, &key, &value)) { |
| 306 | int i = PyInt_AS_LONG(value) + 1; |
| 307 | PyObject *o = PyInt_FromLong(i); |
| 308 | if (o == NULL) |
| 309 | return -1; |
| 310 | if (PyDict_SetItem(self->dict, key, o) < 0) { |
| 311 | Py_DECREF(o); |
| 312 | return -1; |
| 313 | } |
| 314 | Py_DECREF(o); |
| 315 | } |
| 316 | </pre></div> |
| 317 | </dd></dl> |
| 318 | |
| 319 | <P> |
| 320 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>int <b><tt id='l2h-627' xml:id='l2h-627' class="cfunction">PyDict_Merge</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>a</var>, PyObject *<var>b</var>, int <var>override</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 321 | <dd> |
| 322 | Iterate over mapping object <var>b</var> adding key-value pairs to dictionary |
| 323 | <var>a</var>. |
| 324 | <var>b</var> may be a dictionary, or any object supporting |
| 325 | <tt class="function">PyMapping_Keys()</tt> and <tt class="function">PyObject_GetItem()</tt>. |
| 326 | If <var>override</var> is true, existing pairs in <var>a</var> will |
| 327 | be replaced if a matching key is found in <var>b</var>, otherwise pairs |
| 328 | will only be added if there is not a matching key in <var>a</var>. |
| 329 | Return <code>0</code> on success or <code>-1</code> if an exception was |
| 330 | raised. |
| 331 | |
| 332 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.2.</span> |
| 333 | |
| 334 | </dd></dl> |
| 335 | |
| 336 | <P> |
| 337 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>int <b><tt id='l2h-628' xml:id='l2h-628' class="cfunction">PyDict_Update</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>a</var>, PyObject *<var>b</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 338 | <dd> |
| 339 | This is the same as <code>PyDict_Merge(<var>a</var>, <var>b</var>, 1)</code> in C, |
| 340 | or <code><var>a</var>.update(<var>b</var>)</code> in Python. Return <code>0</code> on |
| 341 | success or <code>-1</code> if an exception was raised. |
| 342 | |
| 343 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.2.</span> |
| 344 | |
| 345 | </dd></dl> |
| 346 | |
| 347 | <P> |
| 348 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>int <b><tt id='l2h-629' xml:id='l2h-629' class="cfunction">PyDict_MergeFromSeq2</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>a</var>, PyObject *<var>seq2</var>, |
| 349 | int <var>override</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 350 | <dd> |
| 351 | Update or merge into dictionary <var>a</var>, from the key-value pairs in |
| 352 | <var>seq2</var>. <var>seq2</var> must be an iterable object producing |
| 353 | iterable objects of length 2, viewed as key-value pairs. In case of |
| 354 | duplicate keys, the last wins if <var>override</var> is true, else the |
| 355 | first wins. |
| 356 | Return <code>0</code> on success or <code>-1</code> if an exception |
| 357 | was raised. |
| 358 | Equivalent Python (except for the return value): |
| 359 | |
| 360 | <P> |
| 361 | <div class="verbatim"><pre> |
| 362 | def PyDict_MergeFromSeq2(a, seq2, override): |
| 363 | for key, value in seq2: |
| 364 | if override or key not in a: |
| 365 | a[key] = value |
| 366 | </pre></div> |
| 367 | |
| 368 | <P> |
| 369 | |
| 370 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.2.</span> |
| 371 | |
| 372 | </dd></dl> |
| 373 | |
| 374 | <P> |
| 375 | |
| 376 | <DIV CLASS="navigation"> |
| 377 | <div class='online-navigation'> |
| 378 | <p></p><hr /> |
| 379 | <table align="center" width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2"> |
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| 386 | border='0' height='32' alt='Up One Level' width='32' /></A></td> |
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| 410 | <span class="release-info">Release 2.4.2, documentation updated on 28 September 2005.</span> |
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