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| 55 | <H2><A NAME="SECTION004390000000000000000"></A><A NAME="bltin-file-objects"></A> |
| 56 | <BR> |
| 57 | 2.3.9 File Objects |
| 58 | |
| 59 | </H2> |
| 60 | |
| 61 | <P> |
| 62 | File objects<a id='l2h-235' xml:id='l2h-235'></a> are implemented using C's <code>stdio</code> |
| 63 | package and can be created with the built-in constructor |
| 64 | <tt class="function">file()</tt><a id='l2h-236' xml:id='l2h-236'></a> described in section |
| 65 | <A href="built-in-funcs.html#built-in-funcs">2.1</A>, ``Built-in Functions.''<A NAME="tex2html11" |
| 66 | HREF="#foot3710"><SUP>2.10</SUP></A> File objects are also returned |
| 67 | by some other built-in functions and methods, such as |
| 68 | <tt class="function">os.popen()</tt> and <tt class="function">os.fdopen()</tt> and the |
| 69 | <tt class="method">makefile()</tt> method of socket objects. |
| 70 | <a id='l2h-257' xml:id='l2h-257'></a> |
| 71 | |
| 72 | <P> |
| 73 | When a file operation fails for an I/O-related reason, the exception |
| 74 | <tt class="exception">IOError</tt> is raised. This includes situations where the |
| 75 | operation is not defined for some reason, like <tt class="method">seek()</tt> on a tty |
| 76 | device or writing a file opened for reading. |
| 77 | |
| 78 | <P> |
| 79 | Files have the following methods: |
| 80 | |
| 81 | <P> |
| 82 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 83 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-237' xml:id='l2h-237' class="method">close</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 84 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 85 | <dd> |
| 86 | Close the file. A closed file cannot be read or written any more. |
| 87 | Any operation which requires that the file be open will raise a |
| 88 | <tt class="exception">ValueError</tt> after the file has been closed. Calling |
| 89 | <tt class="method">close()</tt> more than once is allowed. |
| 90 | </dl> |
| 91 | |
| 92 | <P> |
| 93 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 94 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-238' xml:id='l2h-238' class="method">flush</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 95 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 96 | <dd> |
| 97 | Flush the internal buffer, like <code>stdio</code>'s |
| 98 | <tt class="cfunction">fflush()</tt>. This may be a no-op on some file-like |
| 99 | objects. |
| 100 | </dl> |
| 101 | |
| 102 | <P> |
| 103 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 104 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-239' xml:id='l2h-239' class="method">fileno</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 105 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 106 | <dd> |
| 107 | <a id='l2h-258' xml:id='l2h-258'></a> |
| 108 | Return the integer ``file descriptor'' that is used by the |
| 109 | underlying implementation to request I/O operations from the |
| 110 | operating system. This can be useful for other, lower level |
| 111 | interfaces that use file descriptors, such as the |
| 112 | <tt class="module"><a href="module-fcntl.html">fcntl</a></tt><a id='l2h-259' xml:id='l2h-259'></a> module or |
| 113 | <tt class="function">os.read()</tt> and friends. <span class="note"><b class="label">Note:</b> |
| 114 | File-like objects |
| 115 | which do not have a real file descriptor should <em>not</em> provide |
| 116 | this method!</span> |
| 117 | </dl> |
| 118 | |
| 119 | <P> |
| 120 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 121 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-240' xml:id='l2h-240' class="method">isatty</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 122 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 123 | <dd> |
| 124 | Return <code>True</code> if the file is connected to a tty(-like) device, else |
| 125 | <code>False</code>. <span class="note"><b class="label">Note:</b> |
| 126 | If a file-like object is not associated |
| 127 | with a real file, this method should <em>not</em> be implemented.</span> |
| 128 | </dl> |
| 129 | |
| 130 | <P> |
| 131 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 132 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-241' xml:id='l2h-241' class="method">next</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 133 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 134 | <dd> |
| 135 | A file object is its own iterator, for example <code>iter(<var>f</var>)</code> returns |
| 136 | <var>f</var> (unless <var>f</var> is closed). When a file is used as an |
| 137 | iterator, typically in a <tt class="keyword">for</tt> loop (for example, |
| 138 | <code>for line in f: print line</code>), the <tt class="method">next()</tt> method is |
| 139 | called repeatedly. This method returns the next input line, or raises |
| 140 | <tt class="exception">StopIteration</tt> when EOF is hit. In order to make a |
| 141 | <tt class="keyword">for</tt> loop the most efficient way of looping over the lines of |
| 142 | a file (a very common operation), the <tt class="method">next()</tt> method uses a |
| 143 | hidden read-ahead buffer. As a consequence of using a read-ahead |
| 144 | buffer, combining <tt class="method">next()</tt> with other file methods (like |
| 145 | <tt class="method">readline()</tt>) does not work right. However, using |
| 146 | <tt class="method">seek()</tt> to reposition the file to an absolute position will |
| 147 | flush the read-ahead buffer. |
| 148 | |
| 149 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> |
| 150 | |
| 151 | </dl> |
| 152 | |
| 153 | <P> |
| 154 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 155 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-242' xml:id='l2h-242' class="method">read</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 156 | <td><var></var><big>[</big><var>size</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 157 | <dd> |
| 158 | Read at most <var>size</var> bytes from the file (less if the read hits |
| 159 | EOF before obtaining <var>size</var> bytes). If the <var>size</var> |
| 160 | argument is negative or omitted, read all data until EOF is |
| 161 | reached. The bytes are returned as a string object. An empty |
| 162 | string is returned when EOF is encountered immediately. (For |
| 163 | certain files, like ttys, it makes sense to continue reading after |
| 164 | an EOF is hit.) Note that this method may call the underlying |
| 165 | C function <tt class="cfunction">fread()</tt> more than once in an effort to |
| 166 | acquire as close to <var>size</var> bytes as possible. Also note that |
| 167 | when in non-blocking mode, less data than what was requested may |
| 168 | be returned, even if no <var>size</var> parameter was given. |
| 169 | </dl> |
| 170 | |
| 171 | <P> |
| 172 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 173 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-243' xml:id='l2h-243' class="method">readline</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 174 | <td><var></var><big>[</big><var>size</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 175 | <dd> |
| 176 | Read one entire line from the file. A trailing newline character is |
| 177 | kept in the string (but may be absent when a file ends with an |
| 178 | incomplete line).<A NAME="tex2html12" |
| 179 | HREF="#foot3716"><SUP>2.11</SUP></A> If the <var>size</var> argument is present and |
| 180 | non-negative, it is a maximum byte count (including the trailing |
| 181 | newline) and an incomplete line may be returned. |
| 182 | An empty string is returned <em>only</em> when EOF is encountered |
| 183 | immediately. <span class="note"><b class="label">Note:</b> |
| 184 | Unlike <code>stdio</code>'s <tt class="cfunction">fgets()</tt>, the |
| 185 | returned string contains null characters (<code>'\0'</code>) if they |
| 186 | occurred in the input.</span> |
| 187 | </dl> |
| 188 | |
| 189 | <P> |
| 190 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 191 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-244' xml:id='l2h-244' class="method">readlines</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 192 | <td><var></var><big>[</big><var>sizehint</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 193 | <dd> |
| 194 | Read until EOF using <tt class="method">readline()</tt> and return a list containing |
| 195 | the lines thus read. If the optional <var>sizehint</var> argument is |
| 196 | present, instead of reading up to EOF, whole lines totalling |
| 197 | approximately <var>sizehint</var> bytes (possibly after rounding up to an |
| 198 | internal buffer size) are read. Objects implementing a file-like |
| 199 | interface may choose to ignore <var>sizehint</var> if it cannot be |
| 200 | implemented, or cannot be implemented efficiently. |
| 201 | </dl> |
| 202 | |
| 203 | <P> |
| 204 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 205 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-245' xml:id='l2h-245' class="method">xreadlines</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 206 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 207 | <dd> |
| 208 | This method returns the same thing as <code>iter(f)</code>. |
| 209 | |
| 210 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.1.</span> |
| 211 | |
| 212 | <div class="versionnote"><b>Deprecated since release 2.3.</b> |
| 213 | Use "<tt class="samp">for <var>line</var> in <var>file</var></tt>" instead.</div><p></p> |
| 214 | </dl> |
| 215 | |
| 216 | <P> |
| 217 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 218 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-246' xml:id='l2h-246' class="method">seek</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 219 | <td><var>offset</var><big>[</big><var>, whence</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 220 | <dd> |
| 221 | Set the file's current position, like <code>stdio</code>'s <tt class="cfunction">fseek()</tt>. |
| 222 | The <var>whence</var> argument is optional and defaults to <code>0</code> |
| 223 | (absolute file positioning); other values are <code>1</code> (seek |
| 224 | relative to the current position) and <code>2</code> (seek relative to the |
| 225 | file's end). There is no return value. Note that if the file is |
| 226 | opened for appending (mode <code>'a'</code> or <code>'a+'</code>), any |
| 227 | <tt class="method">seek()</tt> operations will be undone at the next write. If the |
| 228 | file is only opened for writing in append mode (mode <code>'a'</code>), |
| 229 | this method is essentially a no-op, but it remains useful for files |
| 230 | opened in append mode with reading enabled (mode <code>'a+'</code>). If the |
| 231 | file is opened in text mode (mode <code>'t'</code>), only offsets returned |
| 232 | by <tt class="method">tell()</tt> are legal. Use of other offsets causes undefined |
| 233 | behavior. |
| 234 | |
| 235 | <P> |
| 236 | Note that not all file objects are seekable. |
| 237 | </dl> |
| 238 | |
| 239 | <P> |
| 240 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 241 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-247' xml:id='l2h-247' class="method">tell</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 242 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 243 | <dd> |
| 244 | Return the file's current position, like <code>stdio</code>'s |
| 245 | <tt class="cfunction">ftell()</tt>. |
| 246 | </dl> |
| 247 | |
| 248 | <P> |
| 249 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 250 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-248' xml:id='l2h-248' class="method">truncate</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 251 | <td><var></var><big>[</big><var>size</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 252 | <dd> |
| 253 | Truncate the file's size. If the optional <var>size</var> argument is |
| 254 | present, the file is truncated to (at most) that size. The size |
| 255 | defaults to the current position. The current file position is |
| 256 | not changed. Note that if a specified size exceeds the file's |
| 257 | current size, the result is platform-dependent: possibilities |
| 258 | include that file may remain unchanged, increase to the specified |
| 259 | size as if zero-filled, or increase to the specified size with |
| 260 | undefined new content. |
| 261 | Availability: Windows, many <span class="Unix">Unix</span> variants. |
| 262 | </dl> |
| 263 | |
| 264 | <P> |
| 265 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 266 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-249' xml:id='l2h-249' class="method">write</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 267 | <td><var>str</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 268 | <dd> |
| 269 | Write a string to the file. There is no return value. Due to |
| 270 | buffering, the string may not actually show up in the file until |
| 271 | the <tt class="method">flush()</tt> or <tt class="method">close()</tt> method is called. |
| 272 | </dl> |
| 273 | |
| 274 | <P> |
| 275 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 276 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-250' xml:id='l2h-250' class="method">writelines</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 277 | <td><var>sequence</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 278 | <dd> |
| 279 | Write a sequence of strings to the file. The sequence can be any |
| 280 | iterable object producing strings, typically a list of strings. |
| 281 | There is no return value. |
| 282 | (The name is intended to match <tt class="method">readlines()</tt>; |
| 283 | <tt class="method">writelines()</tt> does not add line separators.) |
| 284 | </dl> |
| 285 | |
| 286 | <P> |
| 287 | Files support the iterator protocol. Each iteration returns the same |
| 288 | result as <code><var>file</var>.readline()</code>, and iteration ends when the |
| 289 | <tt class="method">readline()</tt> method returns an empty string. |
| 290 | |
| 291 | <P> |
| 292 | File objects also offer a number of other interesting attributes. |
| 293 | These are not required for file-like objects, but should be |
| 294 | implemented if they make sense for the particular object. |
| 295 | |
| 296 | <P> |
| 297 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-251' xml:id='l2h-251' class="member">closed</tt></b></dt> |
| 298 | <dd> |
| 299 | bool indicating the current state of the file object. This is a |
| 300 | read-only attribute; the <tt class="method">close()</tt> method changes the value. |
| 301 | It may not be available on all file-like objects. |
| 302 | </dl> |
| 303 | |
| 304 | <P> |
| 305 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-252' xml:id='l2h-252' class="member">encoding</tt></b></dt> |
| 306 | <dd> |
| 307 | The encoding that this file uses. When Unicode strings are written |
| 308 | to a file, they will be converted to byte strings using this encoding. |
| 309 | In addition, when the file is connected to a terminal, the attribute |
| 310 | gives the encoding that the terminal is likely to use (that |
| 311 | information might be incorrect if the user has misconfigured the |
| 312 | terminal). The attribute is read-only and may not be present on |
| 313 | all file-like objects. It may also be <code>None</code>, in which case |
| 314 | the file uses the system default encoding for converting Unicode |
| 315 | strings. |
| 316 | |
| 317 | <P> |
| 318 | |
| 319 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.3.</span> |
| 320 | |
| 321 | </dl> |
| 322 | |
| 323 | <P> |
| 324 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-253' xml:id='l2h-253' class="member">mode</tt></b></dt> |
| 325 | <dd> |
| 326 | The I/O mode for the file. If the file was created using the |
| 327 | <tt class="function">open()</tt> built-in function, this will be the value of the |
| 328 | <var>mode</var> parameter. This is a read-only attribute and may not be |
| 329 | present on all file-like objects. |
| 330 | </dl> |
| 331 | |
| 332 | <P> |
| 333 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-254' xml:id='l2h-254' class="member">name</tt></b></dt> |
| 334 | <dd> |
| 335 | If the file object was created using <tt class="function">open()</tt>, the name of |
| 336 | the file. Otherwise, some string that indicates the source of the |
| 337 | file object, of the form "<tt class="samp"><...></tt>". This is a read-only |
| 338 | attribute and may not be present on all file-like objects. |
| 339 | </dl> |
| 340 | |
| 341 | <P> |
| 342 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-255' xml:id='l2h-255' class="member">newlines</tt></b></dt> |
| 343 | <dd> |
| 344 | If Python was built with the <b class="programopt">--with-universal-newlines</b> |
| 345 | option to <b class="program">configure</b> (the default) this read-only attribute |
| 346 | exists, and for files opened in |
| 347 | universal newline read mode it keeps track of the types of newlines |
| 348 | encountered while reading the file. The values it can take are |
| 349 | <code>'\r'</code>, <code>'\n'</code>, <code>'\r\n'</code>, <code>None</code> (unknown, |
| 350 | no newlines read yet) or a tuple containing all the newline |
| 351 | types seen, to indicate that multiple |
| 352 | newline conventions were encountered. For files not opened in universal |
| 353 | newline read mode the value of this attribute will be <code>None</code>. |
| 354 | </dl> |
| 355 | |
| 356 | <P> |
| 357 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-256' xml:id='l2h-256' class="member">softspace</tt></b></dt> |
| 358 | <dd> |
| 359 | Boolean that indicates whether a space character needs to be printed |
| 360 | before another value when using the <tt class="keyword">print</tt> statement. |
| 361 | Classes that are trying to simulate a file object should also have a |
| 362 | writable <tt class="member">softspace</tt> attribute, which should be initialized to |
| 363 | zero. This will be automatic for most classes implemented in Python |
| 364 | (care may be needed for objects that override attribute access); types |
| 365 | implemented in C will have to provide a writable |
| 366 | <tt class="member">softspace</tt> attribute. |
| 367 | <span class="note"><b class="label">Note:</b> |
| 368 | This attribute is not used to control the |
| 369 | <tt class="keyword">print</tt> statement, but to allow the implementation of |
| 370 | <tt class="keyword">print</tt> to keep track of its internal state.</span> |
| 371 | </dl> |
| 372 | |
| 373 | <P> |
| 374 | <BR><HR><H4>Footnotes</H4> |
| 375 | <DL> |
| 376 | <DT><A NAME="foot3710">... Functions.''</A><A |
| 377 | href="bltin-file-objects.html#tex2html11"><SUP>2.10</SUP></A></DT> |
| 378 | <DD><tt class="function">file()</tt> |
| 379 | is new in Python 2.2. The older built-in <tt class="function">open()</tt> is an |
| 380 | alias for <tt class="function">file()</tt>. |
| 381 | |
| 382 | </DD> |
| 383 | <DT><A NAME="foot3716">... line).</A><A |
| 384 | href="bltin-file-objects.html#tex2html12"><SUP>2.11</SUP></A></DT> |
| 385 | <DD> |
| 386 | The advantage of leaving the newline on is that |
| 387 | returning an empty string is then an unambiguous EOF |
| 388 | indication. It is also possible (in cases where it might |
| 389 | matter, for example, if you |
| 390 | want to make an exact copy of a file while scanning its lines) |
| 391 | to tell whether the last line of a file ended in a newline |
| 392 | or not (yes this happens!). |
| 393 | |
| 394 | |
| 395 | </DD> |
| 396 | </DL> |
| 397 | <DIV CLASS="navigation"> |
| 398 | <div class='online-navigation'> |
| 399 | <p></p><hr /> |
| 400 | <table align="center" width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2"> |
| 401 | <tr> |
| 402 | <td class='online-navigation'><a rel="prev" title="2.3.8 Mapping Types " |
| 403 | href="typesmapping.html"><img src='../icons/previous.png' |
| 404 | border='0' height='32' alt='Previous Page' width='32' /></A></td> |
| 405 | <td class='online-navigation'><a rel="parent" title="2.3 Built-in Types" |
| 406 | href="types.html"><img src='../icons/up.png' |
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| 431 | <span class="release-info">Release 2.4.2, documentation updated on 28 September 2005.</span> |
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