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| 54 | |
| 55 | <H1><A NAME="SECTION0071400000000000000000"> |
| 56 | 5.14 <tt class="module">array</tt> -- |
| 57 | Efficient arrays of numeric values</A> |
| 58 | </H1> |
| 59 | |
| 60 | <P> |
| 61 | <A NAME="module-array"></A> |
| 62 | |
| 63 | <P> |
| 64 | This module defines an object type which can efficiently represent |
| 65 | an array of basic values: characters, integers, floating point |
| 66 | numbers. Arrays<a id='l2h-1378' xml:id='l2h-1378'></a> are sequence types and behave very much |
| 67 | like lists, except that the type of objects stored in them is |
| 68 | constrained. The type is specified at object creation time by using a |
| 69 | <i class="dfn">type code</i>, which is a single character. The following type |
| 70 | codes are defined: |
| 71 | |
| 72 | <P> |
| 73 | <div class="center"><table class="realtable"> |
| 74 | <thead> |
| 75 | <tr> |
| 76 | <th class="center">Type code</th> |
| 77 | <th class="left" >C Type</th> |
| 78 | <th class="left" >Python Type</th> |
| 79 | <th class="center">Minimum size in bytes</th> |
| 80 | </tr> |
| 81 | </thead> |
| 82 | <tbody> |
| 83 | <tr><td class="center" valign="baseline"><code>'c'</code></td> |
| 84 | <td class="left" >char</td> |
| 85 | <td class="left" >character</td> |
| 86 | <td class="center">1</td></tr> |
| 87 | <tr><td class="center" valign="baseline"><code>'b'</code></td> |
| 88 | <td class="left" >signed char</td> |
| 89 | <td class="left" >int</td> |
| 90 | <td class="center">1</td></tr> |
| 91 | <tr><td class="center" valign="baseline"><code>'B'</code></td> |
| 92 | <td class="left" >unsigned char</td> |
| 93 | <td class="left" >int</td> |
| 94 | <td class="center">1</td></tr> |
| 95 | <tr><td class="center" valign="baseline"><code>'u'</code></td> |
| 96 | <td class="left" >Py_UNICODE</td> |
| 97 | <td class="left" >Unicode character</td> |
| 98 | <td class="center">2</td></tr> |
| 99 | <tr><td class="center" valign="baseline"><code>'h'</code></td> |
| 100 | <td class="left" >signed short</td> |
| 101 | <td class="left" >int</td> |
| 102 | <td class="center">2</td></tr> |
| 103 | <tr><td class="center" valign="baseline"><code>'H'</code></td> |
| 104 | <td class="left" >unsigned short</td> |
| 105 | <td class="left" >int</td> |
| 106 | <td class="center">2</td></tr> |
| 107 | <tr><td class="center" valign="baseline"><code>'i'</code></td> |
| 108 | <td class="left" >signed int</td> |
| 109 | <td class="left" >int</td> |
| 110 | <td class="center">2</td></tr> |
| 111 | <tr><td class="center" valign="baseline"><code>'I'</code></td> |
| 112 | <td class="left" >unsigned int</td> |
| 113 | <td class="left" >long</td> |
| 114 | <td class="center">2</td></tr> |
| 115 | <tr><td class="center" valign="baseline"><code>'l'</code></td> |
| 116 | <td class="left" >signed long</td> |
| 117 | <td class="left" >int</td> |
| 118 | <td class="center">4</td></tr> |
| 119 | <tr><td class="center" valign="baseline"><code>'L'</code></td> |
| 120 | <td class="left" >unsigned long</td> |
| 121 | <td class="left" >long</td> |
| 122 | <td class="center">4</td></tr> |
| 123 | <tr><td class="center" valign="baseline"><code>'f'</code></td> |
| 124 | <td class="left" >float</td> |
| 125 | <td class="left" >float</td> |
| 126 | <td class="center">4</td></tr> |
| 127 | <tr><td class="center" valign="baseline"><code>'d'</code></td> |
| 128 | <td class="left" >double</td> |
| 129 | <td class="left" >float</td> |
| 130 | <td class="center">8</td></tr></tbody> |
| 131 | </table></div> |
| 132 | |
| 133 | <P> |
| 134 | The actual representation of values is determined by the machine |
| 135 | architecture (strictly speaking, by the C implementation). The actual |
| 136 | size can be accessed through the <tt class="member">itemsize</tt> attribute. The values |
| 137 | stored for <code>'L'</code> and <code>'I'</code> items will be represented as |
| 138 | Python long integers when retrieved, because Python's plain integer |
| 139 | type cannot represent the full range of C's unsigned (long) integers. |
| 140 | |
| 141 | <P> |
| 142 | The module defines the following type: |
| 143 | |
| 144 | <P> |
| 145 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 146 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1354' xml:id='l2h-1354' class="function">array</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 147 | <td><var>typecode</var><big>[</big><var>, initializer</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 148 | <dd> |
| 149 | Return a new array whose items are restricted by <var>typecode</var>, |
| 150 | and initialized from the optional <var>initializer</var> value, which |
| 151 | must be a list, string, or iterable over elements of the |
| 152 | appropriate type. |
| 153 | |
| 154 | <span class="versionnote">Changed in version 2.4: |
| 155 | Formerly, only lists or strings were accepted.</span> |
| 156 | |
| 157 | If given a list or string, the initializer is passed to the |
| 158 | new array's <tt class="method">fromlist()</tt>, <tt class="method">fromstring()</tt>, or |
| 159 | <tt class="method">fromunicode()</tt> method (see below) to add initial items to |
| 160 | the array. Otherwise, the iterable initializer is passed to the |
| 161 | <tt class="method">extend()</tt> method. |
| 162 | </dl> |
| 163 | |
| 164 | <P> |
| 165 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1355' xml:id='l2h-1355'>ArrayType</tt></b></dt> |
| 166 | <dd> |
| 167 | Obsolete alias for <tt class="function">array</tt>. |
| 168 | </dd></dl> |
| 169 | |
| 170 | <P> |
| 171 | Array objects support the ordinary sequence operations of |
| 172 | indexing, slicing, concatenation, and multiplication. When using |
| 173 | slice assignment, the assigned value must be an array object with the |
| 174 | same type code; in all other cases, <tt class="exception">TypeError</tt> is raised. |
| 175 | Array objects also implement the buffer interface, and may be used |
| 176 | wherever buffer objects are supported. |
| 177 | |
| 178 | <P> |
| 179 | The following data items and methods are also supported: |
| 180 | |
| 181 | <P> |
| 182 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1356' xml:id='l2h-1356' class="member">typecode</tt></b></dt> |
| 183 | <dd> |
| 184 | The typecode character used to create the array. |
| 185 | </dl> |
| 186 | |
| 187 | <P> |
| 188 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1357' xml:id='l2h-1357' class="member">itemsize</tt></b></dt> |
| 189 | <dd> |
| 190 | The length in bytes of one array item in the internal representation. |
| 191 | </dl> |
| 192 | |
| 193 | <P> |
| 194 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 195 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1358' xml:id='l2h-1358' class="method">append</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 196 | <td><var>x</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 197 | <dd> |
| 198 | Append a new item with value <var>x</var> to the end of the array. |
| 199 | </dl> |
| 200 | |
| 201 | <P> |
| 202 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 203 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1359' xml:id='l2h-1359' class="method">buffer_info</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 204 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 205 | <dd> |
| 206 | Return a tuple <code>(<var>address</var>, <var>length</var>)</code> giving the current |
| 207 | memory address and the length in elements of the buffer used to hold |
| 208 | array's contents. The size of the memory buffer in bytes can be |
| 209 | computed as <code><var>array</var>.buffer_info()[1] * |
| 210 | <var>array</var>.itemsize</code>. This is occasionally useful when working with |
| 211 | low-level (and inherently unsafe) I/O interfaces that require memory |
| 212 | addresses, such as certain <tt class="cfunction">ioctl()</tt> operations. The |
| 213 | returned numbers are valid as long as the array exists and no |
| 214 | length-changing operations are applied to it. |
| 215 | |
| 216 | <P> |
| 217 | <span class="note"><b class="label">Note:</b> |
| 218 | When using array objects from code written in C or |
| 219 | C++ (the only way to effectively make use of this information), it |
| 220 | makes more sense to use the buffer interface supported by array |
| 221 | objects. This method is maintained for backward compatibility and |
| 222 | should be avoided in new code. The buffer interface is documented in |
| 223 | the <em class="citetitle"><a |
| 224 | href="../api/newTypes.html" |
| 225 | title="Python/C API Reference Manual" |
| 226 | >Python/C API Reference Manual</a></em>.</span> |
| 227 | </dl> |
| 228 | |
| 229 | <P> |
| 230 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 231 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1360' xml:id='l2h-1360' class="method">byteswap</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 232 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 233 | <dd> |
| 234 | ``Byteswap'' all items of the array. This is only supported for |
| 235 | values which are 1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes in size; for other types of |
| 236 | values, <tt class="exception">RuntimeError</tt> is raised. It is useful when reading |
| 237 | data from a file written on a machine with a different byte order. |
| 238 | </dl> |
| 239 | |
| 240 | <P> |
| 241 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 242 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1361' xml:id='l2h-1361' class="method">count</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 243 | <td><var>x</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 244 | <dd> |
| 245 | Return the number of occurrences of <var>x</var> in the array. |
| 246 | </dl> |
| 247 | |
| 248 | <P> |
| 249 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 250 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1362' xml:id='l2h-1362' class="method">extend</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 251 | <td><var>iterable</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 252 | <dd> |
| 253 | Append items from <var>iterable</var> to the end of the array. If |
| 254 | <var>iterable</var> is another array, it must have <em>exactly</em> the same |
| 255 | type code; if not, <tt class="exception">TypeError</tt> will be raised. If |
| 256 | <var>iterable</var> is not an array, it must be iterable and its |
| 257 | elements must be the right type to be appended to the array. |
| 258 | |
| 259 | <span class="versionnote">Changed in version 2.4: |
| 260 | Formerly, the argument could only be another array.</span> |
| 261 | |
| 262 | </dl> |
| 263 | |
| 264 | <P> |
| 265 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 266 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1363' xml:id='l2h-1363' class="method">fromfile</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 267 | <td><var>f, n</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 268 | <dd> |
| 269 | Read <var>n</var> items (as machine values) from the file object <var>f</var> |
| 270 | and append them to the end of the array. If less than <var>n</var> items |
| 271 | are available, <tt class="exception">EOFError</tt> is raised, but the items that were |
| 272 | available are still inserted into the array. <var>f</var> must be a real |
| 273 | built-in file object; something else with a <tt class="method">read()</tt> method won't |
| 274 | do. |
| 275 | </dl> |
| 276 | |
| 277 | <P> |
| 278 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 279 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1364' xml:id='l2h-1364' class="method">fromlist</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 280 | <td><var>list</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 281 | <dd> |
| 282 | Append items from the list. This is equivalent to |
| 283 | "<tt class="samp">for x in <var>list</var>: a.append(x)</tt>"except that if there is a type error, the array is unchanged. |
| 284 | </dl> |
| 285 | |
| 286 | <P> |
| 287 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 288 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1365' xml:id='l2h-1365' class="method">fromstring</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 289 | <td><var>s</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 290 | <dd> |
| 291 | Appends items from the string, interpreting the string as an |
| 292 | array of machine values (as if it had been read from a |
| 293 | file using the <tt class="method">fromfile()</tt> method). |
| 294 | </dl> |
| 295 | |
| 296 | <P> |
| 297 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 298 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1366' xml:id='l2h-1366' class="method">fromunicode</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 299 | <td><var>s</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 300 | <dd> |
| 301 | Extends this array with data from the given unicode string. |
| 302 | The array must be a type 'u' array; otherwise a ValueError |
| 303 | is raised. Use "<tt class="samp">array.fromstring(ustr.decode(enc))</tt>" to |
| 304 | append Unicode data to an array of some other type. |
| 305 | </dl> |
| 306 | |
| 307 | <P> |
| 308 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 309 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1367' xml:id='l2h-1367' class="method">index</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 310 | <td><var>x</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 311 | <dd> |
| 312 | Return the smallest <var>i</var> such that <var>i</var> is the index of |
| 313 | the first occurrence of <var>x</var> in the array. |
| 314 | </dl> |
| 315 | |
| 316 | <P> |
| 317 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 318 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1368' xml:id='l2h-1368' class="method">insert</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 319 | <td><var>i, x</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 320 | <dd> |
| 321 | Insert a new item with value <var>x</var> in the array before position |
| 322 | <var>i</var>. Negative values are treated as being relative to the end |
| 323 | of the array. |
| 324 | </dl> |
| 325 | |
| 326 | <P> |
| 327 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 328 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1369' xml:id='l2h-1369' class="method">pop</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 329 | <td><var></var><big>[</big><var>i</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 330 | <dd> |
| 331 | Removes the item with the index <var>i</var> from the array and returns |
| 332 | it. The optional argument defaults to <code>-1</code>, so that by default |
| 333 | the last item is removed and returned. |
| 334 | </dl> |
| 335 | |
| 336 | <P> |
| 337 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 338 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1370' xml:id='l2h-1370' class="method">read</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 339 | <td><var>f, n</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 340 | <dd> |
| 341 | <div class="versionnote"><b>Deprecated since release 1.5.1.</b> |
| 342 | Use the <tt class="method">fromfile()</tt> method.</div><p></p> |
| 343 | Read <var>n</var> items (as machine values) from the file object <var>f</var> |
| 344 | and append them to the end of the array. If less than <var>n</var> items |
| 345 | are available, <tt class="exception">EOFError</tt> is raised, but the items that were |
| 346 | available are still inserted into the array. <var>f</var> must be a real |
| 347 | built-in file object; something else with a <tt class="method">read()</tt> method won't |
| 348 | do. |
| 349 | </dl> |
| 350 | |
| 351 | <P> |
| 352 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 353 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1371' xml:id='l2h-1371' class="method">remove</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 354 | <td><var>x</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 355 | <dd> |
| 356 | Remove the first occurrence of <var>x</var> from the array. |
| 357 | </dl> |
| 358 | |
| 359 | <P> |
| 360 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 361 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1372' xml:id='l2h-1372' class="method">reverse</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 362 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 363 | <dd> |
| 364 | Reverse the order of the items in the array. |
| 365 | </dl> |
| 366 | |
| 367 | <P> |
| 368 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 369 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1373' xml:id='l2h-1373' class="method">tofile</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 370 | <td><var>f</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 371 | <dd> |
| 372 | Write all items (as machine values) to the file object <var>f</var>. |
| 373 | </dl> |
| 374 | |
| 375 | <P> |
| 376 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 377 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1374' xml:id='l2h-1374' class="method">tolist</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 378 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 379 | <dd> |
| 380 | Convert the array to an ordinary list with the same items. |
| 381 | </dl> |
| 382 | |
| 383 | <P> |
| 384 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 385 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1375' xml:id='l2h-1375' class="method">tostring</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 386 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 387 | <dd> |
| 388 | Convert the array to an array of machine values and return the |
| 389 | string representation (the same sequence of bytes that would |
| 390 | be written to a file by the <tt class="method">tofile()</tt> method.) |
| 391 | </dl> |
| 392 | |
| 393 | <P> |
| 394 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 395 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1376' xml:id='l2h-1376' class="method">tounicode</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 396 | <td><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 397 | <dd> |
| 398 | Convert the array to a unicode string. The array must be |
| 399 | a type 'u' array; otherwise a ValueError is raised. Use |
| 400 | array.tostring().decode(enc) to obtain a unicode string |
| 401 | from an array of some other type. |
| 402 | </dl> |
| 403 | |
| 404 | <P> |
| 405 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 406 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1377' xml:id='l2h-1377' class="method">write</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 407 | <td><var>f</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 408 | <dd> |
| 409 | <div class="versionnote"><b>Deprecated since release 1.5.1.</b> |
| 410 | Use the <tt class="method">tofile()</tt> method.</div><p></p> |
| 411 | Write all items (as machine values) to the file object <var>f</var>. |
| 412 | </dl> |
| 413 | |
| 414 | <P> |
| 415 | When an array object is printed or converted to a string, it is |
| 416 | represented as <code>array(<var>typecode</var>, <var>initializer</var>)</code>. The |
| 417 | <var>initializer</var> is omitted if the array is empty, otherwise it is a |
| 418 | string if the <var>typecode</var> is <code>'c'</code>, otherwise it is a list of |
| 419 | numbers. The string is guaranteed to be able to be converted back to |
| 420 | an array with the same type and value using reverse quotes |
| 421 | (<code>``</code>), so long as the <tt class="function">array()</tt> function has been |
| 422 | imported using <code>from array import array</code>. Examples: |
| 423 | |
| 424 | <P> |
| 425 | <div class="verbatim"><pre> |
| 426 | array('l') |
| 427 | array('c', 'hello world') |
| 428 | array('u', u'hello \textbackslash u2641') |
| 429 | array('l', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) |
| 430 | array('d', [1.0, 2.0, 3.14]) |
| 431 | </pre></div> |
| 432 | |
| 433 | <P> |
| 434 | <div class="seealso"> |
| 435 | <p class="heading">See Also:</p> |
| 436 | |
| 437 | <dl compact="compact" class="seemodule"> |
| 438 | <dt>Module <b><tt class="module"><a href="module-struct.html">struct</a></tt>:</b> |
| 439 | <dd>Packing and unpacking of heterogeneous binary data. |
| 440 | </dl> |
| 441 | <dl compact="compact" class="seemodule"> |
| 442 | <dt>Module <b><tt class="module"><a href="module-xdrlib.html">xdrlib</a></tt>:</b> |
| 443 | <dd>Packing and unpacking of External Data |
| 444 | Representation (XDR) data as used in some remote |
| 445 | procedure call systems. |
| 446 | </dl> |
| 447 | <dl compact="compact" class="seetitle"> |
| 448 | <dt><em class="citetitle"><a href="http://numpy.sourceforge.net/numdoc/HTML/numdoc.htm" |
| 449 | >The |
| 450 | Numerical Python Manual</a></em></dt> |
| 451 | <dd>The Numeric Python extension |
| 452 | (NumPy) defines another array type; see |
| 453 | <a class="url" href="http://numpy.sourceforge.net/">http://numpy.sourceforge.net/</a> for further information |
| 454 | about Numerical Python. (A PDF version of the NumPy manual |
| 455 | is available at |
| 456 | <a class="url" href="http://numpy.sourceforge.net/numdoc/numdoc.pdf">http://numpy.sourceforge.net/numdoc/numdoc.pdf</a>).</dd> |
| 457 | </dl> |
| 458 | </div> |
| 459 | |
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| 494 | <span class="release-info">Release 2.4.2, documentation updated on 28 September 2005.</span> |
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