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| 55 | <H1><A NAME="SECTION006900000000000000000"> |
| 56 | 4.9 <tt class="module">codecs</tt> -- |
| 57 | Codec registry and base classes</A> |
| 58 | </H1> |
| 59 | |
| 60 | <P> |
| 61 | <A NAME="module-codecs"></A> |
| 62 | |
| 63 | <P> |
| 64 | <a id='l2h-994' xml:id='l2h-994'></a> |
| 65 | <a id='l2h-975' xml:id='l2h-975'></a><a id='l2h-976' xml:id='l2h-976'></a><a id='l2h-995' xml:id='l2h-995'></a> |
| 66 | <a id='l2h-977' xml:id='l2h-977'></a> |
| 67 | <P> |
| 68 | This module defines base classes for standard Python codecs (encoders |
| 69 | and decoders) and provides access to the internal Python codec |
| 70 | registry which manages the codec and error handling lookup process. |
| 71 | |
| 72 | <P> |
| 73 | It defines the following functions: |
| 74 | |
| 75 | <P> |
| 76 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 77 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-978' xml:id='l2h-978' class="function">register</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 78 | <td><var>search_function</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 79 | <dd> |
| 80 | Register a codec search function. Search functions are expected to |
| 81 | take one argument, the encoding name in all lower case letters, and |
| 82 | return a tuple of functions <code>(<var>encoder</var>, <var>decoder</var>, <var>stream_reader</var>, |
| 83 | <var>stream_writer</var>)</code> taking the following arguments: |
| 84 | |
| 85 | <P> |
| 86 | <var>encoder</var> and <var>decoder</var>: These must be functions or methods |
| 87 | which have the same interface as the |
| 88 | <tt class="method">encode()</tt>/<tt class="method">decode()</tt> methods of Codec instances (see |
| 89 | Codec Interface). The functions/methods are expected to work in a |
| 90 | stateless mode. |
| 91 | |
| 92 | <P> |
| 93 | <var>stream_reader</var> and <var>stream_writer</var>: These have to be |
| 94 | factory functions providing the following interface: |
| 95 | |
| 96 | <P> |
| 97 | <code>factory(<var>stream</var>, <var>errors</var>='strict')</code> |
| 98 | |
| 99 | <P> |
| 100 | The factory functions must return objects providing the interfaces |
| 101 | defined by the base classes <tt class="class">StreamWriter</tt> and |
| 102 | <tt class="class">StreamReader</tt>, respectively. Stream codecs can maintain |
| 103 | state. |
| 104 | |
| 105 | <P> |
| 106 | Possible values for errors are <code>'strict'</code> (raise an exception |
| 107 | in case of an encoding error), <code>'replace'</code> (replace malformed |
| 108 | data with a suitable replacement marker, such as "<tt class="character">?</tt>"), |
| 109 | <code>'ignore'</code> (ignore malformed data and continue without further |
| 110 | notice), <code>'xmlcharrefreplace'</code> (replace with the appropriate XML |
| 111 | character reference (for encoding only)) and <code>'backslashreplace'</code> |
| 112 | (replace with backslashed escape sequences (for encoding only)) as |
| 113 | well as any other error handling name defined via |
| 114 | <tt class="function">register_error()</tt>. |
| 115 | |
| 116 | <P> |
| 117 | In case a search function cannot find a given encoding, it should |
| 118 | return <code>None</code>. |
| 119 | </dl> |
| 120 | |
| 121 | <P> |
| 122 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 123 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-979' xml:id='l2h-979' class="function">lookup</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 124 | <td><var>encoding</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 125 | <dd> |
| 126 | Looks up a codec tuple in the Python codec registry and returns the |
| 127 | function tuple as defined above. |
| 128 | |
| 129 | <P> |
| 130 | Encodings are first looked up in the registry's cache. If not found, |
| 131 | the list of registered search functions is scanned. If no codecs tuple |
| 132 | is found, a <tt class="exception">LookupError</tt> is raised. Otherwise, the codecs |
| 133 | tuple is stored in the cache and returned to the caller. |
| 134 | </dl> |
| 135 | |
| 136 | <P> |
| 137 | To simplify access to the various codecs, the module provides these |
| 138 | additional functions which use <tt class="function">lookup()</tt> for the codec |
| 139 | lookup: |
| 140 | |
| 141 | <P> |
| 142 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 143 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-980' xml:id='l2h-980' class="function">getencoder</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 144 | <td><var>encoding</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 145 | <dd> |
| 146 | Lookup up the codec for the given encoding and return its encoder |
| 147 | function. |
| 148 | |
| 149 | <P> |
| 150 | Raises a <tt class="exception">LookupError</tt> in case the encoding cannot be found. |
| 151 | </dl> |
| 152 | |
| 153 | <P> |
| 154 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 155 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-981' xml:id='l2h-981' class="function">getdecoder</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 156 | <td><var>encoding</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 157 | <dd> |
| 158 | Lookup up the codec for the given encoding and return its decoder |
| 159 | function. |
| 160 | |
| 161 | <P> |
| 162 | Raises a <tt class="exception">LookupError</tt> in case the encoding cannot be found. |
| 163 | </dl> |
| 164 | |
| 165 | <P> |
| 166 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 167 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-982' xml:id='l2h-982' class="function">getreader</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 168 | <td><var>encoding</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 169 | <dd> |
| 170 | Lookup up the codec for the given encoding and return its StreamReader |
| 171 | class or factory function. |
| 172 | |
| 173 | <P> |
| 174 | Raises a <tt class="exception">LookupError</tt> in case the encoding cannot be found. |
| 175 | </dl> |
| 176 | |
| 177 | <P> |
| 178 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 179 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-983' xml:id='l2h-983' class="function">getwriter</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 180 | <td><var>encoding</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 181 | <dd> |
| 182 | Lookup up the codec for the given encoding and return its StreamWriter |
| 183 | class or factory function. |
| 184 | |
| 185 | <P> |
| 186 | Raises a <tt class="exception">LookupError</tt> in case the encoding cannot be found. |
| 187 | </dl> |
| 188 | |
| 189 | <P> |
| 190 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 191 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-984' xml:id='l2h-984' class="function">register_error</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 192 | <td><var>name, error_handler</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 193 | <dd> |
| 194 | Register the error handling function <var>error_handler</var> under the |
| 195 | name <var>name</var>. <var>error_handler</var> will be called during encoding |
| 196 | and decoding in case of an error, when <var>name</var> is specified as the |
| 197 | errors parameter. |
| 198 | |
| 199 | <P> |
| 200 | For encoding <var>error_handler</var> will be called with a |
| 201 | <tt class="exception">UnicodeEncodeError</tt> instance, which contains information about |
| 202 | the location of the error. The error handler must either raise this or |
| 203 | a different exception or return a tuple with a replacement for the |
| 204 | unencodable part of the input and a position where encoding should |
| 205 | continue. The encoder will encode the replacement and continue encoding |
| 206 | the original input at the specified position. Negative position values |
| 207 | will be treated as being relative to the end of the input string. If the |
| 208 | resulting position is out of bound an IndexError will be raised. |
| 209 | |
| 210 | <P> |
| 211 | Decoding and translating works similar, except <tt class="exception">UnicodeDecodeError</tt> |
| 212 | or <tt class="exception">UnicodeTranslateError</tt> will be passed to the handler and |
| 213 | that the replacement from the error handler will be put into the output |
| 214 | directly. |
| 215 | </dl> |
| 216 | |
| 217 | <P> |
| 218 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 219 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-985' xml:id='l2h-985' class="function">lookup_error</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 220 | <td><var>name</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 221 | <dd> |
| 222 | Return the error handler previously register under the name <var>name</var>. |
| 223 | |
| 224 | <P> |
| 225 | Raises a <tt class="exception">LookupError</tt> in case the handler cannot be found. |
| 226 | </dl> |
| 227 | |
| 228 | <P> |
| 229 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 230 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-986' xml:id='l2h-986' class="function">strict_errors</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 231 | <td><var>exception</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 232 | <dd> |
| 233 | Implements the <code>strict</code> error handling. |
| 234 | </dl> |
| 235 | |
| 236 | <P> |
| 237 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 238 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-987' xml:id='l2h-987' class="function">replace_errors</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 239 | <td><var>exception</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 240 | <dd> |
| 241 | Implements the <code>replace</code> error handling. |
| 242 | </dl> |
| 243 | |
| 244 | <P> |
| 245 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 246 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-988' xml:id='l2h-988' class="function">ignore_errors</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 247 | <td><var>exception</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 248 | <dd> |
| 249 | Implements the <code>ignore</code> error handling. |
| 250 | </dl> |
| 251 | |
| 252 | <P> |
| 253 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 254 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-989' xml:id='l2h-989' class="function">xmlcharrefreplace_errors_errors</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 255 | <td><var>exception</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 256 | <dd> |
| 257 | Implements the <code>xmlcharrefreplace</code> error handling. |
| 258 | </dl> |
| 259 | |
| 260 | <P> |
| 261 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 262 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-990' xml:id='l2h-990' class="function">backslashreplace_errors_errors</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 263 | <td><var>exception</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 264 | <dd> |
| 265 | Implements the <code>backslashreplace</code> error handling. |
| 266 | </dl> |
| 267 | |
| 268 | <P> |
| 269 | To simplify working with encoded files or stream, the module |
| 270 | also defines these utility functions: |
| 271 | |
| 272 | <P> |
| 273 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 274 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-991' xml:id='l2h-991' class="function">open</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 275 | <td><var>filename, mode</var><big>[</big><var>, encoding</var><big>[</big><var>, |
| 276 | errors</var><big>[</big><var>, buffering</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 277 | <dd> |
| 278 | Open an encoded file using the given <var>mode</var> and return |
| 279 | a wrapped version providing transparent encoding/decoding. |
| 280 | |
| 281 | <P> |
| 282 | <span class="note"><b class="label">Note:</b> |
| 283 | The wrapped version will only accept the object format |
| 284 | defined by the codecs, i.e. Unicode objects for most built-in |
| 285 | codecs. Output is also codec-dependent and will usually be Unicode as |
| 286 | well.</span> |
| 287 | |
| 288 | <P> |
| 289 | <var>encoding</var> specifies the encoding which is to be used for the |
| 290 | file. |
| 291 | |
| 292 | <P> |
| 293 | <var>errors</var> may be given to define the error handling. It defaults |
| 294 | to <code>'strict'</code> which causes a <tt class="exception">ValueError</tt> to be raised |
| 295 | in case an encoding error occurs. |
| 296 | |
| 297 | <P> |
| 298 | <var>buffering</var> has the same meaning as for the built-in |
| 299 | <tt class="function">open()</tt> function. It defaults to line buffered. |
| 300 | </dl> |
| 301 | |
| 302 | <P> |
| 303 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 304 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-992' xml:id='l2h-992' class="function">EncodedFile</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 305 | <td><var>file, input</var><big>[</big><var>, |
| 306 | output</var><big>[</big><var>, errors</var><big>]</big><var></var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 307 | <dd> |
| 308 | Return a wrapped version of file which provides transparent |
| 309 | encoding translation. |
| 310 | |
| 311 | <P> |
| 312 | Strings written to the wrapped file are interpreted according to the |
| 313 | given <var>input</var> encoding and then written to the original file as |
| 314 | strings using the <var>output</var> encoding. The intermediate encoding will |
| 315 | usually be Unicode but depends on the specified codecs. |
| 316 | |
| 317 | <P> |
| 318 | If <var>output</var> is not given, it defaults to <var>input</var>. |
| 319 | |
| 320 | <P> |
| 321 | <var>errors</var> may be given to define the error handling. It defaults to |
| 322 | <code>'strict'</code>, which causes <tt class="exception">ValueError</tt> to be raised in case |
| 323 | an encoding error occurs. |
| 324 | </dl> |
| 325 | |
| 326 | <P> |
| 327 | The module also provides the following constants which are useful |
| 328 | for reading and writing to platform dependent files: |
| 329 | |
| 330 | <P> |
| 331 | <dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-993' xml:id='l2h-993'>BOM</tt></b></dt> |
| 332 | <dd> |
| 333 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-996' xml:id='l2h-996'>BOM_BE</tt></b></dt><dd> |
| 334 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-997' xml:id='l2h-997'>BOM_LE</tt></b></dt><dd> |
| 335 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-998' xml:id='l2h-998'>BOM_UTF8</tt></b></dt><dd> |
| 336 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-999' xml:id='l2h-999'>BOM_UTF16</tt></b></dt><dd> |
| 337 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-1000' xml:id='l2h-1000'>BOM_UTF16_BE</tt></b></dt><dd> |
| 338 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-1001' xml:id='l2h-1001'>BOM_UTF16_LE</tt></b></dt><dd> |
| 339 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-1002' xml:id='l2h-1002'>BOM_UTF32</tt></b></dt><dd> |
| 340 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-1003' xml:id='l2h-1003'>BOM_UTF32_BE</tt></b></dt><dd> |
| 341 | <dt><b><tt id='l2h-1004' xml:id='l2h-1004'>BOM_UTF32_LE</tt></b></dt><dd> |
| 342 | These constants define various encodings of the Unicode byte order mark |
| 343 | (BOM) used in UTF-16 and UTF-32 data streams to indicate the byte order |
| 344 | used in the stream or file and in UTF-8 as a Unicode signature. |
| 345 | <tt class="constant">BOM_UTF16</tt> is either <tt class="constant">BOM_UTF16_BE</tt> or |
| 346 | <tt class="constant">BOM_UTF16_LE</tt> depending on the platform's native byte order, |
| 347 | <tt class="constant">BOM</tt> is an alias for <tt class="constant">BOM_UTF16</tt>, <tt class="constant">BOM_LE</tt> |
| 348 | for <tt class="constant">BOM_UTF16_LE</tt> and <tt class="constant">BOM_BE</tt> for <tt class="constant">BOM_UTF16_BE</tt>. |
| 349 | The others represent the BOM in UTF-8 and UTF-32 encodings. |
| 350 | </dd></dl> |
| 351 | |
| 352 | <P> |
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| 357 | <A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"><STRONG>Subsections</STRONG></a> |
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| 359 | <UL CLASS="ChildLinks"> |
| 360 | <LI><A href="node130.html">4.9.1 Codec Base Classes</a> |
| 361 | <UL> |
| 362 | <LI><A href="codec-objects.html">4.9.1.1 Codec Objects</a> |
| 363 | <LI><A href="stream-writer-objects.html">4.9.1.2 StreamWriter Objects</a> |
| 364 | <LI><A href="stream-reader-objects.html">4.9.1.3 StreamReader Objects</a> |
| 365 | <LI><A href="stream-reader-writer.html">4.9.1.4 StreamReaderWriter Objects</a> |
| 366 | <LI><A href="stream-recoder-objects.html">4.9.1.5 StreamRecoder Objects</a> |
| 367 | </ul> |
| 368 | <LI><A href="standard-encodings.html">4.9.2 Standard Encodings</a> |
| 369 | <LI><A href="module-encodings.idna.html">4.9.3 <tt class="module">encodings.idna</tt> -- |
| 370 | Internationalized Domain Names in Applications</a> |
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