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| 129 | .\" ======================================================================== |
| 130 | .\" |
| 131 | .IX Title "File::Spec 3" |
| 132 | .TH File::Spec 3 "2001-09-21" "perl v5.8.8" "Perl Programmers Reference Guide" |
| 133 | .SH "NAME" |
| 134 | File::Spec \- portably perform operations on file names |
| 135 | .SH "SYNOPSIS" |
| 136 | .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" |
| 137 | .Vb 1 |
| 138 | \& use File::Spec; |
| 139 | .Ve |
| 140 | .PP |
| 141 | .Vb 1 |
| 142 | \& $x=File::Spec->catfile('a', 'b', 'c'); |
| 143 | .Ve |
| 144 | .PP |
| 145 | which returns 'a/b/c' under Unix. Or: |
| 146 | .PP |
| 147 | .Vb 1 |
| 148 | \& use File::Spec::Functions; |
| 149 | .Ve |
| 150 | .PP |
| 151 | .Vb 1 |
| 152 | \& $x = catfile('a', 'b', 'c'); |
| 153 | .Ve |
| 154 | .SH "DESCRIPTION" |
| 155 | .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" |
| 156 | This module is designed to support operations commonly performed on file |
| 157 | specifications (usually called \*(L"file names\*(R", but not to be confused with the |
| 158 | contents of a file, or Perl's file handles), such as concatenating several |
| 159 | directory and file names into a single path, or determining whether a path |
| 160 | is rooted. It is based on code directly taken from MakeMaker 5.17, code |
| 161 | written by Andreas Ko\*:nig, Andy Dougherty, Charles Bailey, Ilya |
| 162 | Zakharevich, Paul Schinder, and others. |
| 163 | .PP |
| 164 | Since these functions are different for most operating systems, each set of |
| 165 | \&\s-1OS\s0 specific routines is available in a separate module, including: |
| 166 | .PP |
| 167 | .Vb 5 |
| 168 | \& File::Spec::Unix |
| 169 | \& File::Spec::Mac |
| 170 | \& File::Spec::OS2 |
| 171 | \& File::Spec::Win32 |
| 172 | \& File::Spec::VMS |
| 173 | .Ve |
| 174 | .PP |
| 175 | The module appropriate for the current \s-1OS\s0 is automatically loaded by |
| 176 | File::Spec. Since some modules (like \s-1VMS\s0) make use of facilities available |
| 177 | only under that \s-1OS\s0, it may not be possible to load all modules under all |
| 178 | operating systems. |
| 179 | .PP |
| 180 | Since File::Spec is object oriented, subroutines should not be called directly, |
| 181 | as in: |
| 182 | .PP |
| 183 | .Vb 1 |
| 184 | \& File::Spec::catfile('a','b'); |
| 185 | .Ve |
| 186 | .PP |
| 187 | but rather as class methods: |
| 188 | .PP |
| 189 | .Vb 1 |
| 190 | \& File::Spec->catfile('a','b'); |
| 191 | .Ve |
| 192 | .PP |
| 193 | For simple uses, File::Spec::Functions provides convenient functional |
| 194 | forms of these methods. |
| 195 | .SH "METHODS" |
| 196 | .IX Header "METHODS" |
| 197 | .IP "canonpath" 2 |
| 198 | .IX Item "canonpath" |
| 199 | No physical check on the filesystem, but a logical cleanup of a |
| 200 | path. |
| 201 | .Sp |
| 202 | .Vb 1 |
| 203 | \& $cpath = File::Spec->canonpath( $path ) ; |
| 204 | .Ve |
| 205 | .Sp |
| 206 | Note that this does *not* collapse \fIx/../y\fR sections into \fIy\fR. This |
| 207 | is by design. If \fI/foo\fR on your system is a symlink to \fI/bar/baz\fR, |
| 208 | then \fI/foo/../quux\fR is actually \fI/bar/quux\fR, not \fI/quux\fR as a naive |
| 209 | \&\fI../\fR\-removal would give you. If you want to do this kind of |
| 210 | processing, you probably want \f(CW\*(C`Cwd\*(C'\fR's \f(CW\*(C`realpath()\*(C'\fR function to |
| 211 | actually traverse the filesystem cleaning up paths like this. |
| 212 | .IP "catdir" 2 |
| 213 | .IX Item "catdir" |
| 214 | Concatenate two or more directory names to form a complete path ending |
| 215 | with a directory. But remove the trailing slash from the resulting |
| 216 | string, because it doesn't look good, isn't necessary and confuses |
| 217 | \&\s-1OS/2\s0. Of course, if this is the root directory, don't cut off the |
| 218 | trailing slash :\-) |
| 219 | .Sp |
| 220 | .Vb 1 |
| 221 | \& $path = File::Spec->catdir( @directories ); |
| 222 | .Ve |
| 223 | .IP "catfile" 2 |
| 224 | .IX Item "catfile" |
| 225 | Concatenate one or more directory names and a filename to form a |
| 226 | complete path ending with a filename |
| 227 | .Sp |
| 228 | .Vb 1 |
| 229 | \& $path = File::Spec->catfile( @directories, $filename ); |
| 230 | .Ve |
| 231 | .IP "curdir" 2 |
| 232 | .IX Item "curdir" |
| 233 | Returns a string representation of the current directory. |
| 234 | .Sp |
| 235 | .Vb 1 |
| 236 | \& $curdir = File::Spec->curdir(); |
| 237 | .Ve |
| 238 | .IP "devnull" 2 |
| 239 | .IX Item "devnull" |
| 240 | Returns a string representation of the null device. |
| 241 | .Sp |
| 242 | .Vb 1 |
| 243 | \& $devnull = File::Spec->devnull(); |
| 244 | .Ve |
| 245 | .IP "rootdir" 2 |
| 246 | .IX Item "rootdir" |
| 247 | Returns a string representation of the root directory. |
| 248 | .Sp |
| 249 | .Vb 1 |
| 250 | \& $rootdir = File::Spec->rootdir(); |
| 251 | .Ve |
| 252 | .IP "tmpdir" 2 |
| 253 | .IX Item "tmpdir" |
| 254 | Returns a string representation of the first writable directory from a |
| 255 | list of possible temporary directories. Returns the current directory |
| 256 | if no writable temporary directories are found. The list of directories |
| 257 | checked depends on the platform; e.g. File::Spec::Unix checks \f(CW$ENV{TMPDIR}\fR |
| 258 | (unless taint is on) and \fI/tmp\fR. |
| 259 | .Sp |
| 260 | .Vb 1 |
| 261 | \& $tmpdir = File::Spec->tmpdir(); |
| 262 | .Ve |
| 263 | .IP "updir" 2 |
| 264 | .IX Item "updir" |
| 265 | Returns a string representation of the parent directory. |
| 266 | .Sp |
| 267 | .Vb 1 |
| 268 | \& $updir = File::Spec->updir(); |
| 269 | .Ve |
| 270 | .IP "no_upwards" 2 |
| 271 | .IX Item "no_upwards" |
| 272 | Given a list of file names, strip out those that refer to a parent |
| 273 | directory. (Does not strip symlinks, only '.', '..', and equivalents.) |
| 274 | .Sp |
| 275 | .Vb 1 |
| 276 | \& @paths = File::Spec->no_upwards( @paths ); |
| 277 | .Ve |
| 278 | .IP "case_tolerant" 2 |
| 279 | .IX Item "case_tolerant" |
| 280 | Returns a true or false value indicating, respectively, that alphabetic |
| 281 | case is not or is significant when comparing file specifications. |
| 282 | .Sp |
| 283 | .Vb 1 |
| 284 | \& $is_case_tolerant = File::Spec->case_tolerant(); |
| 285 | .Ve |
| 286 | .IP "file_name_is_absolute" 2 |
| 287 | .IX Item "file_name_is_absolute" |
| 288 | Takes as its argument a path, and returns true if it is an absolute path. |
| 289 | .Sp |
| 290 | .Vb 1 |
| 291 | \& $is_absolute = File::Spec->file_name_is_absolute( $path ); |
| 292 | .Ve |
| 293 | .Sp |
| 294 | This does not consult the local filesystem on Unix, Win32, \s-1OS/2\s0, or |
| 295 | Mac \s-1OS\s0 (Classic). It does consult the working environment for \s-1VMS\s0 |
| 296 | (see \*(L"file_name_is_absolute\*(R" in File::Spec::VMS). |
| 297 | .IP "path" 2 |
| 298 | .IX Item "path" |
| 299 | Takes no argument. Returns the environment variable \f(CW\*(C`PATH\*(C'\fR (or the local |
| 300 | platform's equivalent) as a list. |
| 301 | .Sp |
| 302 | .Vb 1 |
| 303 | \& @PATH = File::Spec->path(); |
| 304 | .Ve |
| 305 | .IP "join" 2 |
| 306 | .IX Item "join" |
| 307 | join is the same as catfile. |
| 308 | .IP "splitpath" 2 |
| 309 | .IX Item "splitpath" |
| 310 | Splits a path in to volume, directory, and filename portions. On systems |
| 311 | with no concept of volume, returns '' for volume. |
| 312 | .Sp |
| 313 | .Vb 2 |
| 314 | \& ($volume,$directories,$file) = File::Spec->splitpath( $path ); |
| 315 | \& ($volume,$directories,$file) = File::Spec->splitpath( $path, $no_file ); |
| 316 | .Ve |
| 317 | .Sp |
| 318 | For systems with no syntax differentiating filenames from directories, |
| 319 | assumes that the last file is a path unless \f(CW$no_file\fR is true or a |
| 320 | trailing separator or \fI/.\fR or \fI/..\fR is present. On Unix, this means that \f(CW$no_file\fR |
| 321 | true makes this return ( '', \f(CW$path\fR, '' ). |
| 322 | .Sp |
| 323 | The directory portion may or may not be returned with a trailing '/'. |
| 324 | .Sp |
| 325 | The results can be passed to \*(L"\fIcatpath()\fR\*(R" to get back a path equivalent to |
| 326 | (usually identical to) the original path. |
| 327 | .IP "splitdir" 2 |
| 328 | .IX Item "splitdir" |
| 329 | The opposite of \*(L"\fIcatdir()\fR\*(R". |
| 330 | .Sp |
| 331 | .Vb 1 |
| 332 | \& @dirs = File::Spec->splitdir( $directories ); |
| 333 | .Ve |
| 334 | .Sp |
| 335 | \&\f(CW$directories\fR must be only the directory portion of the path on systems |
| 336 | that have the concept of a volume or that have path syntax that differentiates |
| 337 | files from directories. |
| 338 | .Sp |
| 339 | Unlike just splitting the directories on the separator, empty |
| 340 | directory names (\f(CW''\fR) can be returned, because these are significant |
| 341 | on some OSes. |
| 342 | .IP "\fIcatpath()\fR" 2 |
| 343 | .IX Item "catpath()" |
| 344 | Takes volume, directory and file portions and returns an entire path. Under |
| 345 | Unix, \f(CW$volume\fR is ignored, and directory and file are concatenated. A '/' is |
| 346 | inserted if need be. On other OSes, \f(CW$volume\fR is significant. |
| 347 | .Sp |
| 348 | .Vb 1 |
| 349 | \& $full_path = File::Spec->catpath( $volume, $directory, $file ); |
| 350 | .Ve |
| 351 | .IP "abs2rel" 2 |
| 352 | .IX Item "abs2rel" |
| 353 | Takes a destination path and an optional base path returns a relative path |
| 354 | from the base path to the destination path: |
| 355 | .Sp |
| 356 | .Vb 2 |
| 357 | \& $rel_path = File::Spec->abs2rel( $path ) ; |
| 358 | \& $rel_path = File::Spec->abs2rel( $path, $base ) ; |
| 359 | .Ve |
| 360 | .Sp |
| 361 | If \f(CW$base\fR is not present or '', then \fIcwd()\fR is used. If \f(CW$base\fR is |
| 362 | relative, then it is converted to absolute form using |
| 363 | \&\*(L"\fIrel2abs()\fR\*(R". This means that it is taken to be relative to |
| 364 | \&\fIcwd()\fR. |
| 365 | .Sp |
| 366 | On systems with the concept of volume, if \f(CW$path\fR and \f(CW$base\fR appear to be |
| 367 | on two different volumes, we will not attempt to resolve the two |
| 368 | paths, and we will instead simply return \f(CW$path\fR. Note that previous |
| 369 | versions of this module ignored the volume of \f(CW$base\fR, which resulted in |
| 370 | garbage results part of the time. |
| 371 | .Sp |
| 372 | On systems that have a grammar that indicates filenames, this ignores the |
| 373 | \&\f(CW$base\fR filename as well. Otherwise all path components are assumed to be |
| 374 | directories. |
| 375 | .Sp |
| 376 | If \f(CW$path\fR is relative, it is converted to absolute form using \*(L"\fIrel2abs()\fR\*(R". |
| 377 | This means that it is taken to be relative to \fIcwd()\fR. |
| 378 | .Sp |
| 379 | No checks against the filesystem are made. On \s-1VMS\s0, there is |
| 380 | interaction with the working environment, as logicals and |
| 381 | macros are expanded. |
| 382 | .Sp |
| 383 | Based on code written by Shigio Yamaguchi. |
| 384 | .IP "\fIrel2abs()\fR" 2 |
| 385 | .IX Item "rel2abs()" |
| 386 | Converts a relative path to an absolute path. |
| 387 | .Sp |
| 388 | .Vb 2 |
| 389 | \& $abs_path = File::Spec->rel2abs( $path ) ; |
| 390 | \& $abs_path = File::Spec->rel2abs( $path, $base ) ; |
| 391 | .Ve |
| 392 | .Sp |
| 393 | If \f(CW$base\fR is not present or '', then \fIcwd()\fR is used. If \f(CW$base\fR is relative, |
| 394 | then it is converted to absolute form using \*(L"\fIrel2abs()\fR\*(R". This means that it |
| 395 | is taken to be relative to \fIcwd()\fR. |
| 396 | .Sp |
| 397 | On systems with the concept of volume, if \f(CW$path\fR and \f(CW$base\fR appear to be |
| 398 | on two different volumes, we will not attempt to resolve the two |
| 399 | paths, and we will instead simply return \f(CW$path\fR. Note that previous |
| 400 | versions of this module ignored the volume of \f(CW$base\fR, which resulted in |
| 401 | garbage results part of the time. |
| 402 | .Sp |
| 403 | On systems that have a grammar that indicates filenames, this ignores the |
| 404 | \&\f(CW$base\fR filename as well. Otherwise all path components are assumed to be |
| 405 | directories. |
| 406 | .Sp |
| 407 | If \f(CW$path\fR is absolute, it is cleaned up and returned using \*(L"\fIcanonpath()\fR\*(R". |
| 408 | .Sp |
| 409 | No checks against the filesystem are made. On \s-1VMS\s0, there is |
| 410 | interaction with the working environment, as logicals and |
| 411 | macros are expanded. |
| 412 | .Sp |
| 413 | Based on code written by Shigio Yamaguchi. |
| 414 | .PP |
| 415 | For further information, please see File::Spec::Unix, |
| 416 | File::Spec::Mac, File::Spec::OS2, File::Spec::Win32, or |
| 417 | File::Spec::VMS. |
| 418 | .SH "SEE ALSO" |
| 419 | .IX Header "SEE ALSO" |
| 420 | File::Spec::Unix, File::Spec::Mac, File::Spec::OS2, |
| 421 | File::Spec::Win32, File::Spec::VMS, File::Spec::Functions, |
| 422 | ExtUtils::MakeMaker |
| 423 | .SH "AUTHOR" |
| 424 | .IX Header "AUTHOR" |
| 425 | Currently maintained by Ken Williams \f(CW\*(C`<KWILLIAMS@cpan.org>\*(C'\fR. |
| 426 | .PP |
| 427 | The vast majority of the code was written by |
| 428 | Kenneth Albanowski \f(CW\*(C`<kjahds@kjahds.com>\*(C'\fR, |
| 429 | Andy Dougherty \f(CW\*(C`<doughera@lafayette.edu>\*(C'\fR, |
| 430 | Andreas Ko\*:nig \f(CW\*(C`<A.Koenig@franz.ww.TU\-Berlin.DE>\*(C'\fR, |
| 431 | Tim Bunce \f(CW\*(C`<Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk>\*(C'\fR. |
| 432 | \&\s-1VMS\s0 support by Charles Bailey \f(CW\*(C`<bailey@newman.upenn.edu>\*(C'\fR. |
| 433 | \&\s-1OS/2\s0 support by Ilya Zakharevich \f(CW\*(C`<ilya@math.ohio\-state.edu>\*(C'\fR. |
| 434 | Mac support by Paul Schinder \f(CW\*(C`<schinder@pobox.com>\*(C'\fR, and |
| 435 | Thomas Wegner \f(CW\*(C`<wegner_thomas@yahoo.com>\*(C'\fR. |
| 436 | \&\fIabs2rel()\fR and \fIrel2abs()\fR written by Shigio Yamaguchi \f(CW\*(C`<shigio@tamacom.com>\*(C'\fR, |
| 437 | modified by Barrie Slaymaker \f(CW\*(C`<barries@slaysys.com>\*(C'\fR. |
| 438 | \&\fIsplitpath()\fR, \fIsplitdir()\fR, \fIcatpath()\fR and \fIcatdir()\fR by Barrie Slaymaker. |
| 439 | .SH "COPYRIGHT" |
| 440 | .IX Header "COPYRIGHT" |
| 441 | Copyright (c) 2004 by the Perl 5 Porters. All rights reserved. |
| 442 | .PP |
| 443 | This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify |
| 444 | it under the same terms as Perl itself. |