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| 54 | |
| 55 | <H2><A NAME="SECTION0071610000000000000000"></A><A NAME="itertools-functions"></A> |
| 56 | <BR> |
| 57 | 5.16.1 Itertool functions |
| 58 | </H2> |
| 59 | |
| 60 | <P> |
| 61 | The following module functions all construct and return iterators. |
| 62 | Some provide streams of infinite length, so they should only be accessed |
| 63 | by functions or loops that truncate the stream. |
| 64 | |
| 65 | <P> |
| 66 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 67 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1383' xml:id='l2h-1383' class="function">chain</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 68 | <td><var>*iterables</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 69 | <dd> |
| 70 | Make an iterator that returns elements from the first iterable until |
| 71 | it is exhausted, then proceeds to the next iterable, until all of the |
| 72 | iterables are exhausted. Used for treating consecutive sequences as |
| 73 | a single sequence. Equivalent to: |
| 74 | |
| 75 | <P> |
| 76 | <div class="verbatim"><pre> |
| 77 | def chain(*iterables): |
| 78 | for it in iterables: |
| 79 | for element in it: |
| 80 | yield element |
| 81 | </pre></div> |
| 82 | </dl> |
| 83 | |
| 84 | <P> |
| 85 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 86 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1384' xml:id='l2h-1384' class="function">count</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 87 | <td><var></var><big>[</big><var>n</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 88 | <dd> |
| 89 | Make an iterator that returns consecutive integers starting with <var>n</var>. |
| 90 | If not specified <var>n</var> defaults to zero. |
| 91 | Does not currently support python long integers. Often used as an |
| 92 | argument to <tt class="function">imap()</tt> to generate consecutive data points. |
| 93 | Also, used with <tt class="function">izip()</tt> to add sequence numbers. Equivalent to: |
| 94 | |
| 95 | <P> |
| 96 | <div class="verbatim"><pre> |
| 97 | def count(n=0): |
| 98 | while True: |
| 99 | yield n |
| 100 | n += 1 |
| 101 | </pre></div> |
| 102 | |
| 103 | <P> |
| 104 | Note, <tt class="function">count()</tt> does not check for overflow and will return |
| 105 | negative numbers after exceeding <code>sys.maxint</code>. This behavior |
| 106 | may change in the future. |
| 107 | </dl> |
| 108 | |
| 109 | <P> |
| 110 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 111 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1385' xml:id='l2h-1385' class="function">cycle</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 112 | <td><var>iterable</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 113 | <dd> |
| 114 | Make an iterator returning elements from the iterable and saving a |
| 115 | copy of each. When the iterable is exhausted, return elements from |
| 116 | the saved copy. Repeats indefinitely. Equivalent to: |
| 117 | |
| 118 | <P> |
| 119 | <div class="verbatim"><pre> |
| 120 | def cycle(iterable): |
| 121 | saved = [] |
| 122 | for element in iterable: |
| 123 | yield element |
| 124 | saved.append(element) |
| 125 | while saved: |
| 126 | for element in saved: |
| 127 | yield element |
| 128 | </pre></div> |
| 129 | |
| 130 | <P> |
| 131 | Note, this member of the toolkit may require significant |
| 132 | auxiliary storage (depending on the length of the iterable). |
| 133 | </dl> |
| 134 | |
| 135 | <P> |
| 136 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 137 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1386' xml:id='l2h-1386' class="function">dropwhile</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 138 | <td><var>predicate, iterable</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 139 | <dd> |
| 140 | Make an iterator that drops elements from the iterable as long as |
| 141 | the predicate is true; afterwards, returns every element. Note, |
| 142 | the iterator does not produce <em>any</em> output until the predicate |
| 143 | is true, so it may have a lengthy start-up time. Equivalent to: |
| 144 | |
| 145 | <P> |
| 146 | <div class="verbatim"><pre> |
| 147 | def dropwhile(predicate, iterable): |
| 148 | iterable = iter(iterable) |
| 149 | for x in iterable: |
| 150 | if not predicate(x): |
| 151 | yield x |
| 152 | break |
| 153 | for x in iterable: |
| 154 | yield x |
| 155 | </pre></div> |
| 156 | </dl> |
| 157 | |
| 158 | <P> |
| 159 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 160 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1387' xml:id='l2h-1387' class="function">groupby</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 161 | <td><var>iterable</var><big>[</big><var>, key</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 162 | <dd> |
| 163 | Make an iterator that returns consecutive keys and groups from the |
| 164 | <var>iterable</var>. The <var>key</var> is a function computing a key value for each |
| 165 | element. If not specified or is <code>None</code>, <var>key</var> defaults to an |
| 166 | identity function and returns the element unchanged. Generally, the |
| 167 | iterable needs to already be sorted on the same key function. |
| 168 | |
| 169 | <P> |
| 170 | The returned group is itself an iterator that shares the underlying |
| 171 | iterable with <tt class="function">groupby()</tt>. Because the source is shared, when |
| 172 | the <tt class="function">groupby</tt> object is advanced, the previous group is no |
| 173 | longer visible. So, if that data is needed later, it should be stored |
| 174 | as a list: |
| 175 | |
| 176 | <P> |
| 177 | <div class="verbatim"><pre> |
| 178 | groups = [] |
| 179 | uniquekeys = [] |
| 180 | for k, g in groupby(data, keyfunc): |
| 181 | groups.append(list(g)) # Store group iterator as a list |
| 182 | uniquekeys.append(k) |
| 183 | </pre></div> |
| 184 | |
| 185 | <P> |
| 186 | <tt class="function">groupby()</tt> is equivalent to: |
| 187 | |
| 188 | <P> |
| 189 | <div class="verbatim"><pre> |
| 190 | class groupby(object): |
| 191 | def __init__(self, iterable, key=None): |
| 192 | if key is None: |
| 193 | key = lambda x: x |
| 194 | self.keyfunc = key |
| 195 | self.it = iter(iterable) |
| 196 | self.tgtkey = self.currkey = self.currvalue = xrange(0) |
| 197 | def __iter__(self): |
| 198 | return self |
| 199 | def next(self): |
| 200 | while self.currkey == self.tgtkey: |
| 201 | self.currvalue = self.it.next() # Exit on StopIteration |
| 202 | self.currkey = self.keyfunc(self.currvalue) |
| 203 | self.tgtkey = self.currkey |
| 204 | return (self.currkey, self._grouper(self.tgtkey)) |
| 205 | def _grouper(self, tgtkey): |
| 206 | while self.currkey == tgtkey: |
| 207 | yield self.currvalue |
| 208 | self.currvalue = self.it.next() # Exit on StopIteration |
| 209 | self.currkey = self.keyfunc(self.currvalue) |
| 210 | </pre></div> |
| 211 | |
| 212 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.4.</span> |
| 213 | |
| 214 | </dl> |
| 215 | |
| 216 | <P> |
| 217 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 218 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1388' xml:id='l2h-1388' class="function">ifilter</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 219 | <td><var>predicate, iterable</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 220 | <dd> |
| 221 | Make an iterator that filters elements from iterable returning only |
| 222 | those for which the predicate is <code>True</code>. |
| 223 | If <var>predicate</var> is <code>None</code>, return the items that are true. |
| 224 | Equivalent to: |
| 225 | |
| 226 | <P> |
| 227 | <div class="verbatim"><pre> |
| 228 | def ifilter(predicate, iterable): |
| 229 | if predicate is None: |
| 230 | predicate = bool |
| 231 | for x in iterable: |
| 232 | if predicate(x): |
| 233 | yield x |
| 234 | </pre></div> |
| 235 | </dl> |
| 236 | |
| 237 | <P> |
| 238 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 239 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1389' xml:id='l2h-1389' class="function">ifilterfalse</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 240 | <td><var>predicate, iterable</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 241 | <dd> |
| 242 | Make an iterator that filters elements from iterable returning only |
| 243 | those for which the predicate is <code>False</code>. |
| 244 | If <var>predicate</var> is <code>None</code>, return the items that are false. |
| 245 | Equivalent to: |
| 246 | |
| 247 | <P> |
| 248 | <div class="verbatim"><pre> |
| 249 | def ifilterfalse(predicate, iterable): |
| 250 | if predicate is None: |
| 251 | predicate = bool |
| 252 | for x in iterable: |
| 253 | if not predicate(x): |
| 254 | yield x |
| 255 | </pre></div> |
| 256 | </dl> |
| 257 | |
| 258 | <P> |
| 259 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 260 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1390' xml:id='l2h-1390' class="function">imap</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 261 | <td><var>function, *iterables</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 262 | <dd> |
| 263 | Make an iterator that computes the function using arguments from |
| 264 | each of the iterables. If <var>function</var> is set to <code>None</code>, then |
| 265 | <tt class="function">imap()</tt> returns the arguments as a tuple. Like |
| 266 | <tt class="function">map()</tt> but stops when the shortest iterable is exhausted |
| 267 | instead of filling in <code>None</code> for shorter iterables. The reason |
| 268 | for the difference is that infinite iterator arguments are typically |
| 269 | an error for <tt class="function">map()</tt> (because the output is fully evaluated) |
| 270 | but represent a common and useful way of supplying arguments to |
| 271 | <tt class="function">imap()</tt>. |
| 272 | Equivalent to: |
| 273 | |
| 274 | <P> |
| 275 | <div class="verbatim"><pre> |
| 276 | def imap(function, *iterables): |
| 277 | iterables = map(iter, iterables) |
| 278 | while True: |
| 279 | args = [i.next() for i in iterables] |
| 280 | if function is None: |
| 281 | yield tuple(args) |
| 282 | else: |
| 283 | yield function(*args) |
| 284 | </pre></div> |
| 285 | </dl> |
| 286 | |
| 287 | <P> |
| 288 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 289 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1391' xml:id='l2h-1391' class="function">islice</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 290 | <td><var>iterable, </var><big>[</big><var>start,</var><big>]</big><var> stop </var><big>[</big><var>, step</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 291 | <dd> |
| 292 | Make an iterator that returns selected elements from the iterable. |
| 293 | If <var>start</var> is non-zero, then elements from the iterable are skipped |
| 294 | until start is reached. Afterward, elements are returned consecutively |
| 295 | unless <var>step</var> is set higher than one which results in items being |
| 296 | skipped. If <var>stop</var> is <code>None</code>, then iteration continues until |
| 297 | the iterator is exhausted, if at all; otherwise, it stops at the specified |
| 298 | position. Unlike regular slicing, |
| 299 | <tt class="function">islice()</tt> does not support negative values for <var>start</var>, |
| 300 | <var>stop</var>, or <var>step</var>. Can be used to extract related fields |
| 301 | from data where the internal structure has been flattened (for |
| 302 | example, a multi-line report may list a name field on every |
| 303 | third line). Equivalent to: |
| 304 | |
| 305 | <P> |
| 306 | <div class="verbatim"><pre> |
| 307 | def islice(iterable, *args): |
| 308 | s = slice(*args) |
| 309 | it = iter(xrange(s.start or 0, s.stop or sys.maxint, s.step or 1)) |
| 310 | nexti = it.next() |
| 311 | for i, element in enumerate(iterable): |
| 312 | if i == nexti: |
| 313 | yield element |
| 314 | nexti = it.next() |
| 315 | </pre></div> |
| 316 | </dl> |
| 317 | |
| 318 | <P> |
| 319 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 320 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1392' xml:id='l2h-1392' class="function">izip</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 321 | <td><var>*iterables</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 322 | <dd> |
| 323 | Make an iterator that aggregates elements from each of the iterables. |
| 324 | Like <tt class="function">zip()</tt> except that it returns an iterator instead of |
| 325 | a list. Used for lock-step iteration over several iterables at a |
| 326 | time. Equivalent to: |
| 327 | |
| 328 | <P> |
| 329 | <div class="verbatim"><pre> |
| 330 | def izip(*iterables): |
| 331 | iterables = map(iter, iterables) |
| 332 | while iterables: |
| 333 | result = [i.next() for i in iterables] |
| 334 | yield tuple(result) |
| 335 | </pre></div> |
| 336 | |
| 337 | <P> |
| 338 | |
| 339 | <span class="versionnote">Changed in version 2.4: |
| 340 | When no iterables are specified, returns a zero length |
| 341 | iterator instead of raising a TypeError exception.</span> |
| 342 | |
| 343 | </dl> |
| 344 | |
| 345 | <P> |
| 346 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 347 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1393' xml:id='l2h-1393' class="function">repeat</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 348 | <td><var>object</var><big>[</big><var>, times</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 349 | <dd> |
| 350 | Make an iterator that returns <var>object</var> over and over again. |
| 351 | Runs indefinitely unless the <var>times</var> argument is specified. |
| 352 | Used as argument to <tt class="function">imap()</tt> for invariant parameters |
| 353 | to the called function. Also used with <tt class="function">izip()</tt> to create |
| 354 | an invariant part of a tuple record. Equivalent to: |
| 355 | |
| 356 | <P> |
| 357 | <div class="verbatim"><pre> |
| 358 | def repeat(object, times=None): |
| 359 | if times is None: |
| 360 | while True: |
| 361 | yield object |
| 362 | else: |
| 363 | for i in xrange(times): |
| 364 | yield object |
| 365 | </pre></div> |
| 366 | </dl> |
| 367 | |
| 368 | <P> |
| 369 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 370 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1394' xml:id='l2h-1394' class="function">starmap</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 371 | <td><var>function, iterable</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 372 | <dd> |
| 373 | Make an iterator that computes the function using arguments tuples |
| 374 | obtained from the iterable. Used instead of <tt class="function">imap()</tt> when |
| 375 | argument parameters are already grouped in tuples from a single iterable |
| 376 | (the data has been ``pre-zipped''). The difference between |
| 377 | <tt class="function">imap()</tt> and <tt class="function">starmap()</tt> parallels the distinction |
| 378 | between <code>function(a,b)</code> and <code>function(*c)</code>. |
| 379 | Equivalent to: |
| 380 | |
| 381 | <P> |
| 382 | <div class="verbatim"><pre> |
| 383 | def starmap(function, iterable): |
| 384 | iterable = iter(iterable) |
| 385 | while True: |
| 386 | yield function(*iterable.next()) |
| 387 | </pre></div> |
| 388 | </dl> |
| 389 | |
| 390 | <P> |
| 391 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 392 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1395' xml:id='l2h-1395' class="function">takewhile</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 393 | <td><var>predicate, iterable</var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 394 | <dd> |
| 395 | Make an iterator that returns elements from the iterable as long as |
| 396 | the predicate is true. Equivalent to: |
| 397 | |
| 398 | <P> |
| 399 | <div class="verbatim"><pre> |
| 400 | def takewhile(predicate, iterable): |
| 401 | for x in iterable: |
| 402 | if predicate(x): |
| 403 | yield x |
| 404 | else: |
| 405 | break |
| 406 | </pre></div> |
| 407 | </dl> |
| 408 | |
| 409 | <P> |
| 410 | <dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"> |
| 411 | <td><nobr><b><tt id='l2h-1396' xml:id='l2h-1396' class="function">tee</tt></b>(</nobr></td> |
| 412 | <td><var>iterable</var><big>[</big><var>, n=2</var><big>]</big><var></var>)</td></tr></table></dt> |
| 413 | <dd> |
| 414 | Return <var>n</var> independent iterators from a single iterable. |
| 415 | The case where <code>n==2</code> is equivalent to: |
| 416 | |
| 417 | <P> |
| 418 | <div class="verbatim"><pre> |
| 419 | def tee(iterable): |
| 420 | def gen(next, data={}, cnt=[0]): |
| 421 | for i in count(): |
| 422 | if i == cnt[0]: |
| 423 | item = data[i] = next() |
| 424 | cnt[0] += 1 |
| 425 | else: |
| 426 | item = data.pop(i) |
| 427 | yield item |
| 428 | it = iter(iterable) |
| 429 | return (gen(it.next), gen(it.next)) |
| 430 | </pre></div> |
| 431 | |
| 432 | <P> |
| 433 | Note, once <tt class="function">tee()</tt> has made a split, the original <var>iterable</var> |
| 434 | should not be used anywhere else; otherwise, the <var>iterable</var> could get |
| 435 | advanced without the tee objects being informed. |
| 436 | |
| 437 | <P> |
| 438 | Note, this member of the toolkit may require significant auxiliary |
| 439 | storage (depending on how much temporary data needs to be stored). |
| 440 | In general, if one iterator is going to use most or all of the data before |
| 441 | the other iterator, it is faster to use <tt class="function">list()</tt> instead of |
| 442 | <tt class="function">tee()</tt>. |
| 443 | |
| 444 | <span class="versionnote">New in version 2.4.</span> |
| 445 | |
| 446 | </dl> |
| 447 | |
| 448 | <P> |
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| 484 | <span class="release-info">Release 2.4.2, documentation updated on 28 September 2005.</span> |
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