| 1 | # |
| 2 | # Data/Dumper.pm |
| 3 | # |
| 4 | # convert perl data structures into perl syntax suitable for both printing |
| 5 | # and eval |
| 6 | # |
| 7 | # Documentation at the __END__ |
| 8 | # |
| 9 | |
| 10 | package Data::Dumper; |
| 11 | |
| 12 | $VERSION = '2.121_08'; |
| 13 | |
| 14 | #$| = 1; |
| 15 | |
| 16 | use 5.006_001; |
| 17 | require Exporter; |
| 18 | require overload; |
| 19 | |
| 20 | use Carp; |
| 21 | |
| 22 | BEGIN { |
| 23 | @ISA = qw(Exporter); |
| 24 | @EXPORT = qw(Dumper); |
| 25 | @EXPORT_OK = qw(DumperX); |
| 26 | |
| 27 | # if run under miniperl, or otherwise lacking dynamic loading, |
| 28 | # XSLoader should be attempted to load, or the pure perl flag |
| 29 | # toggled on load failure. |
| 30 | eval { |
| 31 | require XSLoader; |
| 32 | }; |
| 33 | $Useperl = 1 if $@; |
| 34 | } |
| 35 | |
| 36 | XSLoader::load( 'Data::Dumper' ) unless $Useperl; |
| 37 | |
| 38 | # module vars and their defaults |
| 39 | $Indent = 2 unless defined $Indent; |
| 40 | $Purity = 0 unless defined $Purity; |
| 41 | $Pad = "" unless defined $Pad; |
| 42 | $Varname = "VAR" unless defined $Varname; |
| 43 | $Useqq = 0 unless defined $Useqq; |
| 44 | $Terse = 0 unless defined $Terse; |
| 45 | $Freezer = "" unless defined $Freezer; |
| 46 | $Toaster = "" unless defined $Toaster; |
| 47 | $Deepcopy = 0 unless defined $Deepcopy; |
| 48 | $Quotekeys = 1 unless defined $Quotekeys; |
| 49 | $Bless = "bless" unless defined $Bless; |
| 50 | #$Expdepth = 0 unless defined $Expdepth; |
| 51 | $Maxdepth = 0 unless defined $Maxdepth; |
| 52 | $Pair = ' => ' unless defined $Pair; |
| 53 | $Useperl = 0 unless defined $Useperl; |
| 54 | $Sortkeys = 0 unless defined $Sortkeys; |
| 55 | $Deparse = 0 unless defined $Deparse; |
| 56 | |
| 57 | # |
| 58 | # expects an arrayref of values to be dumped. |
| 59 | # can optionally pass an arrayref of names for the values. |
| 60 | # names must have leading $ sign stripped. begin the name with * |
| 61 | # to cause output of arrays and hashes rather than refs. |
| 62 | # |
| 63 | sub new { |
| 64 | my($c, $v, $n) = @_; |
| 65 | |
| 66 | croak "Usage: PACKAGE->new(ARRAYREF, [ARRAYREF])" |
| 67 | unless (defined($v) && (ref($v) eq 'ARRAY')); |
| 68 | $n = [] unless (defined($n) && (ref($v) eq 'ARRAY')); |
| 69 | |
| 70 | my($s) = { |
| 71 | level => 0, # current recursive depth |
| 72 | indent => $Indent, # various styles of indenting |
| 73 | pad => $Pad, # all lines prefixed by this string |
| 74 | xpad => "", # padding-per-level |
| 75 | apad => "", # added padding for hash keys n such |
| 76 | sep => "", # list separator |
| 77 | pair => $Pair, # hash key/value separator: defaults to ' => ' |
| 78 | seen => {}, # local (nested) refs (id => [name, val]) |
| 79 | todump => $v, # values to dump [] |
| 80 | names => $n, # optional names for values [] |
| 81 | varname => $Varname, # prefix to use for tagging nameless ones |
| 82 | purity => $Purity, # degree to which output is evalable |
| 83 | useqq => $Useqq, # use "" for strings (backslashitis ensues) |
| 84 | terse => $Terse, # avoid name output (where feasible) |
| 85 | freezer => $Freezer, # name of Freezer method for objects |
| 86 | toaster => $Toaster, # name of method to revive objects |
| 87 | deepcopy => $Deepcopy, # dont cross-ref, except to stop recursion |
| 88 | quotekeys => $Quotekeys, # quote hash keys |
| 89 | 'bless' => $Bless, # keyword to use for "bless" |
| 90 | # expdepth => $Expdepth, # cutoff depth for explicit dumping |
| 91 | maxdepth => $Maxdepth, # depth beyond which we give up |
| 92 | useperl => $Useperl, # use the pure Perl implementation |
| 93 | sortkeys => $Sortkeys, # flag or filter for sorting hash keys |
| 94 | deparse => $Deparse, # use B::Deparse for coderefs |
| 95 | }; |
| 96 | |
| 97 | if ($Indent > 0) { |
| 98 | $s->{xpad} = " "; |
| 99 | $s->{sep} = "\n"; |
| 100 | } |
| 101 | return bless($s, $c); |
| 102 | } |
| 103 | |
| 104 | sub init_refaddr_format { |
| 105 | require Config; |
| 106 | my $f = $Config::Config{uvxformat}; |
| 107 | $f =~ tr/"//d; |
| 108 | our $refaddr_format = "0x%" . $f; |
| 109 | } |
| 110 | |
| 111 | sub format_refaddr { |
| 112 | require Scalar::Util; |
| 113 | sprintf our $refaddr_format, Scalar::Util::refaddr(shift); |
| 114 | } |
| 115 | |
| 116 | # |
| 117 | # add-to or query the table of already seen references |
| 118 | # |
| 119 | sub Seen { |
| 120 | my($s, $g) = @_; |
| 121 | if (defined($g) && (ref($g) eq 'HASH')) { |
| 122 | my($k, $v, $id); |
| 123 | while (($k, $v) = each %$g) { |
| 124 | if (defined $v and ref $v) { |
| 125 | $id = format_refaddr($v); |
| 126 | if ($k =~ /^[*](.*)$/) { |
| 127 | $k = (ref $v eq 'ARRAY') ? ( "\\\@" . $1 ) : |
| 128 | (ref $v eq 'HASH') ? ( "\\\%" . $1 ) : |
| 129 | (ref $v eq 'CODE') ? ( "\\\&" . $1 ) : |
| 130 | ( "\$" . $1 ) ; |
| 131 | } |
| 132 | elsif ($k !~ /^\$/) { |
| 133 | $k = "\$" . $k; |
| 134 | } |
| 135 | $s->{seen}{$id} = [$k, $v]; |
| 136 | } |
| 137 | else { |
| 138 | carp "Only refs supported, ignoring non-ref item \$$k"; |
| 139 | } |
| 140 | } |
| 141 | return $s; |
| 142 | } |
| 143 | else { |
| 144 | return map { @$_ } values %{$s->{seen}}; |
| 145 | } |
| 146 | } |
| 147 | |
| 148 | # |
| 149 | # set or query the values to be dumped |
| 150 | # |
| 151 | sub Values { |
| 152 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
| 153 | if (defined($v) && (ref($v) eq 'ARRAY')) { |
| 154 | $s->{todump} = [@$v]; # make a copy |
| 155 | return $s; |
| 156 | } |
| 157 | else { |
| 158 | return @{$s->{todump}}; |
| 159 | } |
| 160 | } |
| 161 | |
| 162 | # |
| 163 | # set or query the names of the values to be dumped |
| 164 | # |
| 165 | sub Names { |
| 166 | my($s, $n) = @_; |
| 167 | if (defined($n) && (ref($n) eq 'ARRAY')) { |
| 168 | $s->{names} = [@$n]; # make a copy |
| 169 | return $s; |
| 170 | } |
| 171 | else { |
| 172 | return @{$s->{names}}; |
| 173 | } |
| 174 | } |
| 175 | |
| 176 | sub DESTROY {} |
| 177 | |
| 178 | sub Dump { |
| 179 | return &Dumpxs |
| 180 | unless $Data::Dumper::Useperl || (ref($_[0]) && $_[0]->{useperl}) || |
| 181 | $Data::Dumper::Useqq || (ref($_[0]) && $_[0]->{useqq}) || |
| 182 | $Data::Dumper::Deparse || (ref($_[0]) && $_[0]->{deparse}); |
| 183 | return &Dumpperl; |
| 184 | } |
| 185 | |
| 186 | # |
| 187 | # dump the refs in the current dumper object. |
| 188 | # expects same args as new() if called via package name. |
| 189 | # |
| 190 | sub Dumpperl { |
| 191 | my($s) = shift; |
| 192 | my(@out, $val, $name); |
| 193 | my($i) = 0; |
| 194 | local(@post); |
| 195 | init_refaddr_format(); |
| 196 | |
| 197 | $s = $s->new(@_) unless ref $s; |
| 198 | |
| 199 | for $val (@{$s->{todump}}) { |
| 200 | my $out = ""; |
| 201 | @post = (); |
| 202 | $name = $s->{names}[$i++]; |
| 203 | if (defined $name) { |
| 204 | if ($name =~ /^[*](.*)$/) { |
| 205 | if (defined $val) { |
| 206 | $name = (ref $val eq 'ARRAY') ? ( "\@" . $1 ) : |
| 207 | (ref $val eq 'HASH') ? ( "\%" . $1 ) : |
| 208 | (ref $val eq 'CODE') ? ( "\*" . $1 ) : |
| 209 | ( "\$" . $1 ) ; |
| 210 | } |
| 211 | else { |
| 212 | $name = "\$" . $1; |
| 213 | } |
| 214 | } |
| 215 | elsif ($name !~ /^\$/) { |
| 216 | $name = "\$" . $name; |
| 217 | } |
| 218 | } |
| 219 | else { |
| 220 | $name = "\$" . $s->{varname} . $i; |
| 221 | } |
| 222 | |
| 223 | my $valstr; |
| 224 | { |
| 225 | local($s->{apad}) = $s->{apad}; |
| 226 | $s->{apad} .= ' ' x (length($name) + 3) if $s->{indent} >= 2; |
| 227 | $valstr = $s->_dump($val, $name); |
| 228 | } |
| 229 | |
| 230 | $valstr = "$name = " . $valstr . ';' if @post or !$s->{terse}; |
| 231 | $out .= $s->{pad} . $valstr . $s->{sep}; |
| 232 | $out .= $s->{pad} . join(';' . $s->{sep} . $s->{pad}, @post) |
| 233 | . ';' . $s->{sep} if @post; |
| 234 | |
| 235 | push @out, $out; |
| 236 | } |
| 237 | return wantarray ? @out : join('', @out); |
| 238 | } |
| 239 | |
| 240 | # |
| 241 | # twist, toil and turn; |
| 242 | # and recurse, of course. |
| 243 | # sometimes sordidly; |
| 244 | # and curse if no recourse. |
| 245 | # |
| 246 | sub _dump { |
| 247 | my($s, $val, $name) = @_; |
| 248 | my($sname); |
| 249 | my($out, $realpack, $realtype, $type, $ipad, $id, $blesspad); |
| 250 | |
| 251 | $type = ref $val; |
| 252 | $out = ""; |
| 253 | |
| 254 | if ($type) { |
| 255 | |
| 256 | # Call the freezer method if it's specified and the object has the |
| 257 | # method. Trap errors and warn() instead of die()ing, like the XS |
| 258 | # implementation. |
| 259 | my $freezer = $s->{freezer}; |
| 260 | if ($freezer and UNIVERSAL::can($val, $freezer)) { |
| 261 | eval { $val->$freezer() }; |
| 262 | warn "WARNING(Freezer method call failed): $@" if $@; |
| 263 | } |
| 264 | |
| 265 | require Scalar::Util; |
| 266 | $realpack = Scalar::Util::blessed($val); |
| 267 | $realtype = $realpack ? Scalar::Util::reftype($val) : ref $val; |
| 268 | $id = format_refaddr($val); |
| 269 | |
| 270 | # if it has a name, we need to either look it up, or keep a tab |
| 271 | # on it so we know when we hit it later |
| 272 | if (defined($name) and length($name)) { |
| 273 | # keep a tab on it so that we dont fall into recursive pit |
| 274 | if (exists $s->{seen}{$id}) { |
| 275 | # if ($s->{expdepth} < $s->{level}) { |
| 276 | if ($s->{purity} and $s->{level} > 0) { |
| 277 | $out = ($realtype eq 'HASH') ? '{}' : |
| 278 | ($realtype eq 'ARRAY') ? '[]' : |
| 279 | 'do{my $o}' ; |
| 280 | push @post, $name . " = " . $s->{seen}{$id}[0]; |
| 281 | } |
| 282 | else { |
| 283 | $out = $s->{seen}{$id}[0]; |
| 284 | if ($name =~ /^([\@\%])/) { |
| 285 | my $start = $1; |
| 286 | if ($out =~ /^\\$start/) { |
| 287 | $out = substr($out, 1); |
| 288 | } |
| 289 | else { |
| 290 | $out = $start . '{' . $out . '}'; |
| 291 | } |
| 292 | } |
| 293 | } |
| 294 | return $out; |
| 295 | # } |
| 296 | } |
| 297 | else { |
| 298 | # store our name |
| 299 | $s->{seen}{$id} = [ (($name =~ /^[@%]/) ? ('\\' . $name ) : |
| 300 | ($realtype eq 'CODE' and |
| 301 | $name =~ /^[*](.*)$/) ? ('\\&' . $1 ) : |
| 302 | $name ), |
| 303 | $val ]; |
| 304 | } |
| 305 | } |
| 306 | |
| 307 | if ($realpack and $realpack eq 'Regexp') { |
| 308 | $out = "$val"; |
| 309 | $out =~ s,/,\\/,g; |
| 310 | return "qr/$out/"; |
| 311 | } |
| 312 | |
| 313 | # If purity is not set and maxdepth is set, then check depth: |
| 314 | # if we have reached maximum depth, return the string |
| 315 | # representation of the thing we are currently examining |
| 316 | # at this depth (i.e., 'Foo=ARRAY(0xdeadbeef)'). |
| 317 | if (!$s->{purity} |
| 318 | and $s->{maxdepth} > 0 |
| 319 | and $s->{level} >= $s->{maxdepth}) |
| 320 | { |
| 321 | return qq['$val']; |
| 322 | } |
| 323 | |
| 324 | # we have a blessed ref |
| 325 | if ($realpack) { |
| 326 | $out = $s->{'bless'} . '( '; |
| 327 | $blesspad = $s->{apad}; |
| 328 | $s->{apad} .= ' ' if ($s->{indent} >= 2); |
| 329 | } |
| 330 | |
| 331 | $s->{level}++; |
| 332 | $ipad = $s->{xpad} x $s->{level}; |
| 333 | |
| 334 | if ($realtype eq 'SCALAR' || $realtype eq 'REF') { |
| 335 | if ($realpack) { |
| 336 | $out .= 'do{\\(my $o = ' . $s->_dump($$val, "\${$name}") . ')}'; |
| 337 | } |
| 338 | else { |
| 339 | $out .= '\\' . $s->_dump($$val, "\${$name}"); |
| 340 | } |
| 341 | } |
| 342 | elsif ($realtype eq 'GLOB') { |
| 343 | $out .= '\\' . $s->_dump($$val, "*{$name}"); |
| 344 | } |
| 345 | elsif ($realtype eq 'ARRAY') { |
| 346 | my($v, $pad, $mname); |
| 347 | my($i) = 0; |
| 348 | $out .= ($name =~ /^\@/) ? '(' : '['; |
| 349 | $pad = $s->{sep} . $s->{pad} . $s->{apad}; |
| 350 | ($name =~ /^\@(.*)$/) ? ($mname = "\$" . $1) : |
| 351 | # omit -> if $foo->[0]->{bar}, but not ${$foo->[0]}->{bar} |
| 352 | ($name =~ /^\\?[\%\@\*\$][^{].*[]}]$/) ? ($mname = $name) : |
| 353 | ($mname = $name . '->'); |
| 354 | $mname .= '->' if $mname =~ /^\*.+\{[A-Z]+\}$/; |
| 355 | for $v (@$val) { |
| 356 | $sname = $mname . '[' . $i . ']'; |
| 357 | $out .= $pad . $ipad . '#' . $i if $s->{indent} >= 3; |
| 358 | $out .= $pad . $ipad . $s->_dump($v, $sname); |
| 359 | $out .= "," if $i++ < $#$val; |
| 360 | } |
| 361 | $out .= $pad . ($s->{xpad} x ($s->{level} - 1)) if $i; |
| 362 | $out .= ($name =~ /^\@/) ? ')' : ']'; |
| 363 | } |
| 364 | elsif ($realtype eq 'HASH') { |
| 365 | my($k, $v, $pad, $lpad, $mname, $pair); |
| 366 | $out .= ($name =~ /^\%/) ? '(' : '{'; |
| 367 | $pad = $s->{sep} . $s->{pad} . $s->{apad}; |
| 368 | $lpad = $s->{apad}; |
| 369 | $pair = $s->{pair}; |
| 370 | ($name =~ /^\%(.*)$/) ? ($mname = "\$" . $1) : |
| 371 | # omit -> if $foo->[0]->{bar}, but not ${$foo->[0]}->{bar} |
| 372 | ($name =~ /^\\?[\%\@\*\$][^{].*[]}]$/) ? ($mname = $name) : |
| 373 | ($mname = $name . '->'); |
| 374 | $mname .= '->' if $mname =~ /^\*.+\{[A-Z]+\}$/; |
| 375 | my ($sortkeys, $keys, $key) = ("$s->{sortkeys}"); |
| 376 | if ($sortkeys) { |
| 377 | if (ref($s->{sortkeys}) eq 'CODE') { |
| 378 | $keys = $s->{sortkeys}($val); |
| 379 | unless (ref($keys) eq 'ARRAY') { |
| 380 | carp "Sortkeys subroutine did not return ARRAYREF"; |
| 381 | $keys = []; |
| 382 | } |
| 383 | } |
| 384 | else { |
| 385 | $keys = [ sort keys %$val ]; |
| 386 | } |
| 387 | } |
| 388 | while (($k, $v) = ! $sortkeys ? (each %$val) : |
| 389 | @$keys ? ($key = shift(@$keys), $val->{$key}) : |
| 390 | () ) |
| 391 | { |
| 392 | my $nk = $s->_dump($k, ""); |
| 393 | $nk = $1 if !$s->{quotekeys} and $nk =~ /^[\"\']([A-Za-z_]\w*)[\"\']$/; |
| 394 | $sname = $mname . '{' . $nk . '}'; |
| 395 | $out .= $pad . $ipad . $nk . $pair; |
| 396 | |
| 397 | # temporarily alter apad |
| 398 | $s->{apad} .= (" " x (length($nk) + 4)) if $s->{indent} >= 2; |
| 399 | $out .= $s->_dump($val->{$k}, $sname) . ","; |
| 400 | $s->{apad} = $lpad if $s->{indent} >= 2; |
| 401 | } |
| 402 | if (substr($out, -1) eq ',') { |
| 403 | chop $out; |
| 404 | $out .= $pad . ($s->{xpad} x ($s->{level} - 1)); |
| 405 | } |
| 406 | $out .= ($name =~ /^\%/) ? ')' : '}'; |
| 407 | } |
| 408 | elsif ($realtype eq 'CODE') { |
| 409 | if ($s->{deparse}) { |
| 410 | require B::Deparse; |
| 411 | my $sub = 'sub ' . (B::Deparse->new)->coderef2text($val); |
| 412 | $pad = $s->{sep} . $s->{pad} . $s->{apad} . $s->{xpad} x ($s->{level} - 1); |
| 413 | $sub =~ s/\n/$pad/gse; |
| 414 | $out .= $sub; |
| 415 | } else { |
| 416 | $out .= 'sub { "DUMMY" }'; |
| 417 | carp "Encountered CODE ref, using dummy placeholder" if $s->{purity}; |
| 418 | } |
| 419 | } |
| 420 | else { |
| 421 | croak "Can\'t handle $realtype type."; |
| 422 | } |
| 423 | |
| 424 | if ($realpack) { # we have a blessed ref |
| 425 | $out .= ', \'' . $realpack . '\'' . ' )'; |
| 426 | $out .= '->' . $s->{toaster} . '()' if $s->{toaster} ne ''; |
| 427 | $s->{apad} = $blesspad; |
| 428 | } |
| 429 | $s->{level}--; |
| 430 | |
| 431 | } |
| 432 | else { # simple scalar |
| 433 | |
| 434 | my $ref = \$_[1]; |
| 435 | # first, catalog the scalar |
| 436 | if ($name ne '') { |
| 437 | $id = format_refaddr($ref); |
| 438 | if (exists $s->{seen}{$id}) { |
| 439 | if ($s->{seen}{$id}[2]) { |
| 440 | $out = $s->{seen}{$id}[0]; |
| 441 | #warn "[<$out]\n"; |
| 442 | return "\${$out}"; |
| 443 | } |
| 444 | } |
| 445 | else { |
| 446 | #warn "[>\\$name]\n"; |
| 447 | $s->{seen}{$id} = ["\\$name", $ref]; |
| 448 | } |
| 449 | } |
| 450 | if (ref($ref) eq 'GLOB' or "$ref" =~ /=GLOB\([^()]+\)$/) { # glob |
| 451 | my $name = substr($val, 1); |
| 452 | if ($name =~ /^[A-Za-z_][\w:]*$/) { |
| 453 | $name =~ s/^main::/::/; |
| 454 | $sname = $name; |
| 455 | } |
| 456 | else { |
| 457 | $sname = $s->_dump($name, ""); |
| 458 | $sname = '{' . $sname . '}'; |
| 459 | } |
| 460 | if ($s->{purity}) { |
| 461 | my $k; |
| 462 | local ($s->{level}) = 0; |
| 463 | for $k (qw(SCALAR ARRAY HASH)) { |
| 464 | my $gval = *$val{$k}; |
| 465 | next unless defined $gval; |
| 466 | next if $k eq "SCALAR" && ! defined $$gval; # always there |
| 467 | |
| 468 | # _dump can push into @post, so we hold our place using $postlen |
| 469 | my $postlen = scalar @post; |
| 470 | $post[$postlen] = "\*$sname = "; |
| 471 | local ($s->{apad}) = " " x length($post[$postlen]) if $s->{indent} >= 2; |
| 472 | $post[$postlen] .= $s->_dump($gval, "\*$sname\{$k\}"); |
| 473 | } |
| 474 | } |
| 475 | $out .= '*' . $sname; |
| 476 | } |
| 477 | elsif (!defined($val)) { |
| 478 | $out .= "undef"; |
| 479 | } |
| 480 | elsif ($val =~ /^(?:0|-?[1-9]\d{0,8})\z/) { # safe decimal number |
| 481 | $out .= $val; |
| 482 | } |
| 483 | else { # string |
| 484 | if ($s->{useqq} or $val =~ tr/\0-\377//c) { |
| 485 | # Fall back to qq if there's unicode |
| 486 | $out .= qquote($val, $s->{useqq}); |
| 487 | } |
| 488 | else { |
| 489 | $val =~ s/([\\\'])/\\$1/g; |
| 490 | $out .= '\'' . $val . '\''; |
| 491 | } |
| 492 | } |
| 493 | } |
| 494 | if ($id) { |
| 495 | # if we made it this far, $id was added to seen list at current |
| 496 | # level, so remove it to get deep copies |
| 497 | if ($s->{deepcopy}) { |
| 498 | delete($s->{seen}{$id}); |
| 499 | } |
| 500 | elsif ($name) { |
| 501 | $s->{seen}{$id}[2] = 1; |
| 502 | } |
| 503 | } |
| 504 | return $out; |
| 505 | } |
| 506 | |
| 507 | # |
| 508 | # non-OO style of earlier version |
| 509 | # |
| 510 | sub Dumper { |
| 511 | return Data::Dumper->Dump([@_]); |
| 512 | } |
| 513 | |
| 514 | # compat stub |
| 515 | sub DumperX { |
| 516 | return Data::Dumper->Dumpxs([@_], []); |
| 517 | } |
| 518 | |
| 519 | sub Dumpf { return Data::Dumper->Dump(@_) } |
| 520 | |
| 521 | sub Dumpp { print Data::Dumper->Dump(@_) } |
| 522 | |
| 523 | # |
| 524 | # reset the "seen" cache |
| 525 | # |
| 526 | sub Reset { |
| 527 | my($s) = shift; |
| 528 | $s->{seen} = {}; |
| 529 | return $s; |
| 530 | } |
| 531 | |
| 532 | sub Indent { |
| 533 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
| 534 | if (defined($v)) { |
| 535 | if ($v == 0) { |
| 536 | $s->{xpad} = ""; |
| 537 | $s->{sep} = ""; |
| 538 | } |
| 539 | else { |
| 540 | $s->{xpad} = " "; |
| 541 | $s->{sep} = "\n"; |
| 542 | } |
| 543 | $s->{indent} = $v; |
| 544 | return $s; |
| 545 | } |
| 546 | else { |
| 547 | return $s->{indent}; |
| 548 | } |
| 549 | } |
| 550 | |
| 551 | sub Pair { |
| 552 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
| 553 | defined($v) ? (($s->{pair} = $v), return $s) : $s->{pair}; |
| 554 | } |
| 555 | |
| 556 | sub Pad { |
| 557 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
| 558 | defined($v) ? (($s->{pad} = $v), return $s) : $s->{pad}; |
| 559 | } |
| 560 | |
| 561 | sub Varname { |
| 562 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
| 563 | defined($v) ? (($s->{varname} = $v), return $s) : $s->{varname}; |
| 564 | } |
| 565 | |
| 566 | sub Purity { |
| 567 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
| 568 | defined($v) ? (($s->{purity} = $v), return $s) : $s->{purity}; |
| 569 | } |
| 570 | |
| 571 | sub Useqq { |
| 572 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
| 573 | defined($v) ? (($s->{useqq} = $v), return $s) : $s->{useqq}; |
| 574 | } |
| 575 | |
| 576 | sub Terse { |
| 577 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
| 578 | defined($v) ? (($s->{terse} = $v), return $s) : $s->{terse}; |
| 579 | } |
| 580 | |
| 581 | sub Freezer { |
| 582 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
| 583 | defined($v) ? (($s->{freezer} = $v), return $s) : $s->{freezer}; |
| 584 | } |
| 585 | |
| 586 | sub Toaster { |
| 587 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
| 588 | defined($v) ? (($s->{toaster} = $v), return $s) : $s->{toaster}; |
| 589 | } |
| 590 | |
| 591 | sub Deepcopy { |
| 592 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
| 593 | defined($v) ? (($s->{deepcopy} = $v), return $s) : $s->{deepcopy}; |
| 594 | } |
| 595 | |
| 596 | sub Quotekeys { |
| 597 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
| 598 | defined($v) ? (($s->{quotekeys} = $v), return $s) : $s->{quotekeys}; |
| 599 | } |
| 600 | |
| 601 | sub Bless { |
| 602 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
| 603 | defined($v) ? (($s->{'bless'} = $v), return $s) : $s->{'bless'}; |
| 604 | } |
| 605 | |
| 606 | sub Maxdepth { |
| 607 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
| 608 | defined($v) ? (($s->{'maxdepth'} = $v), return $s) : $s->{'maxdepth'}; |
| 609 | } |
| 610 | |
| 611 | sub Useperl { |
| 612 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
| 613 | defined($v) ? (($s->{'useperl'} = $v), return $s) : $s->{'useperl'}; |
| 614 | } |
| 615 | |
| 616 | sub Sortkeys { |
| 617 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
| 618 | defined($v) ? (($s->{'sortkeys'} = $v), return $s) : $s->{'sortkeys'}; |
| 619 | } |
| 620 | |
| 621 | sub Deparse { |
| 622 | my($s, $v) = @_; |
| 623 | defined($v) ? (($s->{'deparse'} = $v), return $s) : $s->{'deparse'}; |
| 624 | } |
| 625 | |
| 626 | # used by qquote below |
| 627 | my %esc = ( |
| 628 | "\a" => "\\a", |
| 629 | "\b" => "\\b", |
| 630 | "\t" => "\\t", |
| 631 | "\n" => "\\n", |
| 632 | "\f" => "\\f", |
| 633 | "\r" => "\\r", |
| 634 | "\e" => "\\e", |
| 635 | ); |
| 636 | |
| 637 | # put a string value in double quotes |
| 638 | sub qquote { |
| 639 | local($_) = shift; |
| 640 | s/([\\\"\@\$])/\\$1/g; |
| 641 | my $bytes; { use bytes; $bytes = length } |
| 642 | s/([^\x00-\x7f])/'\x{'.sprintf("%x",ord($1)).'}'/ge if $bytes > length; |
| 643 | return qq("$_") unless |
| 644 | /[^ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<=>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~]/; # fast exit |
| 645 | |
| 646 | my $high = shift || ""; |
| 647 | s/([\a\b\t\n\f\r\e])/$esc{$1}/g; |
| 648 | |
| 649 | if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii |
| 650 | # no need for 3 digits in escape for these |
| 651 | s/([\0-\037])(?!\d)/'\\'.sprintf('%o',ord($1))/eg; |
| 652 | s/([\0-\037\177])/'\\'.sprintf('%03o',ord($1))/eg; |
| 653 | # all but last branch below not supported --BEHAVIOR SUBJECT TO CHANGE-- |
| 654 | if ($high eq "iso8859") { |
| 655 | s/([\200-\240])/'\\'.sprintf('%o',ord($1))/eg; |
| 656 | } elsif ($high eq "utf8") { |
| 657 | # use utf8; |
| 658 | # $str =~ s/([^\040-\176])/sprintf "\\x{%04x}", ord($1)/ge; |
| 659 | } elsif ($high eq "8bit") { |
| 660 | # leave it as it is |
| 661 | } else { |
| 662 | s/([\200-\377])/'\\'.sprintf('%03o',ord($1))/eg; |
| 663 | s/([^\040-\176])/sprintf "\\x{%04x}", ord($1)/ge; |
| 664 | } |
| 665 | } |
| 666 | else { # ebcdic |
| 667 | s{([^ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<=>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~])(?!\d)} |
| 668 | {my $v = ord($1); '\\'.sprintf(($v <= 037 ? '%o' : '%03o'), $v)}eg; |
| 669 | s{([^ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<=>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~])} |
| 670 | {'\\'.sprintf('%03o',ord($1))}eg; |
| 671 | } |
| 672 | |
| 673 | return qq("$_"); |
| 674 | } |
| 675 | |
| 676 | # helper sub to sort hash keys in Perl < 5.8.0 where we don't have |
| 677 | # access to sortsv() from XS |
| 678 | sub _sortkeys { [ sort keys %{$_[0]} ] } |
| 679 | |
| 680 | 1; |
| 681 | __END__ |
| 682 | |
| 683 | =head1 NAME |
| 684 | |
| 685 | Data::Dumper - stringified perl data structures, suitable for both printing and C<eval> |
| 686 | |
| 687 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
| 688 | |
| 689 | use Data::Dumper; |
| 690 | |
| 691 | # simple procedural interface |
| 692 | print Dumper($foo, $bar); |
| 693 | |
| 694 | # extended usage with names |
| 695 | print Data::Dumper->Dump([$foo, $bar], [qw(foo *ary)]); |
| 696 | |
| 697 | # configuration variables |
| 698 | { |
| 699 | local $Data::Dumper::Purity = 1; |
| 700 | eval Data::Dumper->Dump([$foo, $bar], [qw(foo *ary)]); |
| 701 | } |
| 702 | |
| 703 | # OO usage |
| 704 | $d = Data::Dumper->new([$foo, $bar], [qw(foo *ary)]); |
| 705 | ... |
| 706 | print $d->Dump; |
| 707 | ... |
| 708 | $d->Purity(1)->Terse(1)->Deepcopy(1); |
| 709 | eval $d->Dump; |
| 710 | |
| 711 | |
| 712 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
| 713 | |
| 714 | Given a list of scalars or reference variables, writes out their contents in |
| 715 | perl syntax. The references can also be objects. The contents of each |
| 716 | variable is output in a single Perl statement. Handles self-referential |
| 717 | structures correctly. |
| 718 | |
| 719 | The return value can be C<eval>ed to get back an identical copy of the |
| 720 | original reference structure. |
| 721 | |
| 722 | Any references that are the same as one of those passed in will be named |
| 723 | C<$VAR>I<n> (where I<n> is a numeric suffix), and other duplicate references |
| 724 | to substructures within C<$VAR>I<n> will be appropriately labeled using arrow |
| 725 | notation. You can specify names for individual values to be dumped if you |
| 726 | use the C<Dump()> method, or you can change the default C<$VAR> prefix to |
| 727 | something else. See C<$Data::Dumper::Varname> and C<$Data::Dumper::Terse> |
| 728 | below. |
| 729 | |
| 730 | The default output of self-referential structures can be C<eval>ed, but the |
| 731 | nested references to C<$VAR>I<n> will be undefined, since a recursive |
| 732 | structure cannot be constructed using one Perl statement. You should set the |
| 733 | C<Purity> flag to 1 to get additional statements that will correctly fill in |
| 734 | these references. Moreover, if C<eval>ed when strictures are in effect, |
| 735 | you need to ensure that any variables it accesses are previously declared. |
| 736 | |
| 737 | In the extended usage form, the references to be dumped can be given |
| 738 | user-specified names. If a name begins with a C<*>, the output will |
| 739 | describe the dereferenced type of the supplied reference for hashes and |
| 740 | arrays, and coderefs. Output of names will be avoided where possible if |
| 741 | the C<Terse> flag is set. |
| 742 | |
| 743 | In many cases, methods that are used to set the internal state of the |
| 744 | object will return the object itself, so method calls can be conveniently |
| 745 | chained together. |
| 746 | |
| 747 | Several styles of output are possible, all controlled by setting |
| 748 | the C<Indent> flag. See L<Configuration Variables or Methods> below |
| 749 | for details. |
| 750 | |
| 751 | |
| 752 | =head2 Methods |
| 753 | |
| 754 | =over 4 |
| 755 | |
| 756 | =item I<PACKAGE>->new(I<ARRAYREF [>, I<ARRAYREF]>) |
| 757 | |
| 758 | Returns a newly created C<Data::Dumper> object. The first argument is an |
| 759 | anonymous array of values to be dumped. The optional second argument is an |
| 760 | anonymous array of names for the values. The names need not have a leading |
| 761 | C<$> sign, and must be comprised of alphanumeric characters. You can begin |
| 762 | a name with a C<*> to specify that the dereferenced type must be dumped |
| 763 | instead of the reference itself, for ARRAY and HASH references. |
| 764 | |
| 765 | The prefix specified by C<$Data::Dumper::Varname> will be used with a |
| 766 | numeric suffix if the name for a value is undefined. |
| 767 | |
| 768 | Data::Dumper will catalog all references encountered while dumping the |
| 769 | values. Cross-references (in the form of names of substructures in perl |
| 770 | syntax) will be inserted at all possible points, preserving any structural |
| 771 | interdependencies in the original set of values. Structure traversal is |
| 772 | depth-first, and proceeds in order from the first supplied value to |
| 773 | the last. |
| 774 | |
| 775 | =item I<$OBJ>->Dump I<or> I<PACKAGE>->Dump(I<ARRAYREF [>, I<ARRAYREF]>) |
| 776 | |
| 777 | Returns the stringified form of the values stored in the object (preserving |
| 778 | the order in which they were supplied to C<new>), subject to the |
| 779 | configuration options below. In a list context, it returns a list |
| 780 | of strings corresponding to the supplied values. |
| 781 | |
| 782 | The second form, for convenience, simply calls the C<new> method on its |
| 783 | arguments before dumping the object immediately. |
| 784 | |
| 785 | =item I<$OBJ>->Seen(I<[HASHREF]>) |
| 786 | |
| 787 | Queries or adds to the internal table of already encountered references. |
| 788 | You must use C<Reset> to explicitly clear the table if needed. Such |
| 789 | references are not dumped; instead, their names are inserted wherever they |
| 790 | are encountered subsequently. This is useful especially for properly |
| 791 | dumping subroutine references. |
| 792 | |
| 793 | Expects an anonymous hash of name => value pairs. Same rules apply for names |
| 794 | as in C<new>. If no argument is supplied, will return the "seen" list of |
| 795 | name => value pairs, in a list context. Otherwise, returns the object |
| 796 | itself. |
| 797 | |
| 798 | =item I<$OBJ>->Values(I<[ARRAYREF]>) |
| 799 | |
| 800 | Queries or replaces the internal array of values that will be dumped. |
| 801 | When called without arguments, returns the values. Otherwise, returns the |
| 802 | object itself. |
| 803 | |
| 804 | =item I<$OBJ>->Names(I<[ARRAYREF]>) |
| 805 | |
| 806 | Queries or replaces the internal array of user supplied names for the values |
| 807 | that will be dumped. When called without arguments, returns the names. |
| 808 | Otherwise, returns the object itself. |
| 809 | |
| 810 | =item I<$OBJ>->Reset |
| 811 | |
| 812 | Clears the internal table of "seen" references and returns the object |
| 813 | itself. |
| 814 | |
| 815 | =back |
| 816 | |
| 817 | =head2 Functions |
| 818 | |
| 819 | =over 4 |
| 820 | |
| 821 | =item Dumper(I<LIST>) |
| 822 | |
| 823 | Returns the stringified form of the values in the list, subject to the |
| 824 | configuration options below. The values will be named C<$VAR>I<n> in the |
| 825 | output, where I<n> is a numeric suffix. Will return a list of strings |
| 826 | in a list context. |
| 827 | |
| 828 | =back |
| 829 | |
| 830 | =head2 Configuration Variables or Methods |
| 831 | |
| 832 | Several configuration variables can be used to control the kind of output |
| 833 | generated when using the procedural interface. These variables are usually |
| 834 | C<local>ized in a block so that other parts of the code are not affected by |
| 835 | the change. |
| 836 | |
| 837 | These variables determine the default state of the object created by calling |
| 838 | the C<new> method, but cannot be used to alter the state of the object |
| 839 | thereafter. The equivalent method names should be used instead to query |
| 840 | or set the internal state of the object. |
| 841 | |
| 842 | The method forms return the object itself when called with arguments, |
| 843 | so that they can be chained together nicely. |
| 844 | |
| 845 | =over 4 |
| 846 | |
| 847 | =item * |
| 848 | |
| 849 | $Data::Dumper::Indent I<or> I<$OBJ>->Indent(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
| 850 | |
| 851 | Controls the style of indentation. It can be set to 0, 1, 2 or 3. Style 0 |
| 852 | spews output without any newlines, indentation, or spaces between list |
| 853 | items. It is the most compact format possible that can still be called |
| 854 | valid perl. Style 1 outputs a readable form with newlines but no fancy |
| 855 | indentation (each level in the structure is simply indented by a fixed |
| 856 | amount of whitespace). Style 2 (the default) outputs a very readable form |
| 857 | which takes into account the length of hash keys (so the hash value lines |
| 858 | up). Style 3 is like style 2, but also annotates the elements of arrays |
| 859 | with their index (but the comment is on its own line, so array output |
| 860 | consumes twice the number of lines). Style 2 is the default. |
| 861 | |
| 862 | =item * |
| 863 | |
| 864 | $Data::Dumper::Purity I<or> I<$OBJ>->Purity(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
| 865 | |
| 866 | Controls the degree to which the output can be C<eval>ed to recreate the |
| 867 | supplied reference structures. Setting it to 1 will output additional perl |
| 868 | statements that will correctly recreate nested references. The default is |
| 869 | 0. |
| 870 | |
| 871 | =item * |
| 872 | |
| 873 | $Data::Dumper::Pad I<or> I<$OBJ>->Pad(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
| 874 | |
| 875 | Specifies the string that will be prefixed to every line of the output. |
| 876 | Empty string by default. |
| 877 | |
| 878 | =item * |
| 879 | |
| 880 | $Data::Dumper::Varname I<or> I<$OBJ>->Varname(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
| 881 | |
| 882 | Contains the prefix to use for tagging variable names in the output. The |
| 883 | default is "VAR". |
| 884 | |
| 885 | =item * |
| 886 | |
| 887 | $Data::Dumper::Useqq I<or> I<$OBJ>->Useqq(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
| 888 | |
| 889 | When set, enables the use of double quotes for representing string values. |
| 890 | Whitespace other than space will be represented as C<[\n\t\r]>, "unsafe" |
| 891 | characters will be backslashed, and unprintable characters will be output as |
| 892 | quoted octal integers. Since setting this variable imposes a performance |
| 893 | penalty, the default is 0. C<Dump()> will run slower if this flag is set, |
| 894 | since the fast XSUB implementation doesn't support it yet. |
| 895 | |
| 896 | =item * |
| 897 | |
| 898 | $Data::Dumper::Terse I<or> I<$OBJ>->Terse(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
| 899 | |
| 900 | When set, Data::Dumper will emit single, non-self-referential values as |
| 901 | atoms/terms rather than statements. This means that the C<$VAR>I<n> names |
| 902 | will be avoided where possible, but be advised that such output may not |
| 903 | always be parseable by C<eval>. |
| 904 | |
| 905 | =item * |
| 906 | |
| 907 | $Data::Dumper::Freezer I<or> $I<OBJ>->Freezer(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
| 908 | |
| 909 | Can be set to a method name, or to an empty string to disable the feature. |
| 910 | Data::Dumper will invoke that method via the object before attempting to |
| 911 | stringify it. This method can alter the contents of the object (if, for |
| 912 | instance, it contains data allocated from C), and even rebless it in a |
| 913 | different package. The client is responsible for making sure the specified |
| 914 | method can be called via the object, and that the object ends up containing |
| 915 | only perl data types after the method has been called. Defaults to an empty |
| 916 | string. |
| 917 | |
| 918 | If an object does not support the method specified (determined using |
| 919 | UNIVERSAL::can()) then the call will be skipped. If the method dies a |
| 920 | warning will be generated. |
| 921 | |
| 922 | =item * |
| 923 | |
| 924 | $Data::Dumper::Toaster I<or> $I<OBJ>->Toaster(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
| 925 | |
| 926 | Can be set to a method name, or to an empty string to disable the feature. |
| 927 | Data::Dumper will emit a method call for any objects that are to be dumped |
| 928 | using the syntax C<bless(DATA, CLASS)-E<gt>METHOD()>. Note that this means that |
| 929 | the method specified will have to perform any modifications required on the |
| 930 | object (like creating new state within it, and/or reblessing it in a |
| 931 | different package) and then return it. The client is responsible for making |
| 932 | sure the method can be called via the object, and that it returns a valid |
| 933 | object. Defaults to an empty string. |
| 934 | |
| 935 | =item * |
| 936 | |
| 937 | $Data::Dumper::Deepcopy I<or> $I<OBJ>->Deepcopy(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
| 938 | |
| 939 | Can be set to a boolean value to enable deep copies of structures. |
| 940 | Cross-referencing will then only be done when absolutely essential |
| 941 | (i.e., to break reference cycles). Default is 0. |
| 942 | |
| 943 | =item * |
| 944 | |
| 945 | $Data::Dumper::Quotekeys I<or> $I<OBJ>->Quotekeys(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
| 946 | |
| 947 | Can be set to a boolean value to control whether hash keys are quoted. |
| 948 | A false value will avoid quoting hash keys when it looks like a simple |
| 949 | string. Default is 1, which will always enclose hash keys in quotes. |
| 950 | |
| 951 | =item * |
| 952 | |
| 953 | $Data::Dumper::Bless I<or> $I<OBJ>->Bless(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
| 954 | |
| 955 | Can be set to a string that specifies an alternative to the C<bless> |
| 956 | builtin operator used to create objects. A function with the specified |
| 957 | name should exist, and should accept the same arguments as the builtin. |
| 958 | Default is C<bless>. |
| 959 | |
| 960 | =item * |
| 961 | |
| 962 | $Data::Dumper::Pair I<or> $I<OBJ>->Pair(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
| 963 | |
| 964 | Can be set to a string that specifies the separator between hash keys |
| 965 | and values. To dump nested hash, array and scalar values to JavaScript, |
| 966 | use: C<$Data::Dumper::Pair = ' : ';>. Implementing C<bless> in JavaScript |
| 967 | is left as an exercise for the reader. |
| 968 | A function with the specified name exists, and accepts the same arguments |
| 969 | as the builtin. |
| 970 | |
| 971 | Default is: C< =E<gt> >. |
| 972 | |
| 973 | =item * |
| 974 | |
| 975 | $Data::Dumper::Maxdepth I<or> $I<OBJ>->Maxdepth(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
| 976 | |
| 977 | Can be set to a positive integer that specifies the depth beyond which |
| 978 | which we don't venture into a structure. Has no effect when |
| 979 | C<Data::Dumper::Purity> is set. (Useful in debugger when we often don't |
| 980 | want to see more than enough). Default is 0, which means there is |
| 981 | no maximum depth. |
| 982 | |
| 983 | =item * |
| 984 | |
| 985 | $Data::Dumper::Useperl I<or> $I<OBJ>->Useperl(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
| 986 | |
| 987 | Can be set to a boolean value which controls whether the pure Perl |
| 988 | implementation of C<Data::Dumper> is used. The C<Data::Dumper> module is |
| 989 | a dual implementation, with almost all functionality written in both |
| 990 | pure Perl and also in XS ('C'). Since the XS version is much faster, it |
| 991 | will always be used if possible. This option lets you override the |
| 992 | default behavior, usually for testing purposes only. Default is 0, which |
| 993 | means the XS implementation will be used if possible. |
| 994 | |
| 995 | =item * |
| 996 | |
| 997 | $Data::Dumper::Sortkeys I<or> $I<OBJ>->Sortkeys(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
| 998 | |
| 999 | Can be set to a boolean value to control whether hash keys are dumped in |
| 1000 | sorted order. A true value will cause the keys of all hashes to be |
| 1001 | dumped in Perl's default sort order. Can also be set to a subroutine |
| 1002 | reference which will be called for each hash that is dumped. In this |
| 1003 | case C<Data::Dumper> will call the subroutine once for each hash, |
| 1004 | passing it the reference of the hash. The purpose of the subroutine is |
| 1005 | to return a reference to an array of the keys that will be dumped, in |
| 1006 | the order that they should be dumped. Using this feature, you can |
| 1007 | control both the order of the keys, and which keys are actually used. In |
| 1008 | other words, this subroutine acts as a filter by which you can exclude |
| 1009 | certain keys from being dumped. Default is 0, which means that hash keys |
| 1010 | are not sorted. |
| 1011 | |
| 1012 | =item * |
| 1013 | |
| 1014 | $Data::Dumper::Deparse I<or> $I<OBJ>->Deparse(I<[NEWVAL]>) |
| 1015 | |
| 1016 | Can be set to a boolean value to control whether code references are |
| 1017 | turned into perl source code. If set to a true value, C<B::Deparse> |
| 1018 | will be used to get the source of the code reference. Using this option |
| 1019 | will force using the Perl implementation of the dumper, since the fast |
| 1020 | XSUB implementation doesn't support it. |
| 1021 | |
| 1022 | Caution : use this option only if you know that your coderefs will be |
| 1023 | properly reconstructed by C<B::Deparse>. |
| 1024 | |
| 1025 | =back |
| 1026 | |
| 1027 | =head2 Exports |
| 1028 | |
| 1029 | =over 4 |
| 1030 | |
| 1031 | =item Dumper |
| 1032 | |
| 1033 | =back |
| 1034 | |
| 1035 | =head1 EXAMPLES |
| 1036 | |
| 1037 | Run these code snippets to get a quick feel for the behavior of this |
| 1038 | module. When you are through with these examples, you may want to |
| 1039 | add or change the various configuration variables described above, |
| 1040 | to see their behavior. (See the testsuite in the Data::Dumper |
| 1041 | distribution for more examples.) |
| 1042 | |
| 1043 | |
| 1044 | use Data::Dumper; |
| 1045 | |
| 1046 | package Foo; |
| 1047 | sub new {bless {'a' => 1, 'b' => sub { return "foo" }}, $_[0]}; |
| 1048 | |
| 1049 | package Fuz; # a weird REF-REF-SCALAR object |
| 1050 | sub new {bless \($_ = \ 'fu\'z'), $_[0]}; |
| 1051 | |
| 1052 | package main; |
| 1053 | $foo = Foo->new; |
| 1054 | $fuz = Fuz->new; |
| 1055 | $boo = [ 1, [], "abcd", \*foo, |
| 1056 | {1 => 'a', 023 => 'b', 0x45 => 'c'}, |
| 1057 | \\"p\q\'r", $foo, $fuz]; |
| 1058 | |
| 1059 | ######## |
| 1060 | # simple usage |
| 1061 | ######## |
| 1062 | |
| 1063 | $bar = eval(Dumper($boo)); |
| 1064 | print($@) if $@; |
| 1065 | print Dumper($boo), Dumper($bar); # pretty print (no array indices) |
| 1066 | |
| 1067 | $Data::Dumper::Terse = 1; # don't output names where feasible |
| 1068 | $Data::Dumper::Indent = 0; # turn off all pretty print |
| 1069 | print Dumper($boo), "\n"; |
| 1070 | |
| 1071 | $Data::Dumper::Indent = 1; # mild pretty print |
| 1072 | print Dumper($boo); |
| 1073 | |
| 1074 | $Data::Dumper::Indent = 3; # pretty print with array indices |
| 1075 | print Dumper($boo); |
| 1076 | |
| 1077 | $Data::Dumper::Useqq = 1; # print strings in double quotes |
| 1078 | print Dumper($boo); |
| 1079 | |
| 1080 | $Data::Dumper::Pair = " : "; # specify hash key/value separator |
| 1081 | print Dumper($boo); |
| 1082 | |
| 1083 | |
| 1084 | ######## |
| 1085 | # recursive structures |
| 1086 | ######## |
| 1087 | |
| 1088 | @c = ('c'); |
| 1089 | $c = \@c; |
| 1090 | $b = {}; |
| 1091 | $a = [1, $b, $c]; |
| 1092 | $b->{a} = $a; |
| 1093 | $b->{b} = $a->[1]; |
| 1094 | $b->{c} = $a->[2]; |
| 1095 | print Data::Dumper->Dump([$a,$b,$c], [qw(a b c)]); |
| 1096 | |
| 1097 | |
| 1098 | $Data::Dumper::Purity = 1; # fill in the holes for eval |
| 1099 | print Data::Dumper->Dump([$a, $b], [qw(*a b)]); # print as @a |
| 1100 | print Data::Dumper->Dump([$b, $a], [qw(*b a)]); # print as %b |
| 1101 | |
| 1102 | |
| 1103 | $Data::Dumper::Deepcopy = 1; # avoid cross-refs |
| 1104 | print Data::Dumper->Dump([$b, $a], [qw(*b a)]); |
| 1105 | |
| 1106 | |
| 1107 | $Data::Dumper::Purity = 0; # avoid cross-refs |
| 1108 | print Data::Dumper->Dump([$b, $a], [qw(*b a)]); |
| 1109 | |
| 1110 | ######## |
| 1111 | # deep structures |
| 1112 | ######## |
| 1113 | |
| 1114 | $a = "pearl"; |
| 1115 | $b = [ $a ]; |
| 1116 | $c = { 'b' => $b }; |
| 1117 | $d = [ $c ]; |
| 1118 | $e = { 'd' => $d }; |
| 1119 | $f = { 'e' => $e }; |
| 1120 | print Data::Dumper->Dump([$f], [qw(f)]); |
| 1121 | |
| 1122 | $Data::Dumper::Maxdepth = 3; # no deeper than 3 refs down |
| 1123 | print Data::Dumper->Dump([$f], [qw(f)]); |
| 1124 | |
| 1125 | |
| 1126 | ######## |
| 1127 | # object-oriented usage |
| 1128 | ######## |
| 1129 | |
| 1130 | $d = Data::Dumper->new([$a,$b], [qw(a b)]); |
| 1131 | $d->Seen({'*c' => $c}); # stash a ref without printing it |
| 1132 | $d->Indent(3); |
| 1133 | print $d->Dump; |
| 1134 | $d->Reset->Purity(0); # empty the seen cache |
| 1135 | print join "----\n", $d->Dump; |
| 1136 | |
| 1137 | |
| 1138 | ######## |
| 1139 | # persistence |
| 1140 | ######## |
| 1141 | |
| 1142 | package Foo; |
| 1143 | sub new { bless { state => 'awake' }, shift } |
| 1144 | sub Freeze { |
| 1145 | my $s = shift; |
| 1146 | print STDERR "preparing to sleep\n"; |
| 1147 | $s->{state} = 'asleep'; |
| 1148 | return bless $s, 'Foo::ZZZ'; |
| 1149 | } |
| 1150 | |
| 1151 | package Foo::ZZZ; |
| 1152 | sub Thaw { |
| 1153 | my $s = shift; |
| 1154 | print STDERR "waking up\n"; |
| 1155 | $s->{state} = 'awake'; |
| 1156 | return bless $s, 'Foo'; |
| 1157 | } |
| 1158 | |
| 1159 | package Foo; |
| 1160 | use Data::Dumper; |
| 1161 | $a = Foo->new; |
| 1162 | $b = Data::Dumper->new([$a], ['c']); |
| 1163 | $b->Freezer('Freeze'); |
| 1164 | $b->Toaster('Thaw'); |
| 1165 | $c = $b->Dump; |
| 1166 | print $c; |
| 1167 | $d = eval $c; |
| 1168 | print Data::Dumper->Dump([$d], ['d']); |
| 1169 | |
| 1170 | |
| 1171 | ######## |
| 1172 | # symbol substitution (useful for recreating CODE refs) |
| 1173 | ######## |
| 1174 | |
| 1175 | sub foo { print "foo speaking\n" } |
| 1176 | *other = \&foo; |
| 1177 | $bar = [ \&other ]; |
| 1178 | $d = Data::Dumper->new([\&other,$bar],['*other','bar']); |
| 1179 | $d->Seen({ '*foo' => \&foo }); |
| 1180 | print $d->Dump; |
| 1181 | |
| 1182 | |
| 1183 | ######## |
| 1184 | # sorting and filtering hash keys |
| 1185 | ######## |
| 1186 | |
| 1187 | $Data::Dumper::Sortkeys = \&my_filter; |
| 1188 | my $foo = { map { (ord, "$_$_$_") } 'I'..'Q' }; |
| 1189 | my $bar = { %$foo }; |
| 1190 | my $baz = { reverse %$foo }; |
| 1191 | print Dumper [ $foo, $bar, $baz ]; |
| 1192 | |
| 1193 | sub my_filter { |
| 1194 | my ($hash) = @_; |
| 1195 | # return an array ref containing the hash keys to dump |
| 1196 | # in the order that you want them to be dumped |
| 1197 | return [ |
| 1198 | # Sort the keys of %$foo in reverse numeric order |
| 1199 | $hash eq $foo ? (sort {$b <=> $a} keys %$hash) : |
| 1200 | # Only dump the odd number keys of %$bar |
| 1201 | $hash eq $bar ? (grep {$_ % 2} keys %$hash) : |
| 1202 | # Sort keys in default order for all other hashes |
| 1203 | (sort keys %$hash) |
| 1204 | ]; |
| 1205 | } |
| 1206 | |
| 1207 | =head1 BUGS |
| 1208 | |
| 1209 | Due to limitations of Perl subroutine call semantics, you cannot pass an |
| 1210 | array or hash. Prepend it with a C<\> to pass its reference instead. This |
| 1211 | will be remedied in time, now that Perl has subroutine prototypes. |
| 1212 | For now, you need to use the extended usage form, and prepend the |
| 1213 | name with a C<*> to output it as a hash or array. |
| 1214 | |
| 1215 | C<Data::Dumper> cheats with CODE references. If a code reference is |
| 1216 | encountered in the structure being processed (and if you haven't set |
| 1217 | the C<Deparse> flag), an anonymous subroutine that |
| 1218 | contains the string '"DUMMY"' will be inserted in its place, and a warning |
| 1219 | will be printed if C<Purity> is set. You can C<eval> the result, but bear |
| 1220 | in mind that the anonymous sub that gets created is just a placeholder. |
| 1221 | Someday, perl will have a switch to cache-on-demand the string |
| 1222 | representation of a compiled piece of code, I hope. If you have prior |
| 1223 | knowledge of all the code refs that your data structures are likely |
| 1224 | to have, you can use the C<Seen> method to pre-seed the internal reference |
| 1225 | table and make the dumped output point to them, instead. See L</EXAMPLES> |
| 1226 | above. |
| 1227 | |
| 1228 | The C<Useqq> and C<Deparse> flags makes Dump() run slower, since the |
| 1229 | XSUB implementation does not support them. |
| 1230 | |
| 1231 | SCALAR objects have the weirdest looking C<bless> workaround. |
| 1232 | |
| 1233 | Pure Perl version of C<Data::Dumper> escapes UTF-8 strings correctly |
| 1234 | only in Perl 5.8.0 and later. |
| 1235 | |
| 1236 | =head2 NOTE |
| 1237 | |
| 1238 | Starting from Perl 5.8.1 different runs of Perl will have different |
| 1239 | ordering of hash keys. The change was done for greater security, |
| 1240 | see L<perlsec/"Algorithmic Complexity Attacks">. This means that |
| 1241 | different runs of Perl will have different Data::Dumper outputs if |
| 1242 | the data contains hashes. If you need to have identical Data::Dumper |
| 1243 | outputs from different runs of Perl, use the environment variable |
| 1244 | PERL_HASH_SEED, see L<perlrun/PERL_HASH_SEED>. Using this restores |
| 1245 | the old (platform-specific) ordering: an even prettier solution might |
| 1246 | be to use the C<Sortkeys> filter of Data::Dumper. |
| 1247 | |
| 1248 | =head1 AUTHOR |
| 1249 | |
| 1250 | Gurusamy Sarathy gsar@activestate.com |
| 1251 | |
| 1252 | Copyright (c) 1996-98 Gurusamy Sarathy. All rights reserved. |
| 1253 | This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or |
| 1254 | modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. |
| 1255 | |
| 1256 | =head1 VERSION |
| 1257 | |
| 1258 | Version 2.121 (Aug 24 2003) |
| 1259 | |
| 1260 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
| 1261 | |
| 1262 | perl(1) |
| 1263 | |
| 1264 | =cut |