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1 | .TH ED 1 "21 May 1993" |
2 | .SH NAME | |
3 | ed, red \- text editor | |
4 | .SH SYNOPSIS | |
5 | ed [-] [-sx] [-p \fIstring\fR] [\fIfile\fR] | |
6 | .LP | |
7 | red [-] [-sx] [-p \fIstring\fR] [\fIfile\fR] | |
8 | .SH DESCRIPTION | |
9 | .B ed | |
10 | is a line-oriented text editor. | |
11 | It is used to create, display, modify and otherwise manipulate text | |
12 | files. | |
13 | .B red | |
14 | is a restricted | |
15 | .BR ed : | |
16 | it can only edit files in the current | |
17 | directory and cannot execute shell commands. | |
18 | ||
19 | If invoked with a | |
20 | .I file | |
21 | argument, then a copy of | |
22 | .I file | |
23 | is read into the editor's buffer. | |
24 | Changes are made to this copy and not directly to | |
25 | .I file | |
26 | itself. | |
27 | Upon quitting | |
28 | .BR ed , | |
29 | any changes not explicitly saved with a | |
30 | .I `w' | |
31 | command are lost. | |
32 | ||
33 | Editing is done in two distinct modes: | |
34 | .I command | |
35 | and | |
36 | .IR input . | |
37 | When first invoked, | |
38 | .B ed | |
39 | is in command mode. | |
40 | In this mode commands are read from the standard input and | |
41 | executed to manipulate the contents of the editor buffer. | |
42 | A typical command might look like: | |
43 | .sp | |
44 | .RS | |
45 | ,s/\fIold\fR/\fInew\fR/g | |
46 | .RE | |
47 | .sp | |
48 | which replaces all occurences of the string | |
49 | .I old | |
50 | with | |
51 | .IR new . | |
52 | ||
53 | When an input command, such as | |
54 | .I `a' | |
55 | (append), | |
56 | .I `i' | |
57 | (insert) or | |
58 | .I `c' | |
59 | (change), is given, | |
60 | .B ed | |
61 | enters input mode. This is the primary means | |
62 | of adding text to a file. | |
63 | In this mode, no commands are available; | |
64 | instead, the standard input is written | |
65 | directly to the editor buffer. Lines consist of text up to and | |
66 | including a | |
67 | .IR newline | |
68 | character. | |
69 | Input mode is terminated by | |
70 | entering a single period (\fI.\fR) on a line. | |
71 | ||
72 | All | |
73 | .B ed | |
74 | commands operate on whole lines or ranges of lines; e.g., | |
75 | the | |
76 | .I `d' | |
77 | command deletes lines; the | |
78 | .I `m' | |
79 | command moves lines, and so on. | |
80 | It is possible to modify only a portion of a line by means of replacement, | |
81 | as in the example above. However even here, the | |
82 | .I `s' | |
83 | command is applied to whole lines at a time. | |
84 | ||
85 | In general, | |
86 | .B ed | |
87 | commands consist of zero or more line addresses, followed by a single | |
88 | character command and possibly additional parameters; i.e., | |
89 | commands have the structure: | |
90 | .sp | |
91 | .RS | |
92 | .I [address [,address]]command[parameters] | |
93 | .RE | |
94 | .sp | |
95 | The address(es) indicate the line(s) to be affected by the command. | |
96 | If fewer addresses are given than the command accepts, then default | |
97 | addresses are supplied. | |
98 | ||
99 | .SS OPTIONS | |
100 | .TP 8 | |
101 | -s | |
102 | Suppresses diagnostics. This should be used if | |
103 | .BR ed 's | |
104 | standard input is from a script. | |
105 | ||
106 | .TP 8 | |
107 | -x | |
108 | Prompts for an encryption key to be used in subsequent reads and writes | |
109 | (see the | |
110 | .I `x' | |
111 | command). | |
112 | ||
113 | .TP 8 | |
114 | .RI \-p \ string | |
115 | Specifies a command prompt. This may be toggled on and off with the | |
116 | .I `P' | |
117 | command. | |
118 | ||
119 | .TP 8 | |
120 | .I file | |
121 | Specifies the name of a file to read. If | |
122 | .I file | |
123 | is prefixed with a | |
124 | bang (!), then it is interpreted as a shell command. In this case, | |
125 | what is read is | |
126 | the standard output of | |
127 | .I file | |
128 | executed via | |
129 | .IR sh (1). | |
130 | To read a file whose name begins with a bang, prefix the | |
131 | name with a backslash (\\). | |
132 | The default filename is set to | |
133 | .I file | |
134 | only if it is not prefixed with a bang. | |
135 | ||
136 | .SS LINE ADDRESSING | |
137 | An address represents the number of line in the buffer. | |
138 | .B ed | |
139 | maintains a | |
140 | .I current address | |
141 | which is | |
142 | typically supplied to commands as the default address when none is specified. | |
143 | When a file is first read, the current address is set to the last line | |
144 | of the file. In general, the current address is set to the last line | |
145 | affected by a command. | |
146 | ||
147 | A line address is | |
148 | constructed from one of the bases in the list below, optionally followed | |
149 | by a numeric offset. The offset may include any combination | |
150 | of digits, operators (i.e., | |
151 | .IR + , | |
152 | .I - | |
153 | and | |
154 | .IR ^ ) | |
155 | and whitespace. | |
156 | Addresses are read from left to right, and their values are computed | |
157 | relative to the current address. | |
158 | ||
159 | One exception to the rule that addresses represent line numbers is the | |
160 | address | |
161 | .I 0 | |
162 | (zero). | |
163 | This means "before the first line," | |
164 | and is legal wherever it makes sense. | |
165 | ||
166 | An address range is two addresses separated either by a comma or | |
167 | semi-colon. The value of the first address in a range cannot exceed the | |
168 | value of the the second. If an | |
169 | .IR n- tuple | |
170 | of addresses is given where | |
171 | .I n > 2, | |
172 | then the corresponding range is determined by the last two addresses | |
173 | in the | |
174 | .IR n- tuple. | |
175 | If only one address is expected, then the last | |
176 | address is used. | |
177 | ||
178 | Each address in a comma-delimited range is interpreted relative to the | |
179 | current address. In a semi-colon-delimited range, the first address is | |
180 | used to set the current address, and the second address is interpreted | |
181 | relative to the first. | |
182 | ||
183 | The following address symbols are recognized. | |
184 | ||
185 | .TP 8 | |
186 | \fR.\fR | |
187 | The current line (address) in the buffer. | |
188 | ||
189 | .TP 8 | |
190 | $ | |
191 | The last line in the buffer. | |
192 | ||
193 | .TP 8 | |
194 | n | |
195 | The | |
196 | .IR n th, | |
197 | line in the buffer | |
198 | where | |
199 | .I n | |
200 | is a number in the range | |
201 | .I [0,$]. | |
202 | ||
203 | .TP 8 | |
204 | - or ^ | |
205 | The previous line. | |
206 | This is equivalent to | |
207 | .I -1 | |
208 | and may be repeated with cumulative effect. | |
209 | ||
210 | .TP 8 | |
211 | -\fIn\fR or ^\fIn\fR | |
212 | The | |
213 | .IR n th | |
214 | previous line, where | |
215 | .I n | |
216 | is a non-negative number. | |
217 | ||
218 | .TP 8 | |
219 | + | |
220 | The | |
221 | next line. | |
222 | This is equivalent to | |
223 | .I +1 | |
224 | and may be repeated with cumulative effect. | |
225 | ||
226 | .TP 8 | |
227 | +\fIn\fR or whitespace\fIn\fR | |
228 | The | |
229 | .IR n th | |
230 | next line, where | |
231 | .I n | |
232 | is a non-negative number. | |
233 | .I whitespace | |
234 | followed by a number | |
235 | .I n | |
236 | is interpreted as | |
237 | .IR +n . | |
238 | ||
239 | .TP 8 | |
240 | , \fRor\fB % | |
241 | The first through last lines in the buffer. This is equivalent to | |
242 | the address range | |
243 | .I 1,$. | |
244 | ||
245 | .TP 8 | |
246 | ; | |
247 | The | |
248 | current through last lines in the buffer. This is equivalent to | |
249 | the address range | |
250 | .I .,$. | |
251 | ||
252 | .TP 8 | |
253 | .RI / re/ | |
254 | The | |
255 | next line containing the regular expression | |
256 | .IR re . | |
257 | The search wraps to the beginning of the buffer and continues down to the | |
258 | current line, if necessary. | |
259 | // repeats the last search. | |
260 | ||
261 | .TP 8 | |
262 | .RI ? re? | |
263 | The | |
264 | previous line containing the regular expression | |
265 | .IR re . | |
266 | The search wraps to the end of the buffer and continues up to the | |
267 | current line, if necessary. | |
268 | ?? repeats the last search. | |
269 | ||
270 | .TP 8 | |
271 | .RI \' lc | |
272 | The | |
273 | line previously marked by a | |
274 | .I `k' | |
275 | (mark) command, where | |
276 | .I lc | |
277 | is a lower case letter. | |
278 | ||
279 | .SS REGULAR EXPRESSIONS | |
280 | Regular expressions are patterns used in selecting text. | |
281 | For example, the | |
282 | .B ed | |
283 | command | |
284 | .sp | |
285 | .RS | |
286 | g/\fIstring\fR/ | |
287 | .RE | |
288 | .sp | |
289 | prints all lines containing | |
290 | .IR string . | |
291 | Regular expressions are also | |
292 | used by the | |
293 | .I `s' | |
294 | command for selecting old text to be replaced with new. | |
295 | ||
296 | In addition to a specifying string literals, regular expressions can | |
297 | represent | |
298 | classes of strings. Strings thus represented are said to be matched | |
299 | by the corresponding regular expression. | |
300 | If it is possible for a regular expression | |
301 | to match several strings in a line, then the left-most longest match is | |
302 | the one selected. | |
303 | ||
304 | The following symbols are used in constructing regular expressions: | |
305 | ||
306 | .TP 8 | |
307 | c | |
308 | Any character | |
309 | .I c | |
310 | not listed below, including `{', '}', `(', `)', `<' and `>', | |
311 | matches itself. | |
312 | ||
313 | .TP 8 | |
314 | \fR\\\fIc\fR | |
315 | Any backslash-escaped character | |
316 | .IR c , | |
317 | except for `{', '}', `(', `)', `<' and `>', | |
318 | matches itself. | |
319 | ||
320 | .TP 8 | |
321 | \fR.\fR | |
322 | Matches any single character. | |
323 | ||
324 | .TP 8 | |
325 | .I [char-class] | |
326 | Matches any single character in | |
327 | .IR char-class . | |
328 | To include a `]' | |
329 | in | |
330 | .IR char-class , | |
331 | it must be the first character. | |
332 | A range of characters may be specified by separating the end characters | |
333 | of the range with a `-', e.g., `a-z' specifies the lower case characters. | |
334 | The following literal expressions can also be used in | |
335 | .I char-class | |
336 | to specify sets of characters: | |
337 | .sp | |
338 | \ \ [:alnum:]\ \ [:cntrl:]\ \ [:lower:]\ \ [:space:] | |
339 | .PD 0 | |
340 | \ \ [:alpha:]\ \ [:digit:]\ \ [:print:]\ \ [:upper:] | |
341 | .PD 0 | |
342 | \ \ [:blank:]\ \ [:graph:]\ \ [:punct:]\ \ [:xdigit:] | |
343 | .sp | |
344 | If `-' appears as the first or last | |
345 | character of | |
346 | .IR char-class , | |
347 | then it matches itself. | |
348 | All other characters in | |
349 | .I char-class | |
350 | match themselves. | |
351 | .sp | |
352 | Patterns in | |
353 | .I char-class | |
354 | of the form: | |
355 | .sp | |
356 | \ \ [.\fIcol-elm\fR.] or, | |
357 | .PD 0 | |
358 | \ \ [=\fIcol-elm\fR=] | |
359 | .sp | |
360 | where | |
361 | .I col-elm | |
362 | is a | |
363 | .I collating element | |
364 | are interpreted according to | |
365 | .IR locale (5) | |
366 | (not currently supported). | |
367 | See | |
368 | .IR regex (3) | |
369 | for an explanation of these constructs. | |
370 | ||
371 | .TP 8 | |
372 | [^\fIchar-class\fR] | |
373 | Matches any single character, other than newline, not in | |
374 | .IR char-class . | |
375 | .IR char-class | |
376 | is defined | |
377 | as above. | |
378 | ||
379 | .TP 8 | |
380 | ^ | |
381 | If `^' is the first character of a regular expression, then it | |
382 | anchors the regular expression to the beginning of a line. | |
383 | Otherwise, it matches itself. | |
384 | ||
385 | .TP 8 | |
386 | $ | |
387 | If `$' is the last character of a regular expression, it | |
388 | anchors the regular expression to the end of a line. | |
389 | Otherwise, it matches itself. | |
390 | ||
391 | .TP 8 | |
392 | \fR\\<\fR | |
393 | Anchors the single character regular expression or subexpression | |
394 | immediately following it to the beginning of a word. | |
395 | (This may not be available) | |
396 | ||
397 | .TP 8 | |
398 | \fR\\>\fR | |
399 | Anchors the single character regular expression or subexpression | |
400 | immediately following it to the end of a word. | |
401 | (This may not be available) | |
402 | ||
403 | .TP 8 | |
404 | \fR\\(\fIre\fR\\)\fR | |
405 | Defines a subexpression | |
406 | .IR re . | |
407 | Subexpressions may be nested. | |
408 | A subsequent backreference of the form \fI`\\n'\fR, where | |
409 | .I n | |
410 | is a number in the range [1,9], expands to the text matched by the | |
411 | .IR n th | |
412 | subexpression. | |
413 | For example, the regular expression `\\(.*\\)\\1' matches any string | |
414 | consisting of identical adjacent substrings. | |
415 | Subexpressions are ordered relative to | |
416 | their left delimiter. | |
417 | ||
418 | .TP 8 | |
419 | * | |
420 | Matches the single character regular expression or subexpression | |
421 | immediately preceding it zero or more times. If '*' is the first | |
422 | character of a regular expression or subexpression, then it matches | |
423 | itself. The `*' operator sometimes yields unexpected results. | |
424 | For example, the regular expression `b*' matches the beginning of | |
425 | the string `abbb' (as opposed to the substring `bbb'), since a null match | |
426 | is the only left-most match. | |
427 | ||
428 | .TP 8 | |
429 | \fR\\{\fIn,m\fR\\}\fR or \fR\\{\fIn,\fR\\}\fR or \fR\\{\fIn\fR\\}\fR | |
430 | Matches the single character regular expression or subexpression | |
431 | immediately preceding it at least | |
432 | .I n | |
433 | and at most | |
434 | .I m | |
435 | times. | |
436 | If | |
437 | .I m | |
438 | is omitted, then it matches at least | |
439 | .I n | |
440 | times. | |
441 | If the comma is also omitted, then it matches exactly | |
442 | .I n | |
443 | times. | |
444 | ||
445 | .LP | |
446 | Additional regular expression operators may be defined depending on the | |
447 | particular | |
448 | .IR regex (3) | |
449 | implementation. | |
450 | ||
451 | .SS COMMANDS | |
452 | All | |
453 | .B ed | |
454 | commands are single characters, though some require additonal parameters. | |
455 | If a command's parameters extend over several lines, then | |
456 | each line except for the last | |
457 | must be terminated with a backslash (\\). | |
458 | ||
459 | In general, at most one command is allowed per line. | |
460 | However, most commands accept a print suffix, which is any of | |
461 | .I `p' | |
462 | (print), | |
463 | .I `l' | |
464 | (list) , | |
465 | or | |
466 | .I `n' | |
467 | (enumerate), | |
468 | to print the last line affected by the command. | |
469 | ||
470 | An interrupt (typically ^C) has the effect of aborting the current command | |
471 | and returning the editor to command mode. | |
472 | ||
473 | .B ed | |
474 | recognizes the following commands. The commands are shown together with | |
475 | the default address or address range supplied if none is | |
476 | specified (in parenthesis). | |
477 | ||
478 | .TP 8 | |
479 | (.)a | |
480 | Appends text to the buffer after the addressed line. | |
481 | Text is entered in input mode. | |
482 | The current address is set to last line entered. | |
483 | ||
484 | .TP 8 | |
485 | (.,.)c | |
486 | Changes lines in the buffer. The addressed lines are deleted | |
487 | from the buffer, and text is appended in their place. | |
488 | Text is entered in input mode. | |
489 | The current address is set to last line entered. | |
490 | ||
491 | .TP 8 | |
492 | (.,.)d | |
493 | Deletes the addressed lines from the buffer. | |
494 | If there is a line after the deleted range, then the current address is set | |
495 | to this line. Otherwise the current address is set to the line | |
496 | before the deleted range. | |
497 | ||
498 | .TP 8 | |
499 | .RI e \ file | |
500 | Edits | |
501 | .IR file , | |
502 | and sets the default filename. | |
503 | If | |
504 | .I file | |
505 | is not specified, then the default filename is used. | |
506 | Any lines in the buffer are deleted before | |
507 | the new file is read. | |
508 | The current address is set to the last line read. | |
509 | ||
510 | .TP 8 | |
511 | .RI e \ !command | |
512 | Edits the standard output of | |
513 | .IR `!command' , | |
514 | executed as described below. | |
515 | The default filename is unchanged. | |
516 | Any lines in the buffer are deleted before the output of | |
517 | .I command | |
518 | is read. | |
519 | The current address is set to the last line read. | |
520 | ||
521 | .TP 8 | |
522 | .RI E \ file | |
523 | Edits | |
524 | .I file | |
525 | unconditionally. | |
526 | This is similar to the | |
527 | .I e | |
528 | command, | |
529 | except that unwritten changes are discarded without warning. | |
530 | The current address is set to the last line read. | |
531 | ||
532 | .TP 8 | |
533 | .RI f \ file | |
534 | Sets the default filename to | |
535 | .IR file . | |
536 | If | |
537 | .I file | |
538 | is not specified, then the default unescaped filename is printed. | |
539 | ||
540 | .TP 8 | |
541 | .RI (1,$)g /re/command-list | |
542 | Applies | |
543 | .I command-list | |
544 | to each of the addressed lines matching a regular expression | |
545 | .IR re . | |
546 | The current address is set to the | |
547 | line currently matched before | |
548 | .I command-list | |
549 | is executed. | |
550 | At the end of the | |
551 | .I `g' | |
552 | command, the current address is set to the last line affected by | |
553 | .IR command-list . | |
554 | ||
555 | Each command in | |
556 | .I command-list | |
557 | must be on a separate line, | |
558 | and every line except for the last must be terminated by a backslash | |
559 | (\\). | |
560 | Any commands are allowed, except for | |
561 | .IR `g' , | |
562 | .IR `G' , | |
563 | .IR `v' , | |
564 | and | |
565 | .IR `V' . | |
566 | A newline alone in | |
567 | .I command-list | |
568 | is equivalent to a | |
569 | .I `p' | |
570 | command. | |
571 | ||
572 | .TP 8 | |
573 | .RI (1,$)G /re/ | |
574 | Interactively edits the addressed lines matching a regular expression | |
575 | .IR re. | |
576 | For each matching line, | |
577 | the line is printed, | |
578 | the current address is set, | |
579 | and the user is prompted to enter a | |
580 | .IR command-list . | |
581 | At the end of the | |
582 | .I `G' | |
583 | command, the current address | |
584 | is set to the last line affected by (the last) | |
585 | .IR command-list . | |
586 | ||
587 | The format of | |
588 | .I command-list | |
589 | is the same as that of the | |
590 | .I `g' | |
591 | command. A newline alone acts as a null command list. | |
592 | A single `&' repeats the last non-null command list. | |
593 | ||
594 | .TP 8 | |
595 | H | |
596 | Toggles the printing of error explanations. | |
597 | By default, explanations are not printed. | |
598 | It is recommended that ed scripts begin with this command to | |
599 | aid in debugging. | |
600 | ||
601 | .TP 8 | |
602 | h | |
603 | Prints an explanation of the last error. | |
604 | ||
605 | .TP 8 | |
606 | (.)i | |
607 | Inserts text in the buffer before the current line. | |
608 | Text is entered in input mode. | |
609 | The current address is set to the last line entered. | |
610 | ||
611 | .TP 8 | |
612 | (.,.+1)j | |
613 | Joins the addressed lines. The addressed lines are | |
614 | deleted from the buffer and replaced by a single | |
615 | line containing their joined text. | |
616 | The current address is set to the resultant line. | |
617 | ||
618 | .TP 8 | |
619 | .RI (.)k lc | |
620 | Marks a line with a lower case letter | |
621 | .IR lc . | |
622 | The line can then be addressed as | |
623 | .I 'lc | |
624 | (i.e., a single quote followed by | |
625 | .I lc | |
626 | ) in subsequent commands. The mark is not cleared until the line is | |
627 | deleted or otherwise modified. | |
628 | ||
629 | .TP 8 | |
630 | (.,.)l | |
631 | Prints the addressed lines unambiguously. | |
632 | The current address is set to the last line | |
633 | printed. | |
634 | ||
635 | .TP 8 | |
636 | (.,.)m(.) | |
637 | Moves lines in the buffer. The addressed lines are moved to after the | |
638 | right-hand destination address, which may be the address | |
639 | .IR 0 | |
640 | (zero). | |
641 | The current address is set to the | |
642 | last line moved. | |
643 | ||
644 | .TP 8 | |
645 | (.,.)n | |
646 | Prints the addressed lines along with | |
647 | their line numbers. The current address is set to the last line | |
648 | printed. | |
649 | ||
650 | .TP 8 | |
651 | (.,.)p | |
652 | Prints the addressed lines. The current address is set to the last line | |
653 | printed. | |
654 | ||
655 | .TP 8 | |
656 | P | |
657 | Toggles the command prompt on and off. | |
658 | Unless a prompt was specified by with command-line option | |
659 | \fI-p string\fR, the command prompt is by default turned off. | |
660 | ||
661 | .TP 8 | |
662 | q | |
663 | Quits ed. | |
664 | ||
665 | .TP 8 | |
666 | Q | |
667 | Quits ed unconditionally. | |
668 | This is similar to the | |
669 | .I q | |
670 | command, | |
671 | except that unwritten changes are discarded without warning. | |
672 | ||
673 | .TP 8 | |
674 | .RI ($)r \ file | |
675 | Reads | |
676 | .I file | |
677 | to after the addressed line. If | |
678 | .I file | |
679 | is not specified, then the default | |
680 | filename is used. If there was no default filename prior to the command, | |
681 | then the default filename is set to | |
682 | .IR file . | |
683 | Otherwise, the default filename is unchanged. | |
684 | The current address is set to the last line read. | |
685 | ||
686 | .TP 8 | |
687 | .RI ($)r \ !command | |
688 | Reads | |
689 | to after the addressed line | |
690 | the standard output of | |
691 | .IR `!command' , | |
692 | executed as described below. | |
693 | The default filename is unchanged. | |
694 | The current address is set to the last line read. | |
695 | ||
696 | .HP | |
697 | .RI (.,.)s /re/replacement/ | |
698 | .PD 0 | |
699 | .HP | |
700 | .RI (.,.)s /re/replacement/\fRg\fR | |
701 | .HP | |
702 | .RI (.,.)s /re/replacement/n | |
703 | .br | |
704 | Replaces text in the addressed lines | |
705 | matching a regular expression | |
706 | .I re | |
707 | with | |
708 | .IR replacement . | |
709 | By default, only the first match in each line is replaced. | |
710 | The | |
711 | .I `g' | |
712 | (global) suffix causes every match to be replaced. | |
713 | The | |
714 | .I `n' | |
715 | suffix, where | |
716 | .I n | |
717 | is a postive number, causes only the | |
718 | .IR n th | |
719 | match to be replaced. | |
720 | It is an error if no substitutions are performed on any of the addressed | |
721 | lines. | |
722 | The current address is set the last line affected. | |
723 | ||
724 | .I re | |
725 | and | |
726 | .I replacement | |
727 | may be delimited by any character other than space and newline. | |
728 | If one or two of the last delimiters is omitted, then the last line | |
729 | affected is printed as though the print suffix | |
730 | .I `p' | |
731 | were specified. | |
732 | ||
733 | ||
734 | An unescaped `&' in | |
735 | .I replacement | |
736 | is replaced by the currently matched text. | |
737 | The character sequence | |
738 | \fI`\\m'\fR, | |
739 | where | |
740 | .I m | |
741 | is a number in the range [1,9], is replaced by the | |
742 | .IR m th | |
743 | backreference expression of the matched text. | |
744 | If | |
745 | .I replacement | |
746 | consists of a single `%', then | |
747 | .I replacement | |
748 | from the last substitution is used. | |
749 | Newlines may be embedded in | |
750 | .I replacement | |
751 | if they are escaped with a backslash (\\). | |
752 | ||
753 | .TP 8 | |
754 | (.,.)s | |
755 | Repeats the last substitution. | |
756 | This form of the | |
757 | .I `s' | |
758 | command may be suffixed with | |
759 | any combination of the characters | |
760 | .IR `r' , | |
761 | .IR `g' , | |
762 | and | |
763 | .IR `p' . | |
764 | The | |
765 | .I `r' | |
766 | suffix causes | |
767 | the regular expression of the last search to be used instead of the | |
768 | that of the last substitution. | |
769 | The | |
770 | .I `g' | |
771 | suffix toggles the global suffix of the last substitution. | |
772 | The | |
773 | .I `p' | |
774 | suffix toggles the print suffix of the last substitution | |
775 | The current address is set to the last line affected. | |
776 | ||
777 | .TP 8 | |
778 | (.,.)t(.) | |
779 | Copies (i.e., transfers) the addressed lines to after the right-hand | |
780 | destination address, which may be the address | |
781 | .IR 0 | |
782 | (zero). | |
783 | The current address is set to the last line | |
784 | copied. | |
785 | ||
786 | .TP 8 | |
787 | u | |
788 | Undoes the last command and restores the current address | |
789 | to what it was before the command. | |
790 | The global commands | |
791 | .IR `g' , | |
792 | .IR `G' , | |
793 | .IR `v' , | |
794 | and | |
795 | .IR `V' . | |
796 | are treated as a single command by undo. | |
797 | .I `u' | |
798 | is its own inverse. | |
799 | ||
800 | .TP 8 | |
801 | .RI (1,$)v /pat/command-list | |
802 | Applies | |
803 | .I command-list | |
804 | to each of the addressed lines not matching a regular expression | |
805 | .IR re . | |
806 | This is similar to the | |
807 | .I `g' | |
808 | command. | |
809 | ||
810 | .TP 8 | |
811 | .RI (1,$)V /re/ | |
812 | Interactively edits the addressed lines not matching a regular expression | |
813 | .IR re. | |
814 | This is similar to the | |
815 | .I `G' | |
816 | command. | |
817 | ||
818 | .TP 8 | |
819 | .RI (1,$)w \ file | |
820 | Writes the addressed lines to | |
821 | .IR file . | |
822 | Any previous contents of | |
823 | .I file | |
824 | is lost without warning. | |
825 | If there is no default filename, then the default filename is set to | |
826 | .IR file, | |
827 | otherwise it is unchanged. If no filename is specified, then the default | |
828 | filename is used. | |
829 | The current address is unchanged. | |
830 | ||
831 | .TP 8 | |
832 | .RI (1,$)wq \ file | |
833 | Writes the addressed lines to | |
834 | .IR file , | |
835 | and then executes a | |
836 | .I `q' | |
837 | command. | |
838 | ||
839 | .TP 8 | |
840 | .RI (1,$)w \ !command | |
841 | Writes the addressed lines to the standard input of | |
842 | .IR `!command' , | |
843 | executed as described below. | |
844 | The default filename and current address are unchanged. | |
845 | ||
846 | .TP 8 | |
847 | .RI (1,$)W \ file | |
848 | Appends the addressed lines to the end of | |
849 | .IR file . | |
850 | This is similar to the | |
851 | .I `w' | |
852 | command, expect that the previous contents of file is not clobbered. | |
853 | The current address is unchanged. | |
854 | ||
855 | .TP 8 | |
856 | x | |
857 | Prompts for an encryption key which is used in subsequent reads and | |
858 | writes. If a newline alone is entered as the key, then encryption is | |
859 | turned off. Otherwise, echoing is disabled while a key is read. | |
860 | Encryption/decryption is done using the bdes(1) algorithm. | |
861 | ||
862 | .TP 8 | |
863 | .RI (.+1)z n | |
864 | Scrolls | |
865 | .I n | |
866 | lines at a time starting at addressed line. If | |
867 | .I n | |
868 | is not specified, then the current window size is used. | |
869 | The current address is set to the last line printed. | |
870 | ||
871 | .TP 8 | |
872 | .RI ! command | |
873 | Executes | |
874 | .I command | |
875 | via | |
876 | .IR sh (1). | |
877 | If the first character of | |
878 | .I command | |
879 | is `!', then it is replaced by text of the | |
880 | previous | |
881 | .IR `!command' . | |
882 | .B ed | |
883 | does not process | |
884 | .I command | |
885 | for backslash (\\) escapes. | |
886 | However, an unescaped | |
887 | .I `%' | |
888 | is replaced by the default filename. | |
889 | When the shell returns from execution, a `!' | |
890 | is printed to the standard output. | |
891 | The current line is unchanged. | |
892 | ||
893 | .TP 8 | |
894 | .RI (.,.)! command | |
895 | Replaces the addressed lines with the output of | |
896 | .I `!command' | |
897 | as described above. | |
898 | The current address is set to the last line read. | |
899 | ||
900 | .TP 8 | |
901 | ($)= | |
902 | Prints the line number of the addressed line. | |
903 | ||
904 | .TP 8 | |
905 | (.+1)newline | |
906 | Prints the addressed line, and sets the current address to | |
907 | that line. | |
908 | ||
909 | .SH FILES | |
910 | .TP 20 | |
911 | /tmp/ed.* | |
912 | Buffer file | |
913 | .PD 0 | |
914 | .TP 20 | |
915 | \fR./ed.hup\fR, $HOME/ed.hup | |
916 | First and second files to which | |
917 | .B ed | |
918 | attempts to write the buffer if the terminal hangs up. | |
919 | ||
920 | .SH SEE ALSO | |
921 | ||
922 | .IR vi (1), | |
923 | .IR sed (1), | |
924 | .IR regex (3), | |
925 | .IR bdes (1), | |
926 | .IR sh (1). | |
927 | ||
928 | USD:12-13 | |
929 | ||
930 | B. W. Kernighan and P. J. Plauger, | |
931 | .I Software Tools in Pascal , | |
932 | Addison-Wesley, 1981. | |
933 | ||
934 | .SH LIMITATIONS | |
935 | .B ed | |
936 | processes | |
937 | .I file | |
938 | arguments for backslash escapes, i.e., in a filename, | |
939 | any characters preceded by a backslash (\\) are | |
940 | interpreted literally. | |
941 | ||
942 | If a text (non-binary) file is not terminated by a newline character, | |
943 | then | |
944 | .B ed | |
945 | appends one on reading/writing it. In the case of a binary file, | |
946 | .B ed | |
947 | does not append a newline on reading/writing. | |
948 | ||
949 | per line overhead: 4 ints | |
950 | ||
951 | .SH DIAGNOSTICS | |
952 | When an error occurs, | |
953 | .B ed | |
954 | prints a `?' and either returns to command mode | |
955 | or exits if its input is from a script. | |
956 | An explanation of the last error can be | |
957 | printed with the | |
958 | .I `h' | |
959 | (help) command. | |
960 | ||
961 | Since the | |
962 | .I `g' | |
963 | (global) command masks any errors from failed searches and substitutions, | |
964 | it can be used to perform conditional operations in scripts; e.g., | |
965 | .sp | |
966 | .RS | |
967 | g/\fIold\fR/s//\fInew\fR/ | |
968 | .RE | |
969 | .sp | |
970 | replaces any occurrences of | |
971 | .I old | |
972 | with | |
973 | .IR new . | |
974 | ||
975 | If diagnostics are not disabled, attempting to quit | |
976 | .B ed | |
977 | or edit another file before writing a modified buffer | |
978 | results in an error. | |
979 | If the command is entered a second time, it succeeds, | |
980 | but any changes to the buffer are lost. |