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c1030a02 TL |
1 | .TH LS 1 |
2 | .SH NAME | |
3 | ls \- list contents of directory | |
4 | .SH SYNOPSIS | |
5 | .B ls | |
6 | [ | |
7 | .B \-ltasdrucifg | |
8 | ] name ... | |
9 | .SH DESCRIPTION | |
10 | For each directory argument, | |
11 | .I ls | |
12 | lists the contents of the directory; | |
13 | for each file argument, | |
14 | .I ls | |
15 | repeats its name and any other information requested. | |
16 | The output is sorted alphabetically by default. | |
17 | When no argument is given, the current directory is listed. | |
18 | When several arguments are given, | |
19 | the arguments are first sorted appropriately, | |
20 | but file arguments appear | |
21 | before directories and their contents. | |
22 | There are several options: | |
23 | .TP | |
24 | .B \-l | |
25 | List in long format, giving mode, number of links, owner, | |
26 | size in bytes, and time of last modification | |
27 | for each file. | |
28 | (See below.) | |
29 | If the file is a special file the size field will instead contain | |
30 | the major and minor device numbers. | |
31 | .TP | |
32 | .B \-t | |
33 | Sort by time modified (latest first) instead of | |
34 | by name, as is normal. | |
35 | .TP | |
36 | .B \-a | |
37 | List all entries; usually | |
38 | .RB ` . ' | |
39 | and | |
40 | .RB ` .. ' | |
41 | are suppressed. | |
42 | .TP | |
43 | .B \-s | |
44 | Give size in blocks, | |
45 | including indirect blocks, for each entry. | |
46 | .TP | |
47 | .B \-d | |
48 | If argument is a directory, list only its name, not | |
49 | its contents (mostly used with | |
50 | .B \-l | |
51 | to get status | |
52 | on directory). | |
53 | .TP | |
54 | .B \-r | |
55 | Reverse the order of sort to get reverse alphabetic | |
56 | or oldest first as appropriate. | |
57 | .TP | |
58 | .B \-u | |
59 | Use time of last access instead of last | |
60 | modification for sorting | |
61 | .RB ( \-t ) | |
62 | or printing | |
63 | .RB ( \-l ). | |
64 | .TP | |
65 | .B \-c | |
66 | Use time of last modification to inode (mode, etc.) | |
67 | instead of last modification to file for sorting | |
68 | .RB ( \-t ) | |
69 | or printing | |
70 | .RB ( \-l ). | |
71 | .TP | |
72 | .B \-i | |
73 | Print i-number in first column | |
74 | of the report for each file listed. | |
75 | .TP | |
76 | .B \-f | |
77 | Force each argument to be interpreted as a directory | |
78 | and list the name found in each slot. | |
79 | This option turns off | |
80 | .B "\-l, \-t, \-s," | |
81 | and | |
82 | .B \-r, | |
83 | and | |
84 | turns on | |
85 | .B \-a; | |
86 | the order is the order in which entries | |
87 | appear in the directory. | |
88 | .TP | |
89 | .B \-g | |
90 | Give group ID instead of owner ID in long listing. | |
91 | .PP | |
92 | The mode printed under the | |
93 | .B \-l | |
94 | option contains 11 characters | |
95 | which are interpreted | |
96 | as follows: | |
97 | the first character is | |
98 | .TP 3 | |
99 | .B d | |
100 | if the entry is a directory; | |
101 | .br | |
102 | .ns | |
103 | .TP 3 | |
104 | .B b | |
105 | if the entry is a block-type special file; | |
106 | .br | |
107 | .ns | |
108 | .TP 3 | |
109 | .B c | |
110 | if the entry is a character-type special file; | |
111 | .br | |
112 | .ns | |
113 | .TP 3 | |
114 | .B \- | |
115 | if the entry is a plain file. | |
116 | .PP | |
117 | The next 9 characters are interpreted | |
118 | as three sets of three bits each. | |
119 | The first set refers to owner permissions; | |
120 | the next to permissions to others in the same user-group; | |
121 | and the last to all others. | |
122 | Within each set the three characters indicate | |
123 | permission respectively to read, to write, or to | |
124 | execute the file as a program. | |
125 | For a directory, `execute' permission is interpreted | |
126 | to mean permission to search the directory | |
127 | for a specified file. | |
128 | The permissions are indicated as follows: | |
129 | .TP 3 | |
130 | .B r | |
131 | if the file is readable; | |
132 | .br | |
133 | .ns | |
134 | .TP 3 | |
135 | .B w | |
136 | if the file is writable; | |
137 | .br | |
138 | .ns | |
139 | .TP 3 | |
140 | .B x | |
141 | if the file is executable; | |
142 | .br | |
143 | .ns | |
144 | .TP 3 | |
145 | .B \- | |
146 | if the indicated permission is not granted. | |
147 | .PP | |
148 | The group-execute permission character is given | |
149 | as | |
150 | .B s | |
151 | if the file has set-group-ID mode; | |
152 | likewise the user-execute permission character is given | |
153 | as | |
154 | .B s | |
155 | if the file has set-user-ID mode. | |
156 | .PP | |
157 | The last character of the mode (normally `x' or `\-') is | |
158 | .B t | |
159 | if the 1000 bit of the mode is on. | |
160 | See | |
161 | .IR chmod (1) | |
162 | for the meaning of this mode. | |
163 | .PP | |
164 | When the sizes of the files in a directory | |
165 | are listed, a total count of blocks, | |
166 | including indirect blocks is printed. | |
167 | .SH FILES | |
168 | /etc/passwd to get user ID's for | |
169 | `ls \-l'. | |
170 | .br | |
171 | /etc/group to get group ID's for | |
172 | `ls \-g'. |