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.\" Copyright (c) 1980 Regents of the University of California.
.\" All rights reserved.  The Berkeley software License Agreement
.\" specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution.
.\"
.\"	@(#)intro.3	6.2 (Berkeley) %G%
.\"
.TH INTRO 3 ""
.UC 4
.SH NAME
intro \- introduction to library functions
.SH DESCRIPTION
This section describes functions that may be found
in various libraries.  The library functions are those other than the
functions which directly invoke UNIX system primitives, described in section 2.
This section has the libraries physically grouped together.  This is a
departure from older versions of the UNIX Programmer's Reference Manual,
which did not group functions by library.
The functions described in this section are grouped into various libraries:
.TP 6n
(3) and (3S)
The straight ``3'' functions are the standard C library functions.  The
C library also includes all the functions described in section 2.  The
3S functions comprise the standard I/O library.  Together with the
(3N), (3X), and (3C) routines, these functions constitute
library \fIlibc\fP,
which is automatically loaded by the C compiler
.IR cc (1),
the Pascal compiler
.IR pc (1),
and the Fortran compiler
.IR f77 (1).
The link editor
.IR ld (1)
searches this library under the `\-lc' option.
Declarations for some of these functions may be obtained
from include files indicated on the appropriate pages.
.TP
(3F)
The 3F functions are all functions callable from FORTRAN.  These
functions perform the same jobs as do the straight ``3'' functions.
.TP
(3M)
These functions constitute the math library,
.IR libm .
They are automatically loaded as needed by the Pascal
compiler
.IR pc (1)
and the Fortran compiler
.IR f77 (1).
The link editor searches this library under the `\-lm' option.
Declarations for these functions may be obtained from the include file
.RI < math.h >.
.TP
(3N)
These functions constitute the internet network library,
.TP 
(3S)
These functions constitute the `standard I/O package', see
.IR intro (3S).
These functions are in the library
.I libc
already mentioned.  Declarations for these functions may be obtained from
the include file
.RI < stdio.h >.
.TP
(3X)
Various specialized libraries have not been given distinctive captions.
Files in which such libraries are found are named on appropriate pages.
.TP
(3C)
Routines included for compatibility with other systems.  In particular,
a number of system call interfaces provided in previous releases of
4BSD have been included for source code compatibility.  The manual page
entry for each compatibility routine indicates the proper interface to use. 
.SH FILES
.nf
/lib/libc.a
/usr/lib/libm.a
/usr/lib/libc_p.a
/usr/lib/libm_p.a
.fi
.SH SEE ALSO
intro(3C),
intro(3S),
intro(3F),
intro(3M),
intro(3N),
nm(1),
ld(1),
cc(1),
f77(1),
intro(2)
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
Functions in the math library (3M) may return
conventional values when the function is undefined for the
given arguments or when the value is not representable.
In these cases the external variable
.I errno
(see
.IR intro (2))
is set to the value EDOM (domain error) or ERANGE (range error).
The values of EDOM and ERANGE are defined in the include file
.RI < math.h >.
.SH "LIST OF FUNCTIONS"
.sp 2
.nf
.ta \w'getprotobynumber'u+2n +\w'getprotoent'u+10n
\fIName\fP	\fIAppears on Page\fP	\fIDescription\fP
.ta \w'getprotobynumber'u+4n +\w'getprotoent'u+4n
.sp 5p
abort	abort.3	generate a fault
abort	abort.3f	abnormal termination
abs	abs.3	integer absolute value
access	access.3f	determine accessability of a file
acos	sin.3m	trigonometric functions
alarm	alarm.3c	schedule signal after specified time
alarm	alarm.3f	execute a subroutine after a specified time
alloca	malloc.3	memory allocator
arc	plot.3f	f77 interface to plot(3x)
arc	plot.3x	graphics interface
asctime	ctime.3	convert date and time to ASCII
asin	sin.3m	trigonometric functions
assert	assert.3x	program verification
atan	sin.3m	trigonometric functions
atan2	sin.3m	trigonometric functions
atof	atof.3	convert ASCII to numbers
atoi	atof.3	convert ASCII to numbers
atol	atof.3	convert ASCII to numbers
bcmp	bstring.3	bit and byte string operations
bcopy	bstring.3	bit and byte string operations
bessel	bessel.3f	bessel functions of two kinds for integer orders
bit	bit.3f	and, or, xor, not, rshift, lshift bitwise functions
box	plot.3f	f77 interface to plot(3x)
bzero	bstring.3	bit and byte string operations
cabs	hypot.3m	Euclidean distance
calloc	malloc.3	memory allocator
ceil	floor.3m	absolute value, floor, ceiling functions
chdir	chdir.3f	change default directory
chmod	chmod.3f	change mode of a file
circle	plot.3f	f77 interface to plot(3x)
circle	plot.3x	graphics interface
clearerr	ferror.3s	stream status inquiries
closedir	directory.3	directory operations
closelog	syslog.3	control system log
closepl	plot.3x	graphics interface
clospl	plot.3f	f77 interface to plot(3x)
cont	plot.3f	f77 interface to plot(3x)
cont	plot.3x	graphics interface
cos	sin.3m	trigonometric functions
cosh	sinh.3m	hyperbolic functions
crypt	crypt.3	DES encryption
ctime	ctime.3	convert date and time to ASCII
ctime	time.3f	return system time
curses	curses.3x	screen functions with ``optimal'' cursor motion
dbminit	dbm.3x	data base subroutines
delete	dbm.3x	data base subroutines
dffrac	flmin.3f	return extreme values
dflmax	flmin.3f	return extreme values
dflmin	flmin.3f	return extreme values
drand	rand.3f	return random values
drandm	random.3f	better random number generator
dtime	etime.3f	return elapsed execution time
ecvt	ecvt.3	output conversion
edata	end.3	last locations in program
encrypt	crypt.3	DES encryption
end	end.3	last locations in program
endfsent	getfsent.3x	get file system descriptor file entry
endgrent	getgrent.3	get group file entry
endhostent	gethostent.3n	get network host entry
endnetent	getnetent.3n	get network entry
endprotoent	getprotoent.3n	get protocol entry
endpwent	getpwent.3	get password file entry
endservent	getservent.3n	get service entry
environ	execl.3	execute a file
erase	plot.3f	f77 interface to plot(3x)
erase	plot.3x	graphics interface
etext	end.3	last locations in program
etime	etime.3f	return elapsed execution time
exec	execl.3	execute a file
exece	execl.3	execute a file
execl	execl.3	execute a file
execle	execl.3	execute a file
execlp	execl.3	execute a file
exect	execl.3	execute a file
execv	execl.3	execute a file
execvp	execl.3	execute a file
exit	exit.3	terminate a process after flushing any pending output
exit	exit.3f	terminate process with status
exp	exp.3m	exponential, logarithm, power, square root
fabs	floor.3m	absolute value, floor, ceiling functions
falloc	malloc.3f	memory allocator
fclose	fclose.3s	close or flush a stream
fcvt	ecvt.3	output conversion
fdate	fdate.3f	return date and time in an ASCII string
feof	ferror.3s	stream status inquiries
ferror	ferror.3s	stream status inquiries
fetch	dbm.3x	data base subroutines
fflush	fclose.3s	close or flush a stream
ffrac	flmin.3f	return extreme values
ffs	bstring.3	bit and byte string operations
fgetc	getc.3f	get a character from a logical unit
fgetc	getc.3s	get character or word from stream
fgets	gets.3s	get a string from a stream
fileno	ferror.3s	stream status inquiries
firstkey	dbm.3x	data base subroutines
flmax	flmin.3f	return extreme values
flmin	flmin.3f	return extreme values
floor	floor.3m	absolute value, floor, ceiling functions
flush	flush.3f	flush output to a logical unit
fopen	fopen.3s	open a stream
fork	fork.3f	create a copy of this process
fpecnt	trpfpe.3f	trap and repair floating point faults
fprintf	printf.3s	formatted output conversion
fputc	putc.3f	write a character to a fortran logical unit
fputc	putc.3s	put character or word on a stream
fputs	puts.3s	put a string on a stream
fread	fread.3s	buffered binary input/output
free	malloc.3	memory allocator
free	malloc.3f	memory allocator
frexp	frexp.3	split into mantissa and exponent
fscanf	scanf.3s	formatted input conversion
fseek	fseek.3f	reposition a file on a logical unit
fseek	fseek.3s	reposition a stream
fstat	stat.3f	get file status
ftell	fseek.3f	reposition a file on a logical unit
ftell	fseek.3s	reposition a stream
ftime	time.3c	get date and time
fwrite	fread.3s	buffered binary input/output
gamma	gamma.3m	log gamma function
gcvt	ecvt.3	output conversion
gerror	perror.3f	get system error messages
getarg	getarg.3f	return command line arguments
getc	getc.3f	get a character from a logical unit
getc	getc.3s	get character or word from stream
getchar	getc.3s	get character or word from stream
getcwd	getcwd.3f	get pathname of current working directory
getdiskbyname	getdisk.3x	get disk description by its name
getenv	getenv.3	value for environment name
getenv	getenv.3f	get value of environment variables
getfsent	getfsent.3x	get file system descriptor file entry
getfsfile	getfsent.3x	get file system descriptor file entry
getfsspec	getfsent.3x	get file system descriptor file entry
getfstype	getfsent.3x	get file system descriptor file entry
getgid	getuid.3f	get user or group ID of the caller
getgrent	getgrent.3	get group file entry
getgrgid	getgrent.3	get group file entry
getgrnam	getgrent.3	get group file entry
gethostbyaddr	gethostent.3n	get network host entry
gethostbyname	gethostent.3n	get network host entry
gethostent	gethostent.3n	get network host entry
getlog	getlog.3f	get user's login name
getlogin	getlogin.3	get login name
getnetbyaddr	getnetent.3n	get network entry
getnetbyname	getnetent.3n	get network entry
getnetent	getnetent.3n	get network entry
getpass	getpass.3	read a password
getpid	getpid.3f	get process id
getprotobyname	getprotoent.3n	get protocol entry
getprotobynumber	getprotoent.3n	get protocol entry
getprotoent	getprotoent.3n	get protocol entry
getpw	getpw.3	get name from uid
getpwent	getpwent.3	get password file entry
getpwnam	getpwent.3	get password file entry
getpwuid	getpwent.3	get password file entry
gets	gets.3s	get a string from a stream
getservbyname	getservent.3n	get service entry
getservbyport	getservent.3n	get service entry
getservent	getservent.3n	get service entry
getuid	getuid.3f	get user or group ID of the caller
getw	getc.3s	get character or word from stream
getwd	getwd.3	get current working directory pathname
gmtime	ctime.3	convert date and time to ASCII
gmtime	time.3f	return system time
gtty	stty.3c	set and get terminal state (defunct)
hostnm	hostnm.3f	get name of current host
htonl	byteorder.3n	convert values between host and network byte order
htons	byteorder.3n	convert values between host and network byte order
hypot	hypot.3m	Euclidean distance
iargc	getarg.3f	return command line arguments
idate	idate.3f	return date or time in numerical form
ierrno	perror.3f	get system error messages
index	index.3f	tell about character objects
index	string.3	string operations
inet_addr	inet.3n	Internet address manipulation routines
inet_lnaof	inet.3n	Internet address manipulation routines
inet_makeaddr	inet.3n	Internet address manipulation routines
inet_netof	inet.3n	Internet address manipulation routines
inet_network	inet.3n	Internet address manipulation routines
initgroups	initgroups.3x	initialize group access list
initstate	random.3	better random number generator
inmax	flmin.3f	return extreme values
insque	insque.3	insert/remove element from a queue
ioinit	ioinit.3f	change f77 I/O initialization
irand	rand.3f	return random values
irandm	random.3f	better random number generator
isalnum	ctype.3	character classification macros
isalpha	ctype.3	character classification macros
isascii	ctype.3	character classification macros
isatty	ttynam.3f	find name of a terminal port
isatty	ttyname.3	find name of a terminal
iscntrl	ctype.3	character classification macros
isdigit	ctype.3	character classification macros
islower	ctype.3	character classification macros
isprint	ctype.3	character classification macros
ispunct	ctype.3	character classification macros
isspace	ctype.3	character classification macros
isupper	ctype.3	character classification macros
itime	idate.3f	return date or time in numerical form
j0	j0.3m	bessel functions
j1	j0.3m	bessel functions
jn	j0.3m	bessel functions
kill	kill.3f	send a signal to a process
label	plot.3f	f77 interface to plot(3x)
label	plot.3x	graphics interface
ldexp	frexp.3	split into mantissa and exponent
len	index.3f	tell about character objects
lib2648	lib2648.3x	subroutines for the HP 2648 graphics terminal
line	plot.3f	f77 interface to plot(3x)
line	plot.3x	graphics interface
linemd	plot.3f	f77 interface to plot(3x)
linemod	plot.3x	graphics interface
link	link.3f	make a link to an existing file
lnblnk	index.3f	tell about character objects
loc	loc.3f	return the address of an object
localtime	ctime.3	convert date and time to ASCII
log	exp.3m	exponential, logarithm, power, square root
log10	exp.3m	exponential, logarithm, power, square root
long	long.3f	integer object conversion
longjmp	setjmp.3	non-local goto
lstat	stat.3f	get file status
ltime	time.3f	return system time
malloc	malloc.3	memory allocator
malloc	malloc.3f	memory allocator
mktemp	mktemp.3	make a unique file name
modf	frexp.3	split into mantissa and exponent
moncontrol	monitor.3	prepare execution profile
monitor	monitor.3	prepare execution profile
monstartup	monitor.3	prepare execution profile
move	plot.3f	f77 interface to plot(3x)
move	plot.3x	graphics interface
nextkey	dbm.3x	data base subroutines
nice	nice.3c	set program priority
nlist	nlist.3	get entries from name list
ntohl	byteorder.3n	convert values between host and network byte order
ntohs	byteorder.3n	convert values between host and network byte order
opendir	directory.3	directory operations
openlog	syslog.3	control system log
openpl	plot.3f	f77 interface to plot(3x)
openpl	plot.3x	graphics interface
pause	pause.3c	stop until signal
pclose	popen.3	initiate I/O to/from a process
perror	perror.3	system error messages
perror	perror.3f	get system error messages
point	plot.3f	f77 interface to plot(3x)
point	plot.3x	graphics interface
popen	popen.3	initiate I/O to/from a process
pow	exp.3m	exponential, logarithm, power, square root
printf	printf.3s	formatted output conversion
psignal	psignal.3	system signal messages
putc	putc.3f	write a character to a fortran logical unit
putc	putc.3s	put character or word on a stream
putchar	putc.3s	put character or word on a stream
puts	puts.3s	put a string on a stream
putw	putc.3s	put character or word on a stream
qsort	qsort.3	quicker sort
qsort	qsort.3f	quick sort
rand	rand.3c	random number generator
rand	rand.3f	return random values
random	random.3	better random number generator
random	random.3f	better random number generator
rcmd	rcmd.3x	routines for returning a stream to a remote command
re_comp	regex.3	regular expression handler
re_exec	regex.3	regular expression handler
readdir	directory.3	directory operations
realloc	malloc.3	memory allocator
remque	insque.3	insert/remove element from a queue
rename	rename.3f	rename a file
rewind	fseek.3s	reposition a stream
rewinddir	directory.3	directory operations
rexec	rexec.3x	return stream to a remote command
rindex	index.3f	tell about character objects
rindex	string.3	string operations
rresvport	rcmd.3x	routines for returning a stream to a remote command
ruserok	rcmd.3x	routines for returning a stream to a remote command
scandir	scandir.3	scan a directory
scanf	scanf.3s	formatted input conversion
seekdir	directory.3	directory operations
setbuf	setbuf.3s	assign buffering to a stream
setbuffer	setbuf.3s	assign buffering to a stream
setegid	setuid.3	set user and group ID
seteuid	setuid.3	set user and group ID
setfsent	getfsent.3x	get file system descriptor file entry
setgid	setuid.3	set user and group ID
setgrent	getgrent.3	get group file entry
sethostent	gethostent.3n	get network host entry
setjmp	setjmp.3	non-local goto
setkey	crypt.3	DES encryption
setlinebuf	setbuf.3s	assign buffering to a stream
setnetent	getnetent.3n	get network entry
setprotoent	getprotoent.3n	get protocol entry
setpwent	getpwent.3	get password file entry
setrgid	setuid.3	set user and group ID
setruid	setuid.3	set user and group ID
setservent	getservent.3n	get service entry
setstate	random.3	better random number generator
setuid	setuid.3	set user and group ID
short	long.3f	integer object conversion
signal	signal.3	simplified software signal facilities
signal	signal.3f	change the action for a signal
sin	sin.3m	trigonometric functions
sinh	sinh.3m	hyperbolic functions
sleep	sleep.3	suspend execution for interval
sleep	sleep.3f	suspend execution for an interval
space	plot.3f	f77 interface to plot(3x)
space	plot.3x	graphics interface
sprintf	printf.3s	formatted output conversion
sqrt	exp.3m	exponential, logarithm, power, square root
srand	rand.3c	random number generator
srandom	random.3	better random number generator
sscanf	scanf.3s	formatted input conversion
stat	stat.3f	get file status
stdio	intro.3s	standard buffered input/output package
store	dbm.3x	data base subroutines
strcat	string.3	string operations
strcmp	string.3	string operations
strcpy	string.3	string operations
strlen	string.3	string operations
strncat	string.3	string operations
strncmp	string.3	string operations
strncpy	string.3	string operations
stty	stty.3c	set and get terminal state (defunct)
swab	swab.3	swap bytes
sys_errlist	perror.3	system error messages
sys_nerr	perror.3	system error messages
sys_siglist	psignal.3	system signal messages
syslog	syslog.3	control system log
system	system.3	issue a shell command
system	system.3f	execute a \s-2UNIX\s0 command
tan	sin.3m	trigonometric functions
tanh	sinh.3m	hyperbolic functions
tclose	topen.3f	f77 tape I/O
telldir	directory.3	directory operations
tgetent	termcap.3x	terminal independent operation routines
tgetflag	termcap.3x	terminal independent operation routines
tgetnum	termcap.3x	terminal independent operation routines
tgetstr	termcap.3x	terminal independent operation routines
tgoto	termcap.3x	terminal independent operation routines
time	time.3c	get date and time
time	time.3f	return system time
times	times.3c	get process times
timezone	ctime.3	convert date and time to ASCII
topen	topen.3f	f77 tape I/O
tputs	termcap.3x	terminal independent operation routines
traper	traper.3f	trap arithmetic errors
trapov	trapov.3f	trap and repair floating point overflow
tread	topen.3f	f77 tape I/O
trewin	topen.3f	f77 tape I/O
trpfpe	trpfpe.3f	trap and repair floating point faults
tskipf	topen.3f	f77 tape I/O
tstate	topen.3f	f77 tape I/O
ttynam	ttynam.3f	find name of a terminal port
ttyname	ttyname.3	find name of a terminal
ttyslot	ttyname.3	find name of a terminal
twrite	topen.3f	f77 tape I/O
ungetc	ungetc.3s	push character back into input stream
unlink	unlink.3f	remove a directory entry
utime	utime.3c	set file times
valloc	valloc.3	aligned memory allocator
varargs	varargs.3	variable argument list
vlimit	vlimit.3c	control maximum system resource consumption
vtimes	vtimes.3c	get information about resource utilization
wait	wait.3f	wait for a process to terminate
y0	j0.3m	bessel functions
y1	j0.3m	bessel functions
yn	j0.3m	bessel functions
.fi