[unix-history] / usr / share / man / cat1 / ls.0

LS(1)                        BSD Reference Manual                        LS(1)

N\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
     l\bls\bs - list directory contents

S\bSY\bYN\bNO\bOP\bPS\bSI\bIS\bS
     l\bls\bs [-\b-C\bCF\bFR\bRa\bac\bcd\bdi\bil\blq\bqr\brs\bst\btu\bu1\b1] [_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be _\b._\b._\b.]

D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
     For each operand that names a _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be of a type other than directory, l\bls\bs
     displays its name as well as any requested, associated information.  For
     each operand that names a _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be of type directory, l\bls\bs displays the names
     of files contained within that directory, as well as any requested, asso-
     ciated information.

     If no operands are given, the contents of the current directory are dis-
     played.  If more than one operand is given, non-directory operands are
     displayed first; directory and non-directory operands are sorted sepa-
     rately and in lexicographical order.

     The following options are available:

     -\b-A\bA      List all entries except for `.' and `..'. Always set for the su-
             per-user.

     -\b-C\bC      Force multi-column output; this is the default when output is to
             a terminal.

     -\b-F\bF      Display a slash (/) immediately after each pathname that is a di-
             rectory, an asterisk (*) after each that is executable, and an at
             sign (@) after each symbolic link.

     -\b-L\bL      If argument is a symbolic link, list the file or directory the
             link references rather than the link itself.

     -\b-R\bR      Recursively list subdirectories encountered.

     -\b-T\bT      Display complete time information for the file, including month,
             day, hour, minute, second, and year.

     -\b-a\ba      Include directory entries whose names begin with a dot (.).

     -\b-c\bc      Use time when file status was last changed for sorting or print-
             ing.

     -\b-d\bd      Directories are listed as plain files (not searched recursively)
             and symbolic links in the argument list are not indirected
             through.

     -\b-f\bf      Output is not sorted.

     -\b-i\bi      For each file, print the file's file serial number (inode num-
             ber).

     -\b-l\bl      (The lowercase letter ``ell.'')  List in long format. (See be-
             low.)  If the output is to a terminal, a total sum for all the
             file sizes is output on a line before the long listing.

     -\b-o\bo      Include the file flags in a long (-\b-l\bl) output

     -\b-q\bq      Force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as the
             character `?'; this is the default when output is to a terminal.

     -\b-r\br      Reverse the order of the sort to get reverse lexicographical or-

             der or the oldest entries first.

     -\b-s\bs      Display the number of file system blocks actually used by each
             file, in units of 512 bytes, where partial units are rounded up
             to the next integer value.  If the output is to a terminal, a to-
             tal sum for all the file sizes is output on a line before the
             listing.

     -\b-t\bt      Sort by time modified (most recently modified first) before sort-
             ing the operands by lexicographical order.

     -\b-u\bu      Use time of last access, instead of last modification of the file
             for sorting (-\b-t\bt) or printing (-\b-l\bl).

     -\b-1\b1      (The numeric digit ``one.'')  Force output to be one entry per
             line.  This is the default when output is not to a terminal.

     The -\b-1\b1, -\b-C\bC, and -\b-l\bl options all override each other; the last one speci-
     fied determines the format used.

     The -\b-c\bc, and -\b-u\bu options override each other; the last one specified deter-
     mines the file time used.

     By default, l\bls\bs lists one entry per line to standard output; the excep-
     tions are to terminals or when the -\b-C\bC option is specified.

     File information is displayed with one or more <blank>s separating the
     information associated with the -\b-i\bi, -\b-s\bs, and -\b-l\bl options.

   T\bTh\bhe\be L\bLo\bon\bng\bg F\bFo\bor\brm\bma\bat\bt
     If the -\b-l\bl option is given, the following information is displayed for
     each file: file mode, number of links, owner name, group name, number of
     bytes in the file, abbreviated month, day-of-month file was last modi-
     fied, hour file last modified, minute file last modified, and the path-
     name.  In addition, for each directory whose contents are displayed, the
     total number of 512-byte blocks used by the files in the directory is
     displayed on a line by itself immediately before the information for the
     files in the directory.

     If the owner or group names are not a known user or group name the numer-
     ic ID's are displayed.

     If the file is a character special or block special file, the major and
     minor device numbers for the file are displayed in the size field. If the
     file is a symbolic link the pathname of the linked-to file is preceded by
     ``->''.

     The file mode printed under the -l option consists of the the entry type,
     owner permissions, and group permissions.  The entry type character de-
     scribes the type of file, as follows:

           b\bb     Block special file.
           c\bc     Character special file.
           d\bd     Directory.
           l\bl     Symbolic link.
           s\bs     Socket link.
           -\b-     Regular file.

     The next three fields are three characters each: owner permissions, group
     permissions, and other permissions.  Each field has three character posi-
     tions:

           1.   If r\br, the file is readable; if -\b-, it is not readable.


           2.   If w\bw, the file is writable; if -\b-, it is not writable.

           3.   The first of the following that applies:

                      S\bS     If in the owner permissions, the file is not exe-
                            cutable and set-user-ID mode is set.  If in the
                            group permissions, the file is not executable and
                            set-group-ID mode is set.

                      s\bs     If in the owner permissions, the file is exe-
                            cutable and set-user-ID mode is set.  If in the
                            group permissions, the file is executable and set-
                            group-ID mode is set.

                      x\bx     The file is executable or the directory is search-
                            able.

                      -\b-     The file is neither readable, writeable, exec-
                            tutable, or set-user-ID or set-group-ID mode nor
                            sticky. (See below.)

                These next two apply only to the third character in the last
                group (other permissions).

                      T\bT     The sticky bit is set (mode 1000), but not execute
                            or search permission. (See chmod(1) or sticky(8).)


                      t\bt     The sticky bit is set (mode 1000), and is
                            searcheable or executable.  (See chmod(1) or
                            sticky(8).)

     The l\bls\bs utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.

E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTA\bAL\bL V\bVA\bAR\bRI\bIA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS
     The following environment variables affect the execution of l\bls\bs:

     BLOCKSIZE  If the environmental variable BLOCKSIZE is set, the block
                counts (see -\b-s\bs) will be displayed in units of that size block.

     COLUMNS    If this variable contains a string representing a decimal in-
                teger, it is used as the column position width for displaying
                multiple-text-column output.  The l\bls\bs utility calculates how
                many pathname text columns to display based on the width pro-
                vided.  (See -\b-C\bC.)

C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY
     The group field is now automatically included in the long listing for
     files in order to be compatible with the IEEE Std1003.2 (``POSIX'') spec-
     ification.

S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
     chmod(1),  symlink(7),  sticky(8)

H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
     A l\bls\bs command appeared in Version 6 AT&T UNIX.

S\bST\bTA\bAN\bND\bDA\bAR\bRD\bDS\bS
     The l\bls\bs function is expected to be a superset of the IEEE Std1003.2
     (``POSIX'') specification.

4.4BSD                           May 31, 1993                                3
Commit	Line	Data
16469013 C	1	LS(1) BSD Reference Manual LS(1)
	2
	3	N\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
	4	l\bls\bs - list directory contents
	5
	6	S\bSY\bYN\bNO\bOP\bPS\bSI\bIS\bS
	7	l\bls\bs [-\b-C\bCF\bFR\bRa\bac\bcd\bdi\bil\blq\bqr\brs\bst\btu\bu1\b1] [_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be _\b._\b._\b.]
	8
	9	D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
	10	For each operand that names a _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be of a type other than directory, l\bls\bs
	11	displays its name as well as any requested, associated information. For
	12	each operand that names a _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be of type directory, l\bls\bs displays the names
	13	of files contained within that directory, as well as any requested, asso-
	14	ciated information.
	15
	16	If no operands are given, the contents of the current directory are dis-
	17	played. If more than one operand is given, non-directory operands are
	18	displayed first; directory and non-directory operands are sorted sepa-
	19	rately and in lexicographical order.
	20
	21	The following options are available:
	22
	23	-\b-A\bA List all entries except for `.' and `..'. Always set for the su-
	24	per-user.
	25
	26	-\b-C\bC Force multi-column output; this is the default when output is to
	27	a terminal.
	28
	29	-\b-F\bF Display a slash (/) immediately after each pathname that is a di-
	30	rectory, an asterisk (*) after each that is executable, and an at
	31	sign (@) after each symbolic link.
	32
	33	-\b-L\bL If argument is a symbolic link, list the file or directory the
	34	link references rather than the link itself.
	35
	36	-\b-R\bR Recursively list subdirectories encountered.
	37
	38	-\b-T\bT Display complete time information for the file, including month,
	39	day, hour, minute, second, and year.
	40
	41	-\b-a\ba Include directory entries whose names begin with a dot (.).
	42
	43	-\b-c\bc Use time when file status was last changed for sorting or print-
	44	ing.
	45
	46	-\b-d\bd Directories are listed as plain files (not searched recursively)
	47	and symbolic links in the argument list are not indirected
	48	through.
	49
	50	-\b-f\bf Output is not sorted.
	51
	52	-\b-i\bi For each file, print the file's file serial number (inode num-
	53	ber).
	54
	55	-\b-l\bl (The lowercase letter ``ell.'') List in long format. (See be-
	56	low.) If the output is to a terminal, a total sum for all the
	57	file sizes is output on a line before the long listing.
	58
	59	-\b-o\bo Include the file flags in a long (-\b-l\bl) output
	60
	61	-\b-q\bq Force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as the
	62	character `?'; this is the default when output is to a terminal.
	63
	64	-\b-r\br Reverse the order of the sort to get reverse lexicographical or-
65
66	der or the oldest entries first.
67
68	-\b-s\bs Display the number of file system blocks actually used by each
69	file, in units of 512 bytes, where partial units are rounded up
70	to the next integer value. If the output is to a terminal, a to-
71	tal sum for all the file sizes is output on a line before the
72	listing.
73
74	-\b-t\bt Sort by time modified (most recently modified first) before sort-
75	ing the operands by lexicographical order.
76
77	-\b-u\bu Use time of last access, instead of last modification of the file
78	for sorting (-\b-t\bt) or printing (-\b-l\bl).
79
80	-\b-1\b1 (The numeric digit ``one.'') Force output to be one entry per
81	line. This is the default when output is not to a terminal.
82
83	The -\b-1\b1, -\b-C\bC, and -\b-l\bl options all override each other; the last one speci-
84	fied determines the format used.
85
86	The -\b-c\bc, and -\b-u\bu options override each other; the last one specified deter-
87	mines the file time used.
88
89	By default, l\bls\bs lists one entry per line to standard output; the excep-
90	tions are to terminals or when the -\b-C\bC option is specified.
91
92	File information is displayed with one or more <blank>s separating the
93	information associated with the -\b-i\bi, -\b-s\bs, and -\b-l\bl options.
94
95	T\bTh\bhe\be L\bLo\bon\bng\bg F\bFo\bor\brm\bma\bat\bt
96	If the -\b-l\bl option is given, the following information is displayed for
97	each file: file mode, number of links, owner name, group name, number of
98	bytes in the file, abbreviated month, day-of-month file was last modi-
99	fied, hour file last modified, minute file last modified, and the path-
100	name. In addition, for each directory whose contents are displayed, the
101	total number of 512-byte blocks used by the files in the directory is
102	displayed on a line by itself immediately before the information for the
103	files in the directory.
104
105	If the owner or group names are not a known user or group name the numer-
106	ic ID's are displayed.
107
108	If the file is a character special or block special file, the major and
109	minor device numbers for the file are displayed in the size field. If the
110	file is a symbolic link the pathname of the linked-to file is preceded by
111	``->''.
112
113	The file mode printed under the -l option consists of the the entry type,
114	owner permissions, and group permissions. The entry type character de-
115	scribes the type of file, as follows:
116
117	b\bb Block special file.
118	c\bc Character special file.
119	d\bd Directory.
120	l\bl Symbolic link.
121	s\bs Socket link.
122	-\b- Regular file.
123
124	The next three fields are three characters each: owner permissions, group
125	permissions, and other permissions. Each field has three character posi-
126	tions:
127
128	1. If r\br, the file is readable; if -\b-, it is not readable.
129
130
131
132	2. If w\bw, the file is writable; if -\b-, it is not writable.
133
134	3. The first of the following that applies:
135
136	S\bS If in the owner permissions, the file is not exe-
137	cutable and set-user-ID mode is set. If in the
138	group permissions, the file is not executable and
139	set-group-ID mode is set.
140
141	s\bs If in the owner permissions, the file is exe-
142	cutable and set-user-ID mode is set. If in the
143	group permissions, the file is executable and set-
144	group-ID mode is set.
145
146	x\bx The file is executable or the directory is search-
147	able.
148
149	-\b- The file is neither readable, writeable, exec-
150	tutable, or set-user-ID or set-group-ID mode nor
151	sticky. (See below.)
152
153	These next two apply only to the third character in the last
154	group (other permissions).
155
156	T\bT The sticky bit is set (mode 1000), but not execute
157	or search permission. (See chmod(1) or sticky(8).)
158
159
160	t\bt The sticky bit is set (mode 1000), and is
161	searcheable or executable. (See chmod(1) or
162	sticky(8).)
163
164	The l\bls\bs utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.
165
166	E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bTA\bAL\bL V\bVA\bAR\bRI\bIA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS
167	The following environment variables affect the execution of l\bls\bs:
168
169	BLOCKSIZE If the environmental variable BLOCKSIZE is set, the block
170	counts (see -\b-s\bs) will be displayed in units of that size block.
171
172	COLUMNS If this variable contains a string representing a decimal in-
173	teger, it is used as the column position width for displaying
174	multiple-text-column output. The l\bls\bs utility calculates how
175	many pathname text columns to display based on the width pro-
176	vided. (See -\b-C\bC.)
177
178	C\bCO\bOM\bMP\bPA\bAT\bTI\bIB\bBI\bIL\bLI\bIT\bTY\bY
179	The group field is now automatically included in the long listing for
180	files in order to be compatible with the IEEE Std1003.2 (``POSIX'') spec-
181	ification.
182
183	S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
184	chmod(1), symlink(7), sticky(8)
185
186	H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
187	A l\bls\bs command appeared in Version 6 AT&T UNIX.
188
189	S\bST\bTA\bAN\bND\bDA\bAR\bRD\bDS\bS
190	The l\bls\bs function is expected to be a superset of the IEEE Std1003.2
191	(``POSIX'') specification.
192
193	4.4BSD May 31, 1993 3