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1 | .\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1983 The Regents of the University of California. |
2 | .\" All rights reserved. | |
61da1838 | 3 | .\" |
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4 | .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without |
5 | .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions | |
6 | .\" are met: | |
7 | .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright | |
8 | .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. | |
9 | .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright | |
10 | .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the | |
11 | .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. | |
12 | .\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software | |
13 | .\" must display the following acknowledgement: | |
14 | .\" This product includes software developed by the University of | |
15 | .\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. | |
16 | .\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors | |
17 | .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software | |
18 | .\" without specific prior written permission. | |
61da1838 | 19 | .\" |
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20 | .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND |
21 | .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE | |
22 | .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE | |
23 | .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE | |
24 | .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL | |
25 | .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS | |
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30 | .\" SUCH DAMAGE. | |
31 | .\" | |
32 | .\" @(#)format.8 6.6 (Berkeley) 4/20/91 | |
33 | .\" | |
34 | .TH FORMAT 8 "April 20, 1991" | |
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35 | .UC 4 |
36 | .SH NAME | |
8a383557 | 37 | format \- how to format disk packs |
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38 | .SH DESCRIPTION |
39 | .PP | |
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40 | There are two ways to format disk packs. The simplest is to |
41 | use the | |
42 | .I format | |
43 | program. The alternative is to use the DEC standard formatting | |
44 | software which operates under the DEC diagnostic supervisor. | |
45 | This manual page describes the operation of | |
46 | .IR format , | |
47 | then concludes with some remarks about using the DEC formatter. | |
48 | .PP | |
49 | .I Format | |
50 | is a standalone program used to | |
51 | format and check disks prior to constructing | |
52 | file systems. | |
53 | In addition to the formatting | |
54 | operation, | |
55 | .I format | |
56 | records any bad sectors encountered | |
57 | according to DEC standard 144. | |
58 | Formatting is performed one track at a | |
59 | time by writing the appropriate | |
60 | headers and a test pattern and then checking | |
61 | the sector by reading and verifying the pattern, using | |
62 | the controller's ECC for error detection. | |
63 | A sector is marked bad if an unrecoverable media | |
64 | error is detected, or if a correctable | |
478653dc | 65 | ECC error too many bits in length |
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66 | is detected (such errors are indicated as |
67 | ``ECC'' in the summary printed upon | |
68 | completing the format operation). | |
69 | After the entire disk | |
70 | has been formatted and checked, | |
71 | the total number of errors are reported, | |
72 | any bad sectors and skip sectors are marked, | |
73 | and a bad sector forwarding table | |
74 | is written to the disk in the first five | |
75 | even numbered sectors of the last track. | |
478653dc MK |
76 | It is also possible to reformat sections of the disk |
77 | in units of tracks. | |
8a383557 KM |
78 | .I Format |
79 | may be used on any UNIBUS or MASSBUS drive | |
80 | supported by the \fIup\fP and \fIhp\fP device | |
81 | drivers which uses 4-byte headers (everything except RP's). | |
82 | .PP | |
83 | The test pattern used during the media check | |
84 | may be selected from one of: 0xf00f (RH750 worst case), | |
85 | 0xec6d (media worst case), and 0xa5a5 (alternating | |
86 | 1's and 0's). | |
87 | Normally the media worst case pattern is used. | |
88 | .PP | |
89 | .I Format | |
9d89e5d6 | 90 | also has an option to perform an extended \*(lqsevere burn-in,\*(rq |
478653dc MK |
91 | which makes a number of passes using different patterns. |
92 | The number of passes can be selected at run time, | |
b0a48957 | 93 | up to a maximum of 48, |
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94 | with provision for additional passes or termination |
95 | after the preselected number of passes. | |
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96 | This test runs for many hours, depending on the disk and processor. |
97 | .PP | |
98 | Each time | |
99 | .I format | |
478653dc MK |
100 | is run to format an entire disk, |
101 | a completely new bad sector table is generated | |
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102 | based on errors encountered while formatting. |
103 | The device driver, however, will always attempt to | |
104 | read any existing bad sector table when the device is | |
105 | first opened. | |
106 | Thus, if a disk pack has never previously been formatted, | |
107 | or has been formatted with different sectoring, | |
108 | five error messages will be printed when the driver attempts | |
109 | to read the bad sector table; these diagnostics should be ignored. | |
110 | .PP | |
111 | Formatting a 400 megabyte disk on a MASSBUS disk controller | |
112 | usually takes about 20 minutes. | |
113 | Formatting on a UNIBUS disk controller takes significantly | |
114 | longer. | |
115 | For every hundredth cylinder formatted | |
116 | .I format | |
117 | prints a message indicating the current cylinder being formatted. | |
118 | (This message is just to reassure people that nothing is | |
119 | is amiss.) | |
120 | .PP | |
121 | .I Format | |
478653dc | 122 | uses the standard notation of the standalone I/O library |
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123 | in identifying a drive to be formatted. A drive is |
124 | specified as | |
125 | .IR zz ( x , y ), | |
126 | where | |
127 | .I zz | |
128 | refers to the controller type (either | |
129 | .I hp | |
130 | or | |
131 | .IR up ), | |
132 | .I x | |
133 | is the unit number of the drive; | |
134 | 8 times the UNIBUS or MASSBUS | |
135 | adaptor number plus the MASSBUS drive number or UNIBUS | |
136 | drive unit number; and | |
137 | .I y | |
138 | is the file system partition | |
139 | on drive | |
140 | .I x | |
141 | (this should always be 0). | |
142 | For example, ``hp(1,0)'' indicates that drive | |
143 | 1 on MASSBUS adaptor 0 should be formatted; while | |
478653dc | 144 | ``up(10,0)'' indicates that UNIBUS drive 2 on UNIBUS adaptor 1 |
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145 | should be formatted. |
146 | .PP | |
147 | Before each formatting attempt, | |
148 | .I format | |
149 | prompts the user in case debugging should be enabled | |
150 | in the appropriate device driver. A carriage return | |
151 | disables debugging information. | |
152 | .PP | |
153 | .I Format | |
154 | should be used prior to building file systems (with | |
155 | .IR newfs (8)) | |
478653dc | 156 | to insure that all sectors with uncorrectable media errors |
8a383557 | 157 | are remapped. If a drive develops uncorrectable |
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158 | defects after formatting, either |
159 | .IR bad144 (8) | |
160 | or | |
8a383557 | 161 | .IR badsect (8) |
478653dc | 162 | should be able to avoid the bad sectors. |
8a383557 KM |
163 | .SH EXAMPLE |
164 | A sample run of | |
165 | .I format | |
166 | is shown below. | |
167 | In this example (using a VAX-11/780), | |
168 | .I format | |
169 | is loaded from the console floppy; | |
170 | on an 11/750 | |
171 | .I format | |
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172 | will be loaded from the root file system with |
173 | .IR boot (8) | |
174 | following a \*(lqB/3\*(rq command. | |
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175 | Boldface means user input. |
176 | As usual, ``#'' and ``@'' may be used to edit input. | |
177 | .nf | |
178 | .in +0.5i | |
179 | .ta 1i | |
180 | .sp 1 | |
181 | >>>\fBL FORMAT\fP | |
182 | LOAD DONE, 00004400 BYTES LOADED | |
183 | >>>\fBS 2\fP | |
184 | Disk format/check utility | |
185 | .sp | |
186 | Enable debugging (0=none, 1=bse, 2=ecc, 3=bse+ecc)? \fB0\fP | |
478653dc | 187 | Device to format? \fBhp(8,0)\fP |
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188 | (\fIerror messages may occur as old bad sector table is read\fP) |
189 | Formatting drive hp0 on adaptor 1: verify (yes/no)? \fByes\fP | |
190 | Device data: #cylinders=842, #tracks=20, #sectors=48 | |
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191 | Starting cylinder (0): |
192 | Starting track (0): | |
193 | Ending cylinder (841): | |
194 | Ending track (19): | |
8a383557 | 195 | Available test patterns are: |
478653dc MK |
196 | .in +1.0i |
197 | 1 - (f00f) RH750 worst case | |
198 | 2 - (ec6d) media worst case | |
199 | 3 - (a5a5) alternating 1's and 0's | |
200 | 4 - (ffff) Severe burnin (up to 48 passes) | |
201 | .in -1.0i | |
8a383557 | 202 | Pattern (one of the above, other to restart)? \fB2\fP |
478653dc | 203 | Maximum number of bit errors to allow for soft ECC (3): |
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204 | Start formatting...make sure the drive is online |
205 | ... | |
206 | (\fIsoft ecc's and other errors are reported as they occur\fP) | |
207 | ... | |
208 | (\fIif 4 write check errors were found, the program terminates like this...\fP) | |
209 | ... | |
210 | Errors: | |
8a383557 | 211 | Bad sector: 0 |
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212 | Write check: 4 |
213 | Hard ECC: 0 | |
214 | Other hard: 0 | |
215 | Marked bad: 0 | |
216 | Skipped: 0 | |
217 | Total of 4 hard errors revectored. | |
218 | Writing bad sector table at block 808272 | |
219 | (\fI808272 is the block # of the first block in the bad sector table\fP) | |
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220 | Done |
221 | (\fI...program restarts to allow formatting other disks\fP) | |
222 | (\fI...to abort halt machine with ^P\fP) | |
8a383557 KM |
223 | .fi |
224 | .sp 1 | |
225 | .SH DIAGNOSTICS | |
226 | The diagnostics are intended to be self explanatory. | |
227 | .SH "USING DEC SOFTWARE TO FORMAT" | |
228 | .PP | |
229 | .B "Warning: These instructions are for people with 11/780 CPU's." | |
230 | The steps needed for 11/750 or 11/730 cpu's are similar, but not | |
231 | covered in detail here. | |
232 | .I | |
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233 | .PP |
234 | The formatting procedures are different for each type of disk. Listed | |
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235 | here are the formatting procedures for RK07's, RP0X, and RM0X |
236 | disks. | |
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237 | .PP |
238 | You should shut down UNIX and halt the machine to do any disk formatting. | |
239 | Make certain you put in the pack you want formatted. It is also a good idea | |
240 | to spin down or write protect the disks you don't want to format, just in case. | |
241 | .PP | |
8a383557 KM |
242 | .B "Formatting an RK07." |
243 | Load the console floppy labeled, "RX11 VAX DSK LD DEV #1" in | |
244 | the console disk drive, and type the following commands: | |
245 | .RS | |
61da1838 | 246 | .nf |
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247 | >>>BOOT |
248 | DIAGNOSTIC SUPERVISOR. ZZ-ESSAA-X5.0-119 23-JAN-1980 12:44:40.03 | |
249 | DS>ATTACH DW780 SBI DW0 3 5 | |
250 | DS>ATTACH RK611 DMA | |
251 | DS>ATTACH RK07 DW0 DMA0 | |
252 | DS>SELECT DMA0 | |
253 | DS>LOAD EVRAC | |
254 | DS>START/SEC:PACKINIT | |
61da1838 | 255 | .fi |
8a383557 | 256 | .RE |
61da1838 | 257 | .PP |
8a383557 KM |
258 | .B "Formatting an RP0X." |
259 | Follow the above procedures except that the | |
260 | ATTACH and SELECT lines should read: | |
261 | .RS | |
61da1838 | 262 | .nf |
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263 | DS>ATTACH RH780 SBI RH0 8 5 |
264 | DS>ATTACH RP0X RH0 DBA0 (RP0X is, e.g. RP06) | |
265 | DS>SELECT DBA0 | |
61da1838 | 266 | .fi |
8a383557 | 267 | .RE |
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268 | .PP |
269 | This is for drive 0 on mba0; use 9 instead of 8 for mba1, etc. | |
270 | .PP | |
8a383557 KM |
271 | .B "Formatting an RM0X." |
272 | Follow the above procedures except that the | |
273 | ATTACH and SELECT lines should read: | |
274 | .RS | |
61da1838 | 275 | .nf |
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276 | DS>ATTACH RH780 SBI RH0 8 5 |
277 | DS>ATTACH RM0X RH0 DRA0 | |
278 | DS>SELECT DRA0 | |
61da1838 | 279 | .fi |
8a383557 | 280 | .RE |
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281 | .PP |
282 | Don't forget to put your UNIX console floppy back | |
283 | in the floppy disk drive. | |
284 | .SH SEE ALSO | |
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285 | bad144(8), |
286 | badsect(8), | |
287 | newfs(8) | |
288 | .SH BUGS | |
289 | An equivalent facility should be available which operates under | |
290 | a running UNIX system. | |
291 | .PP | |
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292 | It should be possible to reformat or verify part or all of a disk, |
293 | then update the existing bad sector table. |