| 1 | |
| 2 | |
| 3 | |
| 4 | LESS(1) LESS(1) |
| 5 | |
| 6 | |
| 7 | N\bNA\bAM\bME\bE |
| 8 | less - opposite of more |
| 9 | |
| 10 | S\bSY\bYN\bNO\bOP\bPS\bSI\bIS\bS |
| 11 | l\ble\bes\bss\bs -\b-?\b? |
| 12 | l\ble\bes\bss\bs [\b[-\b-[\b[+\b+]\b]a\baB\bBc\bcC\bCd\bde\beE\bEf\bfH\bHi\bim\bmM\bMn\bnN\bNq\bqQ\bQr\brs\bsS\bSu\buU\bUw\bw]\b] |
| 13 | [\b[-\b-b\bb _\bb_\bu_\bf_\bs]\b] [\b[-\b-h\bh _\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\bs]\b] [\b[-\b-j\bj _\bl_\bi_\bn_\be]\b] [\b[-\b-k\bk _\bk_\be_\by_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be]\b] |
| 14 | [\b[-\b-{\b{o\boO\bO}\b} _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be]\b] [\b[-\b-p\bp _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn]\b] [\b[-\b-P\bP _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt]\b] [\b[-\b-t\bt _\bt_\ba_\bg]\b] |
| 15 | [\b[-\b-T\bT _\bt_\ba_\bg_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be]\b] [\b[-\b-x\bx _\bt_\ba_\bb]\b] [\b[-\b-y\by _\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\bs]\b] [\b[-\b-[\b[z\bz]\b] _\bl_\bi_\bn_\be_\bs]\b] |
| 16 | [\b[+\b+[\b[+\b+]\b]_\bc_\bm_\bd]\b] [\b[_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be]\b].\b..\b..\b. |
| 17 | |
| 18 | |
| 19 | D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN |
| 20 | _\bL_\be_\bs_\bs is a program similar to _\bm_\bo_\br_\be (1), but which allows |
| 21 | backward movement in the file as well as forward movement. |
| 22 | Also, _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs does not have to read the entire input file |
| 23 | before starting, so with large input files it starts up |
| 24 | faster than text editors like _\bv_\bi (1). _\bL_\be_\bs_\bs uses termcap |
| 25 | (or terminfo on some systems), so it can run on a variety |
| 26 | of terminals. There is even limited support for hardcopy |
| 27 | terminals. (On a hardcopy terminal, lines which should be |
| 28 | printed at the top of the screen are prefixed with an up- |
| 29 | arrow.) |
| 30 | |
| 31 | Commands are based on both _\bm_\bo_\br_\be and _\bv_\bi_\b. Commands may be |
| 32 | preceded by a decimal number, called N in the descriptions |
| 33 | below. The number is used by some commands, as indicated. |
| 34 | |
| 35 | |
| 36 | C\bCO\bOM\bMM\bMA\bAN\bND\bDS\bS |
| 37 | In the following descriptions, ^X means control-X. ESC |
| 38 | stands for the ESCAPE key; for example ESC-v means the two |
| 39 | character sequence "ESCAPE", then "v". |
| 40 | |
| 41 | h or H Help: display a summary of these commands. If you |
| 42 | forget all the other commands, remember this one. |
| 43 | |
| 44 | |
| 45 | SPACE or ^V or f or ^F |
| 46 | Scroll forward N lines, default one window (see |
| 47 | option -z below). If N is more than the screen |
| 48 | size, only the final screenful is displayed. Warn- |
| 49 | ing: some systems use ^V as a special literaliza- |
| 50 | tion character. |
| 51 | |
| 52 | |
| 53 | z Like SPACE, but if N is specified, it becomes the |
| 54 | new window size. |
| 55 | |
| 56 | |
| 57 | RETURN or ^N or e or ^E or j or ^J |
| 58 | Scroll forward N lines, default 1. The entire N |
| 59 | lines are displayed, even if N is more than the |
| 60 | screen size. |
| 61 | |
| 62 | |
| 63 | |
| 64 | 1 |
| 65 | |
| 66 | |
| 67 | |
| 68 | |
| 69 | |
| 70 | LESS(1) LESS(1) |
| 71 | |
| 72 | |
| 73 | d or ^D |
| 74 | Scroll forward N lines, default one half of the |
| 75 | screen size. If N is specified, it becomes the new |
| 76 | default for subsequent d and u commands. |
| 77 | |
| 78 | |
| 79 | b or ^B or ESC-v |
| 80 | Scroll backward N lines, default one window (see |
| 81 | option -z below). If N is more than the screen |
| 82 | size, only the final screenful is displayed. |
| 83 | |
| 84 | |
| 85 | w Like ESC-v, but if N is specified, it becomes the |
| 86 | new window size. |
| 87 | |
| 88 | |
| 89 | y or ^Y or ^P or k or ^K |
| 90 | Scroll backward N lines, default 1. The entire N |
| 91 | lines are displayed, even if N is more than the |
| 92 | screen size. Warning: some systems use ^Y as a |
| 93 | special job control character. |
| 94 | |
| 95 | |
| 96 | u or ^U |
| 97 | Scroll backward N lines, default one half of the |
| 98 | screen size. If N is specified, it becomes the new |
| 99 | default for subsequent d and u commands. |
| 100 | |
| 101 | |
| 102 | r or ^R or ^L |
| 103 | Repaint the screen. |
| 104 | |
| 105 | |
| 106 | R Repaint the screen, discarding any buffered input. |
| 107 | Useful if the file is changing while it is being |
| 108 | viewed. |
| 109 | |
| 110 | |
| 111 | F Scroll forward, and keep trying to read when the |
| 112 | end of file is reached. Normally this command |
| 113 | would be used when already at the end of the file. |
| 114 | It is a way to monitor the tail of a file which is |
| 115 | growing while it is being viewed. (The behavior is |
| 116 | similar to the "tail -f" command.) |
| 117 | |
| 118 | |
| 119 | g or < or ESC-< |
| 120 | Go to line N in the file, default 1 (beginning of |
| 121 | file). (Warning: this may be slow if N is large.) |
| 122 | |
| 123 | |
| 124 | G or > or ESC-> |
| 125 | Go to line N in the file, default the end of the |
| 126 | file. (Warning: this may be slow if N is large, or |
| 127 | |
| 128 | |
| 129 | |
| 130 | 2 |
| 131 | |
| 132 | |
| 133 | |
| 134 | |
| 135 | |
| 136 | LESS(1) LESS(1) |
| 137 | |
| 138 | |
| 139 | if N is not specified and standard input, rather |
| 140 | than a file, is being read.) |
| 141 | |
| 142 | |
| 143 | p or % Go to a position N percent into the file. N should |
| 144 | be between 0 and 100. (This works if standard |
| 145 | input is being read, but only if _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs has already |
| 146 | read to the end of the file. It is always fast, |
| 147 | but not always useful.) |
| 148 | |
| 149 | |
| 150 | { If a left curly bracket appears in the top line |
| 151 | displayed on the screen, the { command will go to |
| 152 | the matching right curly bracket. The matching |
| 153 | right curly bracket is positioned on the bottom |
| 154 | line of the screen. If there is more than one left |
| 155 | curly bracket on the top line, a number N may be |
| 156 | used to specify the N-th bracket on the line. |
| 157 | |
| 158 | |
| 159 | } If a right curly bracket appears in the bottom line |
| 160 | displayed on the screen, the } command will go to |
| 161 | the matching left curly bracket. The matching left |
| 162 | curly bracket is positioned on the top line of the |
| 163 | screen. If there is more than one right curly |
| 164 | bracket on the top line, a number N may be used to |
| 165 | specify the N-th bracket on the line. |
| 166 | |
| 167 | |
| 168 | ( Like {, but applies to parentheses rather than |
| 169 | curly brackets. |
| 170 | |
| 171 | |
| 172 | ) Like }, but applies to parentheses rather than |
| 173 | curly brackets. |
| 174 | |
| 175 | |
| 176 | [ Like {, but applies to square brackets rather than |
| 177 | curly brackets. |
| 178 | |
| 179 | |
| 180 | ] Like }, but applies to square brackets rather than |
| 181 | curly brackets. |
| 182 | |
| 183 | |
| 184 | ESC-^F Followed by two characters, acts like {, but uses |
| 185 | the two characters as open and close brackets, |
| 186 | respectively. For example, "ESC ^F < >" could be |
| 187 | used to go forward to the > which matches the < in |
| 188 | the top displayed line. |
| 189 | |
| 190 | ESC-^B Followed by two characters, acts like }, but uses |
| 191 | the two characters as open and close brackets, |
| 192 | respectively. For example, "ESC ^B < >" could be |
| 193 | |
| 194 | |
| 195 | |
| 196 | 3 |
| 197 | |
| 198 | |
| 199 | |
| 200 | |
| 201 | |
| 202 | LESS(1) LESS(1) |
| 203 | |
| 204 | |
| 205 | used to go backward to the < which matches the > in |
| 206 | the bottom displayed line. |
| 207 | |
| 208 | m Followed by any lowercase letter, marks the current |
| 209 | position with that letter. |
| 210 | |
| 211 | |
| 212 | ' (Single quote.) Followed by any lowercase letter, |
| 213 | returns to the position which was previously marked |
| 214 | with that letter. Followed by another single |
| 215 | quote, returns to the position at which the last |
| 216 | "large" movement command was executed. Followed by |
| 217 | a ^ or $, jumps to the beginning or end of the file |
| 218 | respectively. Marks are preserved when a new file |
| 219 | is examined, so the ' command can be used to switch |
| 220 | between input files. |
| 221 | |
| 222 | |
| 223 | ^X^X Same as single quote. |
| 224 | |
| 225 | |
| 226 | /pattern |
| 227 | Search forward in the file for the N-th line con- |
| 228 | taining the pattern. N defaults to 1. The pattern |
| 229 | is a regular expression, as recognized by _\be_\bd_\b. The |
| 230 | search starts at the second line displayed (but see |
| 231 | the -a and -j options, which change this). |
| 232 | |
| 233 | Certain characters are special if entered at the |
| 234 | beginning of the pattern; they modify the type of |
| 235 | search rather than become part of the pattern: |
| 236 | |
| 237 | ! Search for lines which do NOT match the pat- |
| 238 | tern. |
| 239 | |
| 240 | * Search multiple files. That is, if the |
| 241 | search reaches the end of the current file |
| 242 | without finding a match, the search contin- |
| 243 | ues in the next file in the command line |
| 244 | list. |
| 245 | |
| 246 | @ Begin the search at the first line of the |
| 247 | first file in the command line list, regard- |
| 248 | less of what is currently displayed on the |
| 249 | screen or the settings of the -a or -j |
| 250 | options. |
| 251 | |
| 252 | |
| 253 | ?pattern |
| 254 | Search backward in the file for the N-th line con- |
| 255 | taining the pattern. The search starts at the line |
| 256 | immediately before the top line displayed. |
| 257 | |
| 258 | Certain characters are special as in the / command: |
| 259 | |
| 260 | |
| 261 | |
| 262 | 4 |
| 263 | |
| 264 | |
| 265 | |
| 266 | |
| 267 | |
| 268 | LESS(1) LESS(1) |
| 269 | |
| 270 | |
| 271 | ! Search for lines which do NOT match the pat- |
| 272 | tern. |
| 273 | |
| 274 | * Search multiple files. That is, if the |
| 275 | search reaches the beginning of the current |
| 276 | file without finding a match, the search |
| 277 | continues in the previous file in the com- |
| 278 | mand line list. |
| 279 | |
| 280 | @ Begin the search at the last line of the |
| 281 | last file in the command line list, regard- |
| 282 | less of what is currently displayed on the |
| 283 | screen or the settings of the -a or -j |
| 284 | options. |
| 285 | |
| 286 | |
| 287 | ESC-/pattern |
| 288 | Same as "/*". |
| 289 | |
| 290 | |
| 291 | ESC-?pattern |
| 292 | Same as "?*". |
| 293 | |
| 294 | |
| 295 | n Repeat previous search, for N-th line containing |
| 296 | the last pattern. If the previous search was modi- |
| 297 | fied by !, the search is made for the N-th line NOT |
| 298 | containing the pattern. If the previous search was |
| 299 | modified by *, the search continues in the next (or |
| 300 | previous) file if not satisfied in the current |
| 301 | file. There is no effect if the previous search |
| 302 | was modified by @. |
| 303 | |
| 304 | |
| 305 | N Repeat previous search, but in the reverse direc- |
| 306 | tion. |
| 307 | |
| 308 | |
| 309 | ESC-n Repeat previous search, but crossing file bound- |
| 310 | aries. The effect is as if the previous search |
| 311 | were modified by *. |
| 312 | |
| 313 | |
| 314 | ESC-N Repeat previous search, but in the reverse direc- |
| 315 | tion and crossing file boundaries. |
| 316 | |
| 317 | |
| 318 | :e [filename] |
| 319 | Examine a new file. If the filename is missing, |
| 320 | the "current" file (see the :n and :p commands |
| 321 | below) from the list of files in the command line |
| 322 | is re-examined. A percent sign (%) in the filename |
| 323 | is replaced by the name of the current file. A |
| 324 | pound sign (#) is replaced by the name of the |
| 325 | |
| 326 | |
| 327 | |
| 328 | 5 |
| 329 | |
| 330 | |
| 331 | |
| 332 | |
| 333 | |
| 334 | LESS(1) LESS(1) |
| 335 | |
| 336 | |
| 337 | previously examined file. The filename is inserted |
| 338 | into the command line list of files so that it can |
| 339 | be seen by subsequent :n and :p commands. If the |
| 340 | filename consists of several files, they are all |
| 341 | inserted into the list of files and the first one |
| 342 | is examined. |
| 343 | |
| 344 | |
| 345 | ^X^V or E |
| 346 | Same as :e. Warning: some systems use ^V as a spe- |
| 347 | cial literalization character. |
| 348 | |
| 349 | |
| 350 | :n Examine the next file (from the list of files given |
| 351 | in the command line). If a number N is specified, |
| 352 | the N-th next file is examined. |
| 353 | |
| 354 | |
| 355 | :p Examine the previous file in the command line list. |
| 356 | If a number N is specified, the N-th previous file |
| 357 | is examined. |
| 358 | |
| 359 | |
| 360 | :x Examine the first file in the command line list. |
| 361 | If a number N is specified, the N-th file in the |
| 362 | list is examined. |
| 363 | |
| 364 | |
| 365 | = or ^G or :f |
| 366 | Prints some information about the file being |
| 367 | viewed, including its name and the line number and |
| 368 | byte offset of the bottom line being displayed. If |
| 369 | possible, it also prints the length of the file, |
| 370 | the number of lines in the file and the percent of |
| 371 | the file above the last displayed line. |
| 372 | |
| 373 | |
| 374 | - Followed by one of the command line option letters |
| 375 | (see below), this will change the setting of that |
| 376 | option and print a message describing the new set- |
| 377 | ting. If the option letter has a numeric value |
| 378 | (such as -b or -h), or a string value (such as -P |
| 379 | or -t), a new value may be entered after the option |
| 380 | letter. If no new value is entered, a message |
| 381 | describing the current setting is printed and noth- |
| 382 | ing is changed. |
| 383 | |
| 384 | |
| 385 | -+ Followed by one of the command line option letters |
| 386 | (see below), this will reset the option to its |
| 387 | default setting and print a message describing the |
| 388 | new setting. (The "-+_\bX" command does the same |
| 389 | thing as "-+_\bX" on the command line.) This does not |
| 390 | work for string-valued options. |
| 391 | |
| 392 | |
| 393 | |
| 394 | 6 |
| 395 | |
| 396 | |
| 397 | |
| 398 | |
| 399 | |
| 400 | LESS(1) LESS(1) |
| 401 | |
| 402 | |
| 403 | -- Followed by one of the command line option letters |
| 404 | (see below), this will reset the option to the |
| 405 | "opposite" of its default setting and print a mes- |
| 406 | sage describing the new setting. (The "--_\bX" com- |
| 407 | mand does the same thing as "-_\bX" on the command |
| 408 | line.) This does not work for numeric or string- |
| 409 | valued options. |
| 410 | |
| 411 | |
| 412 | _ (Underscore.) Followed by one of the command line |
| 413 | option letters (see below), this will print a mes- |
| 414 | sage describing the current setting of that option. |
| 415 | The setting of the option is not changed. |
| 416 | |
| 417 | |
| 418 | +cmd Causes the specified cmd to be executed each time a |
| 419 | new file is examined. For example, +G causes _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs |
| 420 | to initially display each file starting at the end |
| 421 | rather than the beginning. |
| 422 | |
| 423 | |
| 424 | V Prints the version number of _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs being run. |
| 425 | |
| 426 | |
| 427 | q or :q or :Q or ZZ or ESC ESC |
| 428 | Exits _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs_\b. |
| 429 | |
| 430 | The following three commands may or may not be valid, |
| 431 | depending on your particular installation. |
| 432 | |
| 433 | |
| 434 | v Invokes an editor to edit the current file being |
| 435 | viewed. The editor is taken from the environment |
| 436 | variable EDITOR, or defaults to "vi". See also the |
| 437 | discussion of LESSEDIT under the section on PROMPTS |
| 438 | below. |
| 439 | |
| 440 | |
| 441 | ! shell-command |
| 442 | Invokes a shell to run the shell-command given. A |
| 443 | percent sign (%) in the command is replaced by the |
| 444 | name of the current file. A pound sign (#) is |
| 445 | replaced by the name of the previously examined |
| 446 | file. "!!" repeats the last shell command. "!" |
| 447 | with no shell command simply invokes a shell. In |
| 448 | all cases, the shell is taken from the environment |
| 449 | variable SHELL, or defaults to "sh". |
| 450 | |
| 451 | |
| 452 | | <m> shell-command |
| 453 | <m> represents any mark letter. Pipes a section of |
| 454 | the input file to the given shell command. The |
| 455 | section of the file to be piped is between the |
| 456 | first line on the current screen and the position |
| 457 | |
| 458 | |
| 459 | |
| 460 | 7 |
| 461 | |
| 462 | |
| 463 | |
| 464 | |
| 465 | |
| 466 | LESS(1) LESS(1) |
| 467 | |
| 468 | |
| 469 | marked by the letter. <m> may also be ^ or $ to |
| 470 | indicate beginning or end of file respectively. If |
| 471 | <m> is . or newline, the current screen is piped. |
| 472 | |
| 473 | |
| 474 | O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS |
| 475 | Command line options are described below. Most options |
| 476 | may be changed while _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs is running, via the "-" command. |
| 477 | |
| 478 | Options are also taken from the environment variable |
| 479 | "LESS". For example, to avoid typing "less -options ..." |
| 480 | each time _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs is invoked, you might tell _\bc_\bs_\bh_\b: |
| 481 | |
| 482 | setenv LESS "-options" |
| 483 | |
| 484 | or if you use _\bs_\bh_\b: |
| 485 | |
| 486 | LESS="-options"; export LESS |
| 487 | |
| 488 | The environment variable is parsed before the command |
| 489 | line, so command line options override the LESS environ- |
| 490 | ment variable. If an option appears in the LESS variable, |
| 491 | it can be reset to its default on the command line by |
| 492 | beginning the command line option with "-+". |
| 493 | |
| 494 | A dollar sign ($) may be used to signal the end of an |
| 495 | option string. This is important only for options like -P |
| 496 | which take a following string. |
| 497 | |
| 498 | -? This option displays a summary of the commands |
| 499 | accepted by _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs (the same as the h command). If |
| 500 | this option is given, all other options are |
| 501 | ignored, and _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs exits after the help screen is |
| 502 | viewed. (Depending on how your shell interprets |
| 503 | the question mark, it may be necessary to quote the |
| 504 | question mark, thus: "-\?".) |
| 505 | |
| 506 | -a Causes searches to start after the last line dis- |
| 507 | played on the screen, thus skipping all lines dis- |
| 508 | played on the screen. By default, searches start |
| 509 | at the second line on the screen (or after the last |
| 510 | found line; see the -j option). |
| 511 | |
| 512 | -b_\bn Causes _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs to use a non-standard number of |
| 513 | buffers. Buffers are 1K, and by default 10 buffers |
| 514 | are used (except if data in coming from standard |
| 515 | input; see the -B option). The number _\bn specifies |
| 516 | a different number of buffers to use. |
| 517 | |
| 518 | -B Disables automatic allocation of buffers, so that |
| 519 | only the default number of buffers are used. If |
| 520 | more data is read than will fit in the buffers, the |
| 521 | oldest data is discarded. By default, when data is |
| 522 | coming from standard input, buffers are allocated |
| 523 | |
| 524 | |
| 525 | |
| 526 | 8 |
| 527 | |
| 528 | |
| 529 | |
| 530 | |
| 531 | |
| 532 | LESS(1) LESS(1) |
| 533 | |
| 534 | |
| 535 | automatically as needed to avoid loss of data. |
| 536 | |
| 537 | -c Causes full screen repaints to be painted from the |
| 538 | top line down. By default, full screen repaints |
| 539 | are done by scrolling from the bottom of the |
| 540 | screen. |
| 541 | |
| 542 | -C The -C option is like -c, but the screen is cleared |
| 543 | before it is repainted. |
| 544 | |
| 545 | -d The -d option suppresses the error message normally |
| 546 | displayed if the terminal is dumb; that is, lacks |
| 547 | some important capability, such as the ability to |
| 548 | clear the screen or scroll backward. The -d option |
| 549 | does not otherwise change the behavior of _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs on a |
| 550 | dumb terminal). |
| 551 | |
| 552 | -e Causes _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs to automatically exit the second time |
| 553 | it reaches end-of-file. By default, the only way |
| 554 | to exit _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs is via the "q" command. |
| 555 | |
| 556 | -E Causes _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs to automatically exit the first time it |
| 557 | reaches end-of-file. |
| 558 | |
| 559 | -f Forces non-regular files to be opened. (A non- |
| 560 | regular file is a directory or a device special |
| 561 | file.) Also suppresses the warning message when a |
| 562 | binary file is opened. By default, _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs will |
| 563 | refuse to open non-regular files. |
| 564 | |
| 565 | -h_\bn Specifies a maximum number of lines to scroll back- |
| 566 | ward. If it is necessary to scroll backward more |
| 567 | than _\bn lines, the screen is repainted in a forward |
| 568 | direction instead. (If the terminal does not have |
| 569 | the ability to scroll backward, -h0 is implied.) |
| 570 | |
| 571 | -i Causes searches to ignore case; that is, uppercase |
| 572 | and lowercase are considered identical. Also, text |
| 573 | which is overstruck or underlined can be searched |
| 574 | for. This option is ignored if any uppercase let- |
| 575 | ters appear in the search pattern. |
| 576 | |
| 577 | -j_\bn Specifies a line on the screen where "target" lines |
| 578 | are to be positioned. Target lines are the object |
| 579 | of text searches, tag searches, jumps to a line |
| 580 | number, jumps to a file percentage, and jumps to a |
| 581 | marked position. The screen line is specified by a |
| 582 | number: the top line on the screen is 1, the next |
| 583 | is 2, and so on. The number may be negative to |
| 584 | specify a line relative to the bottom of the |
| 585 | screen: the bottom line on the screen is -1, the |
| 586 | second to the bottom is -2, and so on. If the -j |
| 587 | option is used, searches begin at the line immedi- |
| 588 | ately after the target line. For example, if "-j4" |
| 589 | |
| 590 | |
| 591 | |
| 592 | 9 |
| 593 | |
| 594 | |
| 595 | |
| 596 | |
| 597 | |
| 598 | LESS(1) LESS(1) |
| 599 | |
| 600 | |
| 601 | is used, the target line is the fourth line on the |
| 602 | screen, so searches begin at the fifth line on the |
| 603 | screen. |
| 604 | |
| 605 | -k_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be |
| 606 | Causes _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs to open and interpret the named file as |
| 607 | a _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs_\bk_\be_\by (1) file. Multiple -k options may be |
| 608 | specified. If a file called .less exists in the |
| 609 | user's home directory, this file is also used as a |
| 610 | _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs_\bk_\be_\by file. |
| 611 | |
| 612 | -m Causes _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs to prompt verbosely (like _\bm_\bo_\br_\be), with |
| 613 | the percent into the file. By default, _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs |
| 614 | prompts with a colon. |
| 615 | |
| 616 | -M Causes _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs to prompt even more verbosely than |
| 617 | _\bm_\bo_\br_\be_\b. |
| 618 | |
| 619 | -n Suppresses line numbers. The default (to use line |
| 620 | numbers) may cause _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs to run more slowly in some |
| 621 | cases, especially with a very large input file. |
| 622 | Suppressing line numbers with the -n flag will |
| 623 | avoid this problem. Using line numbers means: the |
| 624 | line number will be displayed in the verbose prompt |
| 625 | and in the = command, and the v command will pass |
| 626 | the current line number to the editor (see also the |
| 627 | discussion of LESSEDIT in PROMPTS below). |
| 628 | |
| 629 | -N Causes a line number to be displayed at the begin- |
| 630 | ning of each line in the display. |
| 631 | |
| 632 | -o_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be |
| 633 | Causes _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs to copy its input to the named file as |
| 634 | it is being viewed. This applies only when the |
| 635 | input file is a pipe, not an ordinary file. If the |
| 636 | file already exists, _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs will ask for confirmation |
| 637 | before overwriting it. |
| 638 | |
| 639 | -O_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be |
| 640 | The -O option is like -o, but it will overwrite an |
| 641 | existing file without asking for confirmation. |
| 642 | |
| 643 | If no log file has been specified, the -o and -O |
| 644 | options can be used from within _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs to specify a |
| 645 | log file. Without a file name, they will simply |
| 646 | report the name of the log file. The "s" command |
| 647 | is equivalent to specifying -o from within _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs_\b. |
| 648 | |
| 649 | -p_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn |
| 650 | The -p option on the command line is equivalent to |
| 651 | specifying +/_\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn; that is, it tells _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs to |
| 652 | start at the first occurence of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn in the |
| 653 | file. |
| 654 | |
| 655 | |
| 656 | |
| 657 | |
| 658 | 10 |
| 659 | |
| 660 | |
| 661 | |
| 662 | |
| 663 | |
| 664 | LESS(1) LESS(1) |
| 665 | |
| 666 | |
| 667 | -P_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt |
| 668 | Provides a way to tailor the three prompt styles to |
| 669 | your own preference. This option would normally be |
| 670 | put in the LESS environment variable, rather than |
| 671 | being typed in with each _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs command. Such an |
| 672 | option must either be the last option in the LESS |
| 673 | variable, or be terminated by a dollar sign. -P |
| 674 | followed by a string changes the default (short) |
| 675 | prompt to that string. -Pm changes the medium (-m) |
| 676 | prompt to the string, and -PM changes the long (-M) |
| 677 | prompt. Also, -P= changes the message printed by |
| 678 | the = command to the given string. All prompt |
| 679 | strings consist of a sequence of letters and spe- |
| 680 | cial escape sequences. See the section on PROMPTS |
| 681 | for more details. |
| 682 | |
| 683 | -q Causes moderately "quiet" operation: the terminal |
| 684 | bell is not rung if an attempt is made to scroll |
| 685 | past the end of the file or before the beginning of |
| 686 | the file. If the terminal has a "visual bell", it |
| 687 | is used instead. The bell will be rung on certain |
| 688 | other errors, such as typing an invalid character. |
| 689 | The default is to ring the terminal bell in all |
| 690 | such cases. |
| 691 | |
| 692 | -Q Causes totally "quiet" operation: the terminal bell |
| 693 | is never rung. |
| 694 | |
| 695 | -r Causes "raw" control characters to be displayed. |
| 696 | The default is to display control characters using |
| 697 | the caret notation; for example, a control-A (octal |
| 698 | 001) is displayed as "^A". Warning: when the -r |
| 699 | flag is used, _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs cannot keep track of the actual |
| 700 | appearance of the screen (since this depends on how |
| 701 | the screen responds to each type of control charac- |
| 702 | ter). Thus, various display problems may result, |
| 703 | such as long lines being split in the wrong place. |
| 704 | |
| 705 | -s Causes consecutive blank lines to be squeezed into |
| 706 | a single blank line. This is useful when viewing |
| 707 | _\bn_\br_\bo_\bf_\bf output. |
| 708 | |
| 709 | -S Causes lines longer than the screen width to be |
| 710 | chopped rather than folded. That is, the remainder |
| 711 | of a long line is simply discarded. The default is |
| 712 | to fold long lines; that is, display the remainder |
| 713 | on the next line. |
| 714 | |
| 715 | -t_\bt_\ba_\bg The -t option, followed immediately by a TAG, will |
| 716 | edit the file containing that tag. For this to |
| 717 | work, there must be a file called "tags" in the |
| 718 | current directory, which was previously built by |
| 719 | the _\bc_\bt_\ba_\bg_\bs (1) command. This option may also be |
| 720 | specified from within _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs (using the - command) as |
| 721 | |
| 722 | |
| 723 | |
| 724 | 11 |
| 725 | |
| 726 | |
| 727 | |
| 728 | |
| 729 | |
| 730 | LESS(1) LESS(1) |
| 731 | |
| 732 | |
| 733 | a way of examining a new file. The command ":t" is |
| 734 | equivalent to specifying -t from within _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs_\b. |
| 735 | |
| 736 | -T_\bt_\ba_\bg_\bs_\bf_\bi_\bl_\be |
| 737 | Specifies a tags file to be used instead of "tags". |
| 738 | |
| 739 | -u Causes backspaces and carriage returns to be |
| 740 | treated as printable characters; that is, they are |
| 741 | sent to the terminal when they appear in the input. |
| 742 | |
| 743 | -U Causes backspaces and carriage returns to be |
| 744 | treated as control characters; that is, they are |
| 745 | handled as specified by the -r option. |
| 746 | |
| 747 | By default, if neither -u nor -U is given, |
| 748 | backspaces which appear adjacent to an underscore |
| 749 | character are treated specially: the underlined |
| 750 | text is displayed using the terminal's hardware |
| 751 | underlining capability. Also, backspaces which |
| 752 | appear between two identical characters are treated |
| 753 | specially: the overstruck text is printed using the |
| 754 | terminal's hardware boldface capability. Other |
| 755 | backspaces are deleted, along with the preceding |
| 756 | character. Carriage returns immediately followed |
| 757 | by a newline are deleted. Other carriage returns |
| 758 | are handled as specified by the -r option. |
| 759 | |
| 760 | -w Causes blank lines to be used to represent lines |
| 761 | past the end of the file. By default, a tilde |
| 762 | character is used. |
| 763 | |
| 764 | -x_\bn Sets tab stops every _\bn positions. The default for |
| 765 | _\bn is 8. |
| 766 | |
| 767 | -y_\bn Specifies a maximum number of lines to scroll for- |
| 768 | ward. If it is necessary to scroll forward more |
| 769 | than _\bn lines, the screen is repainted instead. The |
| 770 | -c or -C option may be used to repaint from the top |
| 771 | of the screen if desired. By default, any forward |
| 772 | movement causes scrolling. |
| 773 | |
| 774 | -[z]_\bn Changes the default scrolling window size to _\bn |
| 775 | lines. The default is one screenful. The z and w |
| 776 | commands can also be used to change the window |
| 777 | size. The "z" may be omitted, as in "-_\bn" for com- |
| 778 | patibility with _\bm_\bo_\br_\be_\b. |
| 779 | |
| 780 | + If a command line option begins with +\b+, the remain- |
| 781 | der of that option is taken to be an initial com- |
| 782 | mand to _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs_\b. For example, +G tells _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs to start |
| 783 | at the end of the file rather than the beginning, |
| 784 | and +/xyz tells it to start at the first occurrence |
| 785 | of "xyz" in the file. As a special case, +<number> |
| 786 | acts like +<number>g; that is, it starts the |
| 787 | |
| 788 | |
| 789 | |
| 790 | 12 |
| 791 | |
| 792 | |
| 793 | |
| 794 | |
| 795 | |
| 796 | LESS(1) LESS(1) |
| 797 | |
| 798 | |
| 799 | display at the specified line number (however, see |
| 800 | the caveat under the "g" command above). If the |
| 801 | option starts with ++, the initial command applies |
| 802 | to every file being viewed, not just the first one. |
| 803 | The + command described previously may also be used |
| 804 | to set (or change) an initial command for every |
| 805 | file. |
| 806 | |
| 807 | |
| 808 | K\bKE\bEY\bY B\bBI\bIN\bND\bDI\bIN\bNG\bGS\bS |
| 809 | You may define your own _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs commands by using the program |
| 810 | _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs_\bk_\be_\by (1) to create a file called ".less" in your home |
| 811 | directory. This file specifies a set of command keys and |
| 812 | an action associated with each key. See the _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs_\bk_\be_\by man- |
| 813 | ual page for more details. |
| 814 | |
| 815 | |
| 816 | N\bNA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNA\bAL\bL C\bCH\bHA\bAR\bRA\bAC\bCT\bTE\bER\bR S\bSE\bET\bTS\bS |
| 817 | There are three types of characters in the input file: |
| 818 | |
| 819 | normal characters |
| 820 | can be displayed directly to the screen. |
| 821 | |
| 822 | control characters |
| 823 | should not be displayed directly, but are expected |
| 824 | to be found in ordinary text files (such as |
| 825 | backspace and tab). |
| 826 | |
| 827 | binary characters |
| 828 | cannot be displayed directly and are not expected |
| 829 | to be found in text files. |
| 830 | |
| 831 | By default, _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs uses the ASCII character set. In the |
| 832 | ASCII character set, characters with values between 128 |
| 833 | and 255 are treated as binary. The LESSCHARSET environ- |
| 834 | ment variable may be used to select another character set. |
| 835 | If it is set to the value "latin1", the ISO 8859/1 charac- |
| 836 | ter set is assumed. Latin-1 is the same as ASCII, except |
| 837 | characters between 128 and 255 are treated as normal char- |
| 838 | acters. The only valid values for LESSCHARSET currently |
| 839 | are "ascii" and "latin1". |
| 840 | |
| 841 | In special cases, it may be desired to tailor _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs to use |
| 842 | a character set other than the ones definable by LESS- |
| 843 | CHARSET. In this case, the environment variable LESS- |
| 844 | CHARDEF can be used to define a character set. It should |
| 845 | be set to a string where each character in the string rep- |
| 846 | resents one character in the character set. The character |
| 847 | "." is used for a normal character, "c" for control, and |
| 848 | "b" for binary. A decimal number may be used for repeti- |
| 849 | tion. For example, "bccc4b." would mean character 0 is |
| 850 | binary, 1, 2 and 3 are control, 4, 5, 6 and 7 are binary, |
| 851 | and 8 is normal. All characters after the last are taken |
| 852 | to be the same as the last, so characters 9 through 255 |
| 853 | |
| 854 | |
| 855 | |
| 856 | 13 |
| 857 | |
| 858 | |
| 859 | |
| 860 | |
| 861 | |
| 862 | LESS(1) LESS(1) |
| 863 | |
| 864 | |
| 865 | would be normal. (This is an example, and does not neces- |
| 866 | sarily represent any real character set.) |
| 867 | |
| 868 | Setting LESSCHARDEF to "8bcccbcc18b95.b" is the same as |
| 869 | setting LESSCHARSET to "ascii". Setting LESSCHARDEF to |
| 870 | "8bcccbcc18b95.33b." is the same as setting LESSCHARSET to |
| 871 | "latin1". |
| 872 | |
| 873 | Control and binary characters are displayed in blinking |
| 874 | mode. Each such character is displayed in caret notation |
| 875 | if possible (e.g. ^A for control-A). Caret notation is |
| 876 | used only if inverting the 0100 bit results in a normal |
| 877 | printable character. Otherwise, the character is dis- |
| 878 | played as an octal number preceded by a backslash. This |
| 879 | octal format can be changed by setting the LESSBINFMT |
| 880 | environment variable to a printf-style format string; the |
| 881 | default is '\%o'. The blinking mode display of control |
| 882 | and binary characters can be changed or disabled by pre- |
| 883 | ceding the LESSBINFMT format string with a "*" and one |
| 884 | character to select the mode: "*k" is blinking, "*d" is |
| 885 | bold, "*u" is underlined, and "*n" is normal (no special |
| 886 | display attribute). For example, if LESSBINFMT is |
| 887 | "*u[%x]", binary characters are displayed in underlined |
| 888 | hexadecimal surrounded by brackets. |
| 889 | |
| 890 | |
| 891 | P\bPR\bRO\bOM\bMP\bPT\bTS\bS |
| 892 | The -P option allows you to tailor the prompt to your |
| 893 | preference. The string given to the -P option replaces |
| 894 | the specified prompt string. Certain characters in the |
| 895 | string are interpreted specially. The prompt mechanism is |
| 896 | rather complicated to provide flexibility, but the ordi- |
| 897 | nary user need not understand the details of constructing |
| 898 | personalized prompt strings. |
| 899 | |
| 900 | A percent sign followed by a single character is expanded |
| 901 | according to what the following character is: |
| 902 | |
| 903 | %b_\bX Replaced by the byte offset into the current input |
| 904 | file. The b is followed by a single character |
| 905 | (shown as _\bX above) which specifies the line whose |
| 906 | byte offset is to be used. If the character is a |
| 907 | "t", the byte offset of the top line in the display |
| 908 | is used, an "m" means use the middle line, a "b" |
| 909 | means use the bottom line, a "B" means use the line |
| 910 | just after the bottom line, and a "j" means use the |
| 911 | "target" line, as specified by the -j option. |
| 912 | |
| 913 | %B Replaced by the size of the current input file. |
| 914 | |
| 915 | %E Replaced by the name of the editor (from the EDITOR |
| 916 | environment variable). See the discussion of the |
| 917 | LESSEDIT feature below. |
| 918 | |
| 919 | |
| 920 | |
| 921 | |
| 922 | 14 |
| 923 | |
| 924 | |
| 925 | |
| 926 | |
| 927 | |
| 928 | LESS(1) LESS(1) |
| 929 | |
| 930 | |
| 931 | %f Replaced by the name of the current input file. |
| 932 | |
| 933 | %i Replaced by the index of the current file in the |
| 934 | list of input files. |
| 935 | |
| 936 | %l_\bX Replaced by the line number of a line in the input |
| 937 | file. The line to be used is determined by the _\bX, |
| 938 | as with the %b option. |
| 939 | |
| 940 | %L Replaced by the line number of the last line in the |
| 941 | input file. |
| 942 | |
| 943 | %m Replaced by the total number of input files. |
| 944 | |
| 945 | %p_\bX Replaced by the percent into the current input |
| 946 | file. The line used is determined by the _\bX as with |
| 947 | the %b option. |
| 948 | |
| 949 | %s Same as %B. |
| 950 | |
| 951 | %t Causes any trailing spaces to be removed. Usually |
| 952 | used at the end of the string, but may appear any- |
| 953 | where. |
| 954 | |
| 955 | %x Replaced by the name of the next input file in the |
| 956 | list. |
| 957 | |
| 958 | If any item is unknown (for example, the file size if |
| 959 | input is a pipe), a question mark is printed instead. |
| 960 | |
| 961 | The format of the prompt string can be changed depending |
| 962 | on certain conditions. A question mark followed by a sin- |
| 963 | gle character acts like an "IF": depending on the follow- |
| 964 | ing character, a condition is evaluated. If the condition |
| 965 | is true, any characters following the question mark and |
| 966 | condition character, up to a period, are included in the |
| 967 | prompt. If the condition is false, such characters are |
| 968 | not included. A colon appearing between the question mark |
| 969 | and the period can be used to establish an "ELSE": any |
| 970 | characters between the colon and the period are included |
| 971 | in the string if and only if the IF condition is false. |
| 972 | Condition characters (which follow a question mark) may |
| 973 | be: |
| 974 | |
| 975 | ?a True if any characters have been included in the |
| 976 | prompt so far. |
| 977 | |
| 978 | ?b_\bX True if the byte offset of the specified line is |
| 979 | known. |
| 980 | |
| 981 | ?B True if the size of current input file is known. |
| 982 | |
| 983 | ?e True if at end-of-file. |
| 984 | |
| 985 | |
| 986 | |
| 987 | |
| 988 | 15 |
| 989 | |
| 990 | |
| 991 | |
| 992 | |
| 993 | |
| 994 | LESS(1) LESS(1) |
| 995 | |
| 996 | |
| 997 | ?f True if there is an input filename (that is, if |
| 998 | input is not a pipe). |
| 999 | |
| 1000 | ?l_\bX True if the line number of the specified line is |
| 1001 | known. |
| 1002 | |
| 1003 | ?L True if the line number of the last line in the |
| 1004 | file is known. |
| 1005 | |
| 1006 | ?m True if there is more than one input file. |
| 1007 | |
| 1008 | ?n True if this is the first prompt in a new input |
| 1009 | file. |
| 1010 | |
| 1011 | ?p_\bX True if the percent into the current input file of |
| 1012 | the specified line is known. |
| 1013 | |
| 1014 | ?s Same as "?B". |
| 1015 | |
| 1016 | ?x True if there is a next input file (that is, if the |
| 1017 | current input file is not the last one). |
| 1018 | |
| 1019 | Any characters other than the special ones (question mark, |
| 1020 | colon, period, percent, and backslash) become literally |
| 1021 | part of the prompt. Any of the special characters may be |
| 1022 | included in the prompt literally by preceding it with a |
| 1023 | backslash. |
| 1024 | |
| 1025 | Some examples: |
| 1026 | |
| 1027 | ?f%f:Standard input. |
| 1028 | |
| 1029 | This prompt prints the filename, if known; otherwise the |
| 1030 | string "Standard input". |
| 1031 | |
| 1032 | ?f%f .?ltLine %lt:?pt%pt\%:?btByte %bt:-... |
| 1033 | |
| 1034 | This prompt would print the filename, if known. The file- |
| 1035 | name is followed by the line number, if known, otherwise |
| 1036 | the percent if known, otherwise the byte offset if known. |
| 1037 | Otherwise, a dash is printed. Notice how each question |
| 1038 | mark has a matching period, and how the % after the %pt is |
| 1039 | included literally by escaping it with a backslash. |
| 1040 | |
| 1041 | ?n?f%f .?m(file %i of %m) ..?e(END) ?x- Next\: %x..%t |
| 1042 | |
| 1043 | This prints the filename if this is the first prompt in a |
| 1044 | file, followed by the "file N of N" message if there is |
| 1045 | more than one input file. Then, if we are at end-of-file, |
| 1046 | the string "(END)" is printed followed by the name of the |
| 1047 | next file, if there is one. Finally, any trailing spaces |
| 1048 | are truncated. This is the default prompt. For refer- |
| 1049 | ence, here are the defaults for the other two prompts (-m |
| 1050 | and -M respectively). Each is broken into two lines here |
| 1051 | |
| 1052 | |
| 1053 | |
| 1054 | 16 |
| 1055 | |
| 1056 | |
| 1057 | |
| 1058 | |
| 1059 | |
| 1060 | LESS(1) LESS(1) |
| 1061 | |
| 1062 | |
| 1063 | for readability only. |
| 1064 | |
| 1065 | ?n?f%f .?m(file %i of %m) ..?e(END) ?x- Next\: %x.: |
| 1066 | ?pB%pB\%:byte %bB?s/%s...%t |
| 1067 | |
| 1068 | ?f%f .?n?m(file %i of %m) ..?ltline %lt?L/%L. :byte %bB?s/%s. . |
| 1069 | ?e(END) ?x- Next\: %x.:?pB%pB\%..%t |
| 1070 | |
| 1071 | And here is the default message produced by the = command: |
| 1072 | |
| 1073 | ?f%f .?m(file %i of %m) .?ltline %lt?L/%L. . |
| 1074 | byte %bB?s/%s. ?e(END) :?pB%pB\%..%t |
| 1075 | |
| 1076 | The prompt expansion features are also used for another |
| 1077 | purpose: if an environment variable LESSEDIT is defined, |
| 1078 | it is used as the command to be executed when the v com- |
| 1079 | mand is invoked. The LESSEDIT string is expanded in the |
| 1080 | same way as the prompt strings. The default value for |
| 1081 | LESSEDIT is: |
| 1082 | |
| 1083 | %E ?lm+%lm. %f |
| 1084 | |
| 1085 | Note that this expands to the editor name, followed by a + |
| 1086 | and the line number, followed by the file name. If your |
| 1087 | editor does not accept the "+linenumber" syntax, or has |
| 1088 | other differences in invocation syntax, the LESSEDIT vari- |
| 1089 | able can be changed to modify this default. |
| 1090 | |
| 1091 | |
| 1092 | E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT V\bVA\bAR\bRI\bIA\bAB\bBL\bLE\bES\bS |
| 1093 | COLUMNS |
| 1094 | Sets the number of columns on the screen. Takes |
| 1095 | precedence over the number of columns specified by |
| 1096 | the TERM variable. |
| 1097 | |
| 1098 | EDITOR The name of the editor (used for the v command). |
| 1099 | |
| 1100 | HOME Name of the user's home directory (used to find a |
| 1101 | .less file). |
| 1102 | |
| 1103 | LESS Flags which are passed to _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs automatically. |
| 1104 | |
| 1105 | LESSBINFMT |
| 1106 | Format for displaying non-printable, non-control |
| 1107 | characters. |
| 1108 | |
| 1109 | LESSCHARDEF |
| 1110 | Defines a character set. |
| 1111 | |
| 1112 | LESSCHARSET |
| 1113 | Selects a predefined character set. |
| 1114 | |
| 1115 | LESSEDIT |
| 1116 | Editor prototype string (used for the v command). |
| 1117 | |
| 1118 | |
| 1119 | |
| 1120 | 17 |
| 1121 | |
| 1122 | |
| 1123 | |
| 1124 | |
| 1125 | |
| 1126 | LESS(1) LESS(1) |
| 1127 | |
| 1128 | |
| 1129 | See discussion under PROMPTS. |
| 1130 | |
| 1131 | LESSHELP |
| 1132 | Name of the help file. |
| 1133 | |
| 1134 | LINES Sets the number of lines on the screen. Takes |
| 1135 | precedence over the number of lines specified by |
| 1136 | the TERM variable. |
| 1137 | |
| 1138 | SHELL The shell used to execute the ! command, as well as |
| 1139 | to expand filenames. |
| 1140 | |
| 1141 | TERM The type of terminal on which _\bl_\be_\bs_\bs is being run. |
| 1142 | |
| 1143 | |
| 1144 | S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO |
| 1145 | lesskey(1) |
| 1146 | |
| 1147 | |
| 1148 | W\bWA\bAR\bRN\bNI\bIN\bNG\bGS\bS |
| 1149 | The = command and prompts (unless changed by -P) report |
| 1150 | the line number of the line at the top of the screen, but |
| 1151 | the byte and percent of the line at the bottom of the |
| 1152 | screen. |
| 1153 | |
| 1154 | If the :e command is used to name more than one file, and |
| 1155 | one of the named files has been viewed previously, the new |
| 1156 | files may be entered into the list in an unexpected order. |
| 1157 | |
| 1158 | The handling of national character sets is nonstandard as |
| 1159 | well as insufficient for multibyte characters. It will |
| 1160 | probably change in a later release. |
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| 1179 | |
| 1180 | |
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| 1185 | |
| 1186 | 18 |
| 1187 | |
| 1188 | |