BSD 4_3 release

[unix-history] / usr / man / man2 / intro.2

diff --git a/usr/man/man2/intro.2 b/usr/man/man2/intro.2
index e04bfe7..e9dfd76 100644 (file)
--- a/usr/man/man2/intro.2
+++ b/usr/man/man2/intro.2
@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
-.TH INTRO 2 "12 February 1983"
+.\" Copyright (c) 1980,1983,1986 Regents of the University of California.
+.\" All rights reserved.  The Berkeley software License Agreement
+.\" specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution.
+.\"
+.\"    @(#)intro.2     6.7 (Berkeley) 5/23/86
+.\"
+.TH INTRO 2 "May 23, 1986"

 .UC 4
 .de en
 .HP
 .UC 4
 .de en
 .HP


@@ -8,13 +14,16 @@
 .SH NAME
 intro \- introduction to system calls and error numbers
 .SH SYNOPSIS
 .SH NAME
 intro \- introduction to system calls and error numbers
 .SH SYNOPSIS

-.B #include <errno.h>
+.B #include <sys/errno.h>

 .SH DESCRIPTION
 This section describes all of the system calls.  Most
 of these calls have one or more error returns.
 An error condition is indicated by an otherwise impossible return
 value.  This is almost always \-1; the individual descriptions
 specify the details.
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 This section describes all of the system calls.  Most
 of these calls have one or more error returns.
 An error condition is indicated by an otherwise impossible return
 value.  This is almost always \-1; the individual descriptions
 specify the details.

+Note that a number of system calls overload the meanings of these
+error numbers, and that the meanings must be interpreted according
+to the type and circumstances of the call.

 .PP
 As with normal arguments, all return codes and values from
 functions are of type integer unless otherwise noted.
 .PP
 As with normal arguments, all return codes and values from
 functions are of type integer unless otherwise noted.


@@ -25,7 +34,7 @@ Thus \fIerrno\fP should be tested only after an error has occurred.
 .PP
 The following is a complete list of the errors and their
 names as given in
 .PP
 The following is a complete list of the errors and their
 names as given in

-.RI < errno.h >.
+.RI < sys/errno.h >.

 .en 0 \h'\w'EIO'u' "Error 0
 Unused.
 .en 1 EPERM "Not owner
 .en 0 \h'\w'EIO'u' "Error 0
 Unused.
 .en 1 EPERM "Not owner


@@ -40,17 +49,15 @@ This error occurs when a file name is specified
 and the file should exist but doesn't, or when one
 of the directories in a path name does not exist.
 .en 3 ESRCH "No such process
 and the file should exist but doesn't, or when one
 of the directories in a path name does not exist.
 .en 3 ESRCH "No such process

-The process whose number was given to
-.I kill
-and
-.I ptrace
-does not exist, or is already dead.
+The process or process group whose number was given
+does not exist, or any such process is already dead.

 .en 4 EINTR "Interrupted system call
 .en 4 EINTR "Interrupted system call

-An asynchronous signal (such as interrupt or quit),
-which the user has elected to catch,
+An asynchronous signal (such as interrupt or quit)
+that the user has elected to catch

 occurred during a system call.
 If execution is resumed
 occurred during a system call.
 If execution is resumed

-after processing the signal,
+after processing the signal
+and the system call is not restarted,

 it will appear as if the interrupted system call
 returned this error condition.
 .en 5 EIO "I/O error
 it will appear as if the interrupted system call
 returned this error condition.
 .en 5 EIO "I/O error


@@ -61,26 +68,27 @@ or
 This error may in some cases occur
 on a call following the one to which it actually applies.
 .en 6 ENXIO "No such device or address
 This error may in some cases occur
 on a call following the one to which it actually applies.
 .en 6 ENXIO "No such device or address

-I/O on a special file refers to a subdevice which does not
+I/O on a special file refers to a subdevice that does not

 exist,
 or beyond the limits of the device.
 It may also occur when, for example, an illegal tape drive
 unit number is selected 
 or a disk pack is not loaded on a drive.
 .en 7 E2BIG "Arg list too long
 exist,
 or beyond the limits of the device.
 It may also occur when, for example, an illegal tape drive
 unit number is selected 
 or a disk pack is not loaded on a drive.
 .en 7 E2BIG "Arg list too long

-An argument list longer than 10240 bytes
+An argument list longer than 20480 bytes (or the current limit, NCARGS in
+.IR <sys/param.h> )

 is presented to
 .IR execve .
 .en 8 ENOEXEC "Exec format error
 A request is made to execute a file
 is presented to
 .IR execve .
 .en 8 ENOEXEC "Exec format error
 A request is made to execute a file

-which, although it has the appropriate permissions,
-does not start with a valid magic number, see
-.IR a.out (5).
+that, although it has the appropriate permissions,
+does not start with a valid magic number, (see
+.IR a.out (5)).

 .en 9 EBADF "Bad file number
 Either a file descriptor refers to no
 open file,
 or a read (resp. write) request is made to
 .en 9 EBADF "Bad file number
 Either a file descriptor refers to no
 open file,
 or a read (resp. write) request is made to

-a file which is open only for writing (resp. reading).
+a file that is open only for writing (resp. reading).

 .en 10 ECHILD "No children
 .I Wait
 and the process has no
 .en 10 ECHILD "No children
 .I Wait
 and the process has no


@@ -91,17 +99,19 @@ In a
 the system's process table is full
 or the user is not allowed to create any more
 processes.
 the system's process table is full
 or the user is not allowed to create any more
 processes.

-.en 12 ENOMEM "Not enough core
+.en 12 ENOMEM "Not enough memory

 During an
 .I execve
 or
 .I break,
 a program asks for more core or swap space than the system is
 During an
 .I execve
 or
 .I break,
 a program asks for more core or swap space than the system is

-able to supply.
-A lack of swap space is normally a temporary condition, however
+able to supply,
+or a process size limit would be exceeded.
+A lack of swap space is normally a temporary condition; however,

 a lack of core
 is not a temporary condition; the maximum size
 of the text, data, and stack segments is a system parameter.
 a lack of core
 is not a temporary condition; the maximum size
 of the text, data, and stack segments is a system parameter.

+Soft limits may be increased to their corresponding hard limits.

 .en 13 EACCES "Permission denied
 An attempt was made to access a file in a way forbidden
 by the protection system.
 .en 13 EACCES "Permission denied
 An attempt was made to access a file in a way forbidden
 by the protection system.


@@ -110,29 +120,30 @@ The system encountered a hardware fault in attempting to
 access the arguments of a system call.
 .en 15 ENOTBLK "Block device required
 A plain file was mentioned where a block device was required,
 access the arguments of a system call.
 .en 15 ENOTBLK "Block device required
 A plain file was mentioned where a block device was required,

-e.g. in
+e.g., in

 .IR mount .
 .IR mount .

-.en 16 EBUSY "Mount device busy
+.en 16 EBUSY "Device busy

 An attempt to mount a device that was already mounted or
 an attempt was made to dismount a device
 on which there is an active file
 An attempt to mount a device that was already mounted or
 an attempt was made to dismount a device
 on which there is an active file

-directory.
-(open file, current directory, mounted-on file, active text segment).
+(open file, current directory, mounted-on file, or active text segment).
+A request was made to an exclusive access device that was already in use.

 .en 17 EEXIST "File exists
 An existing file was mentioned in an inappropriate context,
 .en 17 EEXIST "File exists
 An existing file was mentioned in an inappropriate context,

-e.g.
+e.g.,

 .IR link .
 .en 18 EXDEV "Cross-device link
 A hard link to a file on another device
 was attempted.
 .en 19 ENODEV "No such device
 An attempt was made to apply an inappropriate
 .IR link .
 .en 18 EXDEV "Cross-device link
 A hard link to a file on another device
 was attempted.
 .en 19 ENODEV "No such device
 An attempt was made to apply an inappropriate

-system call to a device;
-e.g. read a write-only device.
+system call to a device,
+e.g., to read a write-only device,
+or the device is not configured by the system.

 .en 20 ENOTDIR "Not a directory
 A non-directory was specified where a directory
 is required,
 .en 20 ENOTDIR "Not a directory
 A non-directory was specified where a directory
 is required,

-for example in a path name or
+for example, in a path name or

 as an argument to
 .IR chdir .
 .en 21 EISDIR "Is a directory
 as an argument to
 .IR chdir .
 .en 21 EISDIR "Is a directory


@@ -143,43 +154,49 @@ dismounting a non-mounted
 device,
 mentioning an unknown signal in
 .I signal,
 device,
 mentioning an unknown signal in
 .I signal,

-reading or writing a file for which
-.I seek
-has generated a negative pointer.
-Also set by math functions, see 
-.IR intro (3).
+or some other argument inappropriate for the call.
+Also set by math functions, (see 
+.IR math (3)).

 .en 23 ENFILE "File table overflow
 The system's table of open files is full,
 and temporarily no more
 .I opens
 can be accepted.
 .en 24 EMFILE "Too many open files
 .en 23 ENFILE "File table overflow
 The system's table of open files is full,
 and temporarily no more
 .I opens
 can be accepted.
 .en 24 EMFILE "Too many open files

-Customary configuration limit is 20 per process.
-.en 25 ENOTTY "Not a typewriter
+As released, the limit on the number of
+open files per process is 64.
+.IR Getdtablesize (2)
+will obtain the current limit.
+Customary configuration limit on most other UNIX systems
+is 20 per process.
+.en 25 ENOTTY "Inappropriate ioctl for device

 The file mentioned in an
 .I ioctl
 The file mentioned in an
 .I ioctl

-is not a terminal or one of the other
-devices to which these calls apply.
+is not a terminal or one of the
+devices to which this call applies.

 .en 26 ETXTBSY "Text file busy
 An attempt to execute a pure-procedure
 .en 26 ETXTBSY "Text file busy
 An attempt to execute a pure-procedure

-program which is currently open for writing
-(or reading!).
+program that is currently open for writing.

 Also an attempt to open for writing a pure-procedure
 program that is being executed.
 .en 27 EFBIG "File too large
 The size of a file exceeded the maximum (about
 Also an attempt to open for writing a pure-procedure
 program that is being executed.
 .en 27 EFBIG "File too large
 The size of a file exceeded the maximum (about

-.if t 10\u\s-29\s+2\d
-.if n 1.0E9
+.if t 2\u\s-231\s+2\d
+.if n 2.1E9

 bytes).
 .en 28 ENOSPC "No space left on device
 bytes).
 .en 28 ENOSPC "No space left on device

-During a
+A

 .I write
 .I write

-to an ordinary file,
-there is no free space left on the device.
+to an ordinary file, the creation of a
+directory or symbolic link, or the creation of a directory
+entry failed because no more disk blocks are available
+on the file system, or the allocation of an inode for a newly
+created file failed because no more inodes are available
+on the file system.

 .en 29 ESPIPE "Illegal seek
 An
 .I lseek
 .en 29 ESPIPE "Illegal seek
 An
 .I lseek

-was issued to a pipe.
+was issued to a socket or pipe.

 This error may also be issued for
 other non-seekable devices.
 .en 30 EROFS "Read-only file system
 This error may also be issued for
 other non-seekable devices.
 .en 30 EROFS "Read-only file system


@@ -192,35 +209,36 @@ An attempt to make more than 32767 hard links to a file.
 A write on a pipe or socket for which there is no process
 to read the data.
 This condition normally generates a signal;
 A write on a pipe or socket for which there is no process
 to read the data.
 This condition normally generates a signal;

-the error is returned if the signal is ignored.
-.en 33 EDOM "Math argument
+the error is returned if the signal is caught or ignored.
+.en 33 EDOM "Argument too large

 The argument of a function in the math package (3M)
 is out of the domain of the function.
 .en 34 ERANGE "Result too large
 The value of a function in the math package (3M)
 is unrepresentable within machine precision.
 .en 35 EWOULDBLOCK "Operation would block"
 The argument of a function in the math package (3M)
 is out of the domain of the function.
 .en 34 ERANGE "Result too large
 The value of a function in the math package (3M)
 is unrepresentable within machine precision.
 .en 35 EWOULDBLOCK "Operation would block"

-An operation which would cause a process to block was attempted
-on a object in non-blocking mode (see \fIioctl\fP (2)).
+An operation that would cause a process to block was attempted
+on an object in non-blocking mode (see \fIfcntl\fP(2)).

 .en 36 EINPROGRESS "Operation now in progress"
 .en 36 EINPROGRESS "Operation now in progress"

-An operation which takes a long time to complete (such as
-a \fIconnect\fP (2)) was attempted on a non-blocking object (see
-\fIioctl\fP (2)).
+An operation that takes a long time to complete (such as
+a \fIconnect\fP(2)) was attempted on a non-blocking object (see
+\fIfcntl\fP(2)).

 .en 37 EALREADY "Operation already in progress"
 .en 37 EALREADY "Operation already in progress"

-An operation was attempted on a non-blocking object which already
+An operation was attempted on a non-blocking object that already

 had an operation in progress.
 .en 38 ENOTSOCK "Socket operation on non-socket"
 Self-explanatory.
 .en 39 EDESTADDRREQ "Destination address required"
 A required address was omitted from an operation on a socket.
 .en 40 EMSGSIZE "Message too long"
 had an operation in progress.
 .en 38 ENOTSOCK "Socket operation on non-socket"
 Self-explanatory.
 .en 39 EDESTADDRREQ "Destination address required"
 A required address was omitted from an operation on a socket.
 .en 40 EMSGSIZE "Message too long"

-A message sent on a socket was larger than the internal message buffer.
+A message sent on a socket was larger than the internal message buffer
+or some other network limit.

 .en 41 EPROTOTYPE "Protocol wrong type for socket"
 .en 41 EPROTOTYPE "Protocol wrong type for socket"

-A protocol was specified which does not support the semantics of the
-socket type requested. For example you cannot use the ARPA Internet
+A protocol was specified that does not support the semantics of the
+socket type requested. For example, you cannot use the ARPA Internet

 UDP protocol with type SOCK_STREAM.
 UDP protocol with type SOCK_STREAM.

-.en 42 ENOPROTOOPT "Bad protocol option"
-A bad option was specified in a
+.en 42 ENOPROTOOPT "Option not supported by protocol 
+A bad option or level was specified in a

 .IR getsockopt (2)
 or
 .IR setsockopt (2)
 .IR getsockopt (2)
 or
 .IR setsockopt (2)


@@ -238,8 +256,8 @@ The protocol family has not been configured into the
 system or no implementation for it exists.
 .en 47 EAFNOSUPPORT "Address family not supported by protocol family"
 An address incompatible with the requested protocol was used.
 system or no implementation for it exists.
 .en 47 EAFNOSUPPORT "Address family not supported by protocol family"
 An address incompatible with the requested protocol was used.

-For example, you shouldn't necessarily expect to be able to use PUP
-Internet addresses with ARPA Internet protocols.
+For example, you shouldn't necessarily expect to be able to use NS
+addresses with ARPA Internet protocols.

 .en 48 EADDRINUSE "Address already in use"
 Only one usage of each address is normally permitted.
 .en 49 EADDRNOTAVAIL "Can't assign requested address"
 .en 48 EADDRINUSE "Address already in use"
 Only one usage of each address is normally permitted.
 .en 49 EADDRNOTAVAIL "Can't assign requested address"


@@ -255,10 +273,11 @@ The host you were connected to crashed and rebooted.
 A connection abort was caused internal to your host machine.
 .en 54 ECONNRESET "Connection reset by peer"
 A connection was forcibly closed by a peer.  This normally
 A connection abort was caused internal to your host machine.
 .en 54 ECONNRESET "Connection reset by peer"
 A connection was forcibly closed by a peer.  This normally

-results from the peer executing a \fIshutdown\fP (2) call.
+results from a loss of the connection on the remote socket
+due to a timeout or a reboot.

 .en 55 ENOBUFS "No buffer space available"
 An operation on a socket or pipe was not performed because
 .en 55 ENOBUFS "No buffer space available"
 An operation on a socket or pipe was not performed because

-the system lacked sufficient buffer space.
+the system lacked sufficient buffer space or because a queue was full.

 .en 56 EISCONN "Socket is already connected"
 A
 .I connect
 .en 56 EISCONN "Socket is already connected"
 A
 .I connect


@@ -268,10 +287,11 @@ a
 or
 .I sendmsg
 request on a connected socket specified a destination
 or
 .I sendmsg
 request on a connected socket specified a destination

-other than the connected party.
+when already connected.

 .en 57 ENOTCONN "Socket is not connected"
 An request to send or receive data was disallowed because
 .en 57 ENOTCONN "Socket is not connected"
 An request to send or receive data was disallowed because

-the socket is not connected.
+the socket is not connected and (when sending on a  datagram socket)
+no address was supplied.

 .en 58 ESHUTDOWN "Can't send after socket shutdown"
 A request to send data was disallowed because the socket
 had already been shut down with a previous
 .en 58 ESHUTDOWN "Can't send after socket shutdown"
 A request to send data was disallowed because the socket
 had already been shut down with a previous


@@ -281,39 +301,56 @@ call.
 .en 60 ETIMEDOUT "Connection timed out"
 A
 .I connect
 .en 60 ETIMEDOUT "Connection timed out"
 A
 .I connect

+or
+.I send

 request failed because the connected party did not
 properly respond after a period of time.  (The timeout
 period is dependent on the communication protocol.)
 .en 61 ECONNREFUSED "Connection refused"
 No connection could be made because the target machine actively
 refused it.  This usually results from trying to connect
 request failed because the connected party did not
 properly respond after a period of time.  (The timeout
 period is dependent on the communication protocol.)
 .en 61 ECONNREFUSED "Connection refused"
 No connection could be made because the target machine actively
 refused it.  This usually results from trying to connect

-to a service which is inactive on the foreign host.
+to a service that is inactive on the foreign host.

 .en 62 ELOOP "Too many levels of symbolic links"
 A path name lookup involved more than 8 symbolic links.
 .en 63 ENAMETOOLONG "File name too long"
 .en 62 ELOOP "Too many levels of symbolic links"
 A path name lookup involved more than 8 symbolic links.
 .en 63 ENAMETOOLONG "File name too long"

-A component of a path name exceeded 255 characters, or an entire
-path name exceeded 1023 characters.
-.en 64 ENOTEMPTY "Directory not empty"
+A component of a path name exceeded 255 (MAXNAMELEN) characters, or an entire
+path name exceeded 1023 (MAXPATHLEN-1) characters.
+.en 64 EHOSTDOWN "Host is down"
+A socket operation failed because the destination host was down.
+.en 65 EHOSTUNREACH "Host is unreachable"
+A socket operation was attempted to an unreachable host.
+.en 66 ENOTEMPTY "Directory not empty"

 A directory with entries other than \*(lq.\*(rq and \*(lq..\*(rq
 was supplied to a remove directory or rename call.
 A directory with entries other than \*(lq.\*(rq and \*(lq..\*(rq
 was supplied to a remove directory or rename call.

+...en 67 EPROCLIM "Too many processes"
+...en 68 EUSERS "Too many users"
+.en 69 EDQUOT "Disc quota exceeded"
+A 
+.I write
+to an ordinary file, the creation of a
+directory or symbolic link, or the creation of a directory
+entry failed because the user's quota of disk blocks was
+exhausted, or the allocation of an inode for a newly
+created file failed because the user's quota of inodes
+was exhausted.

 .SH DEFINITIONS
 .TP 5
 Process ID
 .br
 Each active process in the system is uniquely identified by a positive
 .SH DEFINITIONS
 .TP 5
 Process ID
 .br
 Each active process in the system is uniquely identified by a positive

-integer called a process ID.  The range of this ID is from 0 to {PROC_MAX}.
+integer called a process ID.  The range of this ID is from 0 to 30000.

 .TP 5
 Parent process ID
 .br
 .TP 5
 Parent process ID
 .br

-A new process is created by a currently active process; see
-.IR fork (2).
+A new process is created by a currently active process; (see
+.IR fork (2)).

 The parent process ID of a process is the process ID of its creator.
 .TP 5
 Process Group ID
 .br
 Each active process is a member of a process group that is identified by
 a positive integer called the process group ID.  This is the process
 The parent process ID of a process is the process ID of its creator.
 .TP 5
 Process Group ID
 .br
 Each active process is a member of a process group that is identified by
 a positive integer called the process group ID.  This is the process

-ID of the group leader.  This grouping permits the signalling of related
+ID of the group leader.  This grouping permits the signaling of related

 processes (see
 .IR killpg (2))
 and the job control mechanisms of
 processes (see
 .IR killpg (2))
 and the job control mechanisms of


@@ -324,10 +361,10 @@ Tty Group ID
 Each active process can be a member of a terminal group that is identified
 by a positive integer called the tty group ID.  This grouping is used
 to arbitrate between multiple jobs contending for the same terminal;
 Each active process can be a member of a terminal group that is identified
 by a positive integer called the tty group ID.  This grouping is used
 to arbitrate between multiple jobs contending for the same terminal;

-see
-.IR csh (1),
+(see
+.IR csh (1)

 and
 and

-.IR tty (4).
+.IR tty (4)).

 .TP 5
 Real User ID and Real Group ID
 .br
 .TP 5
 Real User ID and Real Group ID
 .br


@@ -342,7 +379,7 @@ the real group ID.
 .IP
 All processes have a real user ID and real group ID.
 These are initialized from the equivalent attributes
 .IP
 All processes have a real user ID and real group ID.
 These are initialized from the equivalent attributes

-of the process which created it.
+of the process that created it.

 .TP 5
 Effective User Id, Effective Group Id, and Access Groups
 .br
 .TP 5
 Effective User Id, Effective Group Id, and Access Groups
 .br


@@ -353,8 +390,8 @@ group access list.
 The effective user ID and effective group ID are initially the
 process's real user ID and real group ID respectively.  Either
 may be modified through execution of a set-user-ID or set-group-ID
 The effective user ID and effective group ID are initially the
 process's real user ID and real group ID respectively.  Either
 may be modified through execution of a set-user-ID or set-group-ID

-file (possibly by one its ancestors); see
-.IR execve (2).
+file (possibly by one its ancestors) (see
+.IR execve (2)).

 .IP
 The group access list is an additional set of group ID's
 used only in determining resource accessibility.  Access checks
 .IP
 The group access list is an additional set of group ID's
 used only in determining resource accessibility.  Access checks


@@ -379,20 +416,20 @@ Descriptor
 .br
 An integer assigned by the system when a file is referenced
 by
 .br
 An integer assigned by the system when a file is referenced
 by

-.IR open (2),
+.IR open (2)
+or

 .IR dup (2),
 .IR dup (2),

-or 
-.IR pipe (2)
-or a socket is referenced by
+or when a socket is created by
+.IR pipe (2),

 .IR socket (2)
 or
 .IR socket (2)
 or

-.IR socketpair (2)
+.IR socketpair (2),

 which uniquely identifies an access path to that file or socket from
 a given process or any of its children.
 .TP 5
 File Name
 .br
 which uniquely identifies an access path to that file or socket from
 a given process or any of its children.
 .TP 5
 File Name
 .br

-Names consisting of up to {FILENAME_MAX} characters may be used to name
+Names consisting of up to 255 (MAXNAMELEN) characters may be used to name

 an ordinary file, special file, or directory.
 .IP
 These characters may be selected from the set of all ASCII character
 an ordinary file, special file, or directory.
 .IP
 These characters may be selected from the set of all ASCII character


@@ -408,7 +445,7 @@ Path Name
 A path name is a null-terminated character string starting with an
 optional slash (/), followed by zero or more directory names separated
 by slashes, optionally followed by a file name.
 A path name is a null-terminated character string starting with an
 optional slash (/), followed by zero or more directory names separated
 by slashes, optionally followed by a file name.

-The total length of a path name must be less than {PATHNAME_MAX} characters.
+The total length of a path name must be less than 1024 (MAXPATHLEN) characters.

 .IP
 If a path name begins with a slash, the path search begins at the
 .I root
 .IP
 If a path name begins with a slash, the path search begins at the
 .I root


@@ -419,8 +456,8 @@ pathname refers to the current directory.
 .TP 5
 Directory
 .br
 .TP 5
 Directory
 .br

-A directory is a special type of file which contains entries
-which are references to other files.
+A directory is a special type of file that contains entries
+that are references to other files.

 Directory entries are called links.  By convention, a directory
 contains at least two links, . and .., referred to as
 .I dot
 Directory entries are called links.  By convention, a directory
 contains at least two links, . and .., referred to as
 .I dot