BSD 4_4 development

[unix-history] / usr / share / man / cat1 / rehash.0

diff --git a/usr/share/man/cat1/rehash.0 b/usr/share/man/cat1/rehash.0
index b50417c..3e48fdd 100644 (file)
--- a/usr/share/man/cat1/rehash.0
+++ b/usr/share/man/cat1/rehash.0
@@ -1,62 +1,71 @@
-CSH(1)                     UNIX Reference Manual                       CSH(1)
+CSH(1)                       BSD Reference Manual                       CSH(1)

 
 N\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
      c\bcs\bsh\bh - a shell (command interpreter) with C-like syntax
 
 S\bSY\bYN\bNO\bOP\bPS\bSI\bIS\bS
 
 N\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
      c\bcs\bsh\bh - a shell (command interpreter) with C-like syntax
 
 S\bSY\bYN\bNO\bOP\bPS\bSI\bIS\bS

-     c\bcs\bsh\bh [-\b-c\bce\bef\bf^\b^i\bin\bns\bst\btv\bvV\bVx\bxX\bX] [arg ...]
+     c\bcs\bsh\bh [-\b-b\bbc\bce\bef\bfi\bin\bns\bst\btv\bvV\bVx\bxX\bX] [arg ...]
+     c\bcs\bsh\bh [-\b-l\bl]

 
 D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
 
 D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN

-     The C\bCs\bsh\bh is a command language interpreter incorporating a history mechan-
-     ism (see H\bHi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs), job control facilities (see J\bJo\bob\bbs\bs), in-
+     The c\bcs\bsh\bh is a command language interpreter incorporating a history mecha-
+     nism (see H\bHi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs), job control facilities (see J\bJo\bob\bbs\bs), in-

      teractive file name and user name completion (see F\bFi\bil\ble\be N\bNa\bam\bme\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn),
      and a C-like syntax. It is used both as an interactive login shell and a
      shell script command processor.
 
      teractive file name and user name completion (see F\bFi\bil\ble\be N\bNa\bam\bme\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn),
      and a C-like syntax. It is used both as an interactive login shell and a
      shell script command processor.
 

-  A\bAr\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt l\bli\bis\bst\bt p\bpr\bro\boc\bce\bes\bss\bsi\bin\bng\bg
-     If the first argument (argument 0) to the shell is `-\b-' then this is a
-     login shell.  The flag arguments are interpreted as follows:
+   A\bAr\brg\bgu\bum\bme\ben\bnt\bt l\bli\bis\bst\bt p\bpr\bro\boc\bce\bes\bss\bsi\bin\bng\bg
+     If the first argument (argument 0) to the shell is `-\b-', then this is a
+     login shell.  A login shell also can be specified by invoking the shell
+     with the `-\b-l\bl' flag as the only argument.

 
 

-     -\b-b\bb   This flag forces a ``break'' from option processing, causing any
-         further shell arguments to be treated as non-option arguments.  The
-         remaining arguments will not be interpreted as shell options.  This
-         may be used to pass options to a shell script without confusion or
-         possible subterfuge.  The shell will not run a set-user ID script
-         without this option.
+     The rest of the flag arguments are interpreted as follows:

 
 

-     -\b-c\bc   Commands are read from the (single) following argument which must be
-         present.  Any remaining arguments are placed in _\ba_\br_\bg_\bv.
+     -\b-b\bb     This flag forces a ``break'' from option processing, causing any
+            further shell arguments to be treated as non-option arguments.
+            The remaining arguments will not be interpreted as shell options.
+            This may be used to pass options to a shell script without confu-
+            sion or possible subterfuge.  The shell will not run a set-user ID
+            script without this option.

 
 

-     -\b-e\be   The shell exits if any invoked command terminates abnormally or
-         yields a non-zero exit status.
+     -\b-c\bc     Commands are read from the (single) following argument which must
+            be present.  Any remaining arguments are placed in _\ba_\br_\bg_\bv.

 
 

-     -\b-f\bf   The shell will start faster, because it will neither search for nor
-         execute commands from the file ._\bc_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc in the invoker's home directo-
-         ry.
+     -\b-e\be     The shell exits if any invoked command terminates abnormally or
+            yields a non-zero exit status.

 
 

-     -\b-i\bi   The shell is interactive and prompts for its top-level input, even
-         if it appears to not be a terminal.  Shells are interactive without
-         this option if their inputs and outputs are terminals.
+     -\b-f\bf     The shell will start faster, because it will neither search for
+            nor execute commands from the file _\b._\bc_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc in the invoker's home
+            directory.

 
 

-     -\b-n\bn   Commands are parsed, but not executed.  This aids in syntactic
-         checking of shell scripts.
+     -\b-i\bi     The shell is interactive and prompts for its top-level input, even
+            if it appears not to be a terminal.  Shells are interactive with-
+            out this option if their inputs and outputs are terminals.

 
 

-     -\b-s\bs   Command input is taken from the standard input.
+     -\b-l\bl     The shell is a login shell (only applicable if -\b-l\bl is the only flag
+            specified).

 
 

-     -\b-t\bt   A single line of input is read and executed.     A `\' may be used to
-         escape the newline at the end of this line and continue onto another
-         line.
+     -\b-n\bn     Commands are parsed, but not executed.  This aids in syntactic
+            checking of shell scripts.

 
 

-     -\b-v\bv   Causes the _\bv_\be_\br_\bb_\bo_\bs_\be variable to be set, with the effect that command
-         input is echoed after history substitution.
+     -\b-s\bs     Command input is taken from the standard input.

 
 

-     -\b-x\bx   Causes the _\be_\bc_\bh_\bo variable to be set, so that commands are echoed im-
-         mediately before execution.
+     -\b-t\bt     A single line of input is read and executed.  A `\' may be used to
+            escape the newline at the end of this line and continue onto an-
+            other line.

 
 

-     -\b-V\bV   Causes the _\bv_\be_\br_\bb_\bo_\bs_\be variable to be set even before ._\bc_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc _\bi_\bs
-         _\be_\bx_\be_\bc_\bu_\bt_\be_\bd.
+     -\b-v\bv     Causes the _\bv_\be_\br_\bb_\bo_\bs_\be variable to be set, with the effect that com-
+            mand input is echoed after history substitution.

 
 

-     -\b-X\bX   Is to -\b-x\bx as -\b-V\bV is to -\b-v\bv.
+     -\b-x\bx     Causes the _\be_\bc_\bh_\bo variable to be set, so that commands are echoed
+            immediately before execution.
+
+     -\b-V\bV     Causes the _\bv_\be_\br_\bb_\bo_\bs_\be variable to be set even before _\b._\bc_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc is exe-
+
+
+            cuted.
+
+     -\b-X\bX     Is to -\b-x\bx as -\b-V\bV is to -\b-v\bv.

 
      After processing of flag arguments, if arguments remain but none of the
      -\b-c\bc, -\b-i\bi, -\b-s\bs, or -\b-t\bt options were given, the first argument is taken as the
 
      After processing of flag arguments, if arguments remain but none of the
      -\b-c\bc, -\b-i\bi, -\b-s\bs, or -\b-t\bt options were given, the first argument is taken as the


@@ -64,50 +73,50 @@ D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
      and saves its name for possible resubstitution by `$0'.  Since many sys-
      tems use either the standard version 6 or version 7 shells whose shell
      scripts are not compatible with this shell, the shell will execute such a
      and saves its name for possible resubstitution by `$0'.  Since many sys-
      tems use either the standard version 6 or version 7 shells whose shell
      scripts are not compatible with this shell, the shell will execute such a

-     `standard' shell if the first character of a script is not a `#', i.e. if
-     the script does not start with a comment. Remaining arguments initialize
-     the variable _\ba_\br_\bg_\bv.
+     `standard' shell if the first character of a script is not a `#', i.e.,
+     if the script does not start with a comment.  Remaining arguments ini-
+     tialize the variable _\ba_\br_\bg_\bv.

 
      An instance of c\bcs\bsh\bh begins by executing commands from the file
 
      An instance of c\bcs\bsh\bh begins by executing commands from the file

-     /_\be_\bt_\bc/_\bc_\bs_\bh._\bc_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc and, if this is a login shell, /_\be_\bt_\bc/_\bc_\bs_\bh._\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn.  It then
-     executes commands from ._\bc_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc in the _\bh_\bo_\bm_\be directory of the invoker, and,
-     if this is a login shell, the file ._\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn in the same location.  It is
-     typical for users on crt's to put the command ``stty crt'' in their
-     ._\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn file, and to also invoke tset(1) there.
-
-     In the normal case, the shell will then begin reading commands from the
-     terminal, prompting with `% '.  Processing of arguments and the use of
-     the shell to process files containing command scripts will be described
-     later.
-
-     The shell then repeatedly performs the following actions: a line of com-
-     mand input is read and broken into _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bs.       This sequence of words is
-     placed on the command history list and then parsed.  Finally each command
-     in the current line is executed.
-
-     When a login shell terminates it executes commands from the files ._\bl_\bo_\bg_\bo_\bu_\bt
-     in the user's _\bh_\bo_\bm_\be directory and /_\be_\bt_\bc/_\bc_\bs_\bh._\bl_\bo_\bg_\bo_\bu_\bt.
-
-  L\bLe\bex\bxi\bic\bca\bal\bl s\bst\btr\bru\buc\bct\btu\bur\bre\be
+     _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bc_\bs_\bh_\b._\bc_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc and, if this is a login shell, _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bc_\bs_\bh_\b._\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn. It then ex-
+     ecutes commands from _\b._\bc_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc in the _\bh_\bo_\bm_\be directory of the invoker, and, if
+     this is a login shell, the file _\b._\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn in the same location.  It is typi-
+     cal for users on crt's to put the command ``stty crt'' in their _\b._\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn
+     file, and to also invoke tset(1) there.
+
+     In the normal case, the shell will begin reading commands from the termi-
+     nal, prompting with `% '.  Processing of arguments and the use of the
+     shell to process files containing command scripts will be described lat-
+     er.
+
+     The shell repeatedly performs the following actions: a line of command
+     input is read and broken into _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bs. This sequence of words is placed on
+     the command history list and parsed.  Finally each command in the current
+     line is executed.
+
+     When a login shell terminates it executes commands from the files _\b._\bl_\bo_\bg_\bo_\bu_\bt
+     in the user's _\bh_\bo_\bm_\be directory and _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bc_\bs_\bh_\b._\bl_\bo_\bg_\bo_\bu_\bt.
+
+   L\bLe\bex\bxi\bic\bca\bal\bl s\bst\btr\bru\buc\bct\btu\bur\bre\be

      The shell splits input lines into words at blanks and tabs with the fol-
      The shell splits input lines into words at blanks and tabs with the fol-

-     lowing exceptions.  The characters `&' `|' `;' `<' `>' `(' `)' form
-     separate words.  If doubled in `&&', `||', `<<' or `>>' these pairs form
-     single words.  These parser metacharacters may be made part of other
-     words, or prevented their special meaning, by preceding them with `\'.  A
-     newline preceded by a `\' is equivalent to a blank.
-
-     In addition strings enclosed in matched pairs of quotations, `'', ``' or
-     `"', form parts of a word; metacharacters in these strings, including
-     blanks and tabs, do not form separate words.  These quotations have se-
-     mantics to be described subsequently.  Within pairs of `'' or `"' charac-
-     ters a newline preceded by a `\' gives a true newline character.
+     lowing exceptions.  The characters `&' `|' `;' `<' `>' `(' `)' form sepa-
+     rate words.  If doubled in `&&', `||', `<<' or `>>' these pairs form sin-
+     gle words.  These parser metacharacters may be made part of other words,
+     or prevented their special meaning, by preceding them with `\'.  A new-
+     line preceded by a `\' is equivalent to a blank.
+
+     Strings enclosed in matched pairs of quotations, `'', ``' or `"', form
+     parts of a word; metacharacters in these strings, including blanks and
+     tabs, do not form separate words.  These quotations have semantics to be
+     described later.  Within pairs of `'' or `"' characters, a newline pre-
+     ceded by a `\' gives a true newline character.

 
      When the shell's input is not a terminal, the character `#' introduces a
 
      When the shell's input is not a terminal, the character `#' introduces a

-     comment which continues to the end of the input line.  It is prevented
+     comment that continues to the end of the input line.  It is prevented

      this special meaning when preceded by `\' and in quotations using ``',
      `'', and `"'.
 
      this special meaning when preceded by `\' and in quotations using ``',
      `'', and `"'.
 

-  C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs
+   C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs

      A simple command is a sequence of words, the first of which specifies the
      command to be executed.  A simple command or a sequence of simple com-
      mands separated by `|' characters forms a pipeline.  The output of each
      A simple command is a sequence of words, the first of which specifies the
      command to be executed.  A simple command or a sequence of simple com-
      mands separated by `|' characters forms a pipeline.  The output of each


@@ -116,39 +125,38 @@ D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
      A sequence of pipelines may be executed without immediately waiting for
      it to terminate by following it with an `&'.
 
      A sequence of pipelines may be executed without immediately waiting for
      it to terminate by following it with an `&'.
 

-     Any of the above may be placed in `(' `)' to form a simple command (which
-     may be a component of a pipeline, etc.) It is also possible to separate
-     pipelines with `||' or `&&' indicating, as in the C language, that the
-     second is to be executed only if the first fails or succeeds respective-
-     ly. (See _\bE_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\bs.)
+     Any of the above may be placed in `(' `)' to form a simple command (that
+     may be a component of a pipeline, etc.).  It is also possible to separate
+     pipelines with `||' or `&&' showing, as in the C language, that the sec-
+     ond is to be executed only if the first fails or succeeds respectively.
+     (See _\bE_\bx_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn_\bs.)

 
 

-  J\bJo\bob\bbs\bs
-     The shell associates a _\bj_\bo_\bb with each pipeline.  It keeps a table of
-     current jobs, printed by the _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs command, and assigns them small integer
+   J\bJo\bob\bbs\bs
+     The shell associates a _\bj_\bo_\bb with each pipeline.  It keeps a table of cur-
+     rent jobs, printed by the _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs command, and assigns them small integer

      numbers.  When a job is started asynchronously with `&', the shell prints
      numbers.  When a job is started asynchronously with `&', the shell prints

-     a line which looks like:
-
-          [1] 1234
+     a line that looks like:

 
 

+           [1] 1234

 
 

-     indicating that the job which was started asynchronously was job number 1
+     showing that the job which was started asynchronously was job number 1

      and had one (top-level) process, whose process id was 1234.
 
      If you are running a job and wish to do something else you may hit the
      key ^\b^Z\bZ (control-Z) which sends a STOP signal to the current job.  The
      and had one (top-level) process, whose process id was 1234.
 
      If you are running a job and wish to do something else you may hit the
      key ^\b^Z\bZ (control-Z) which sends a STOP signal to the current job.  The

-     shell will then normally indicate that the job has been `Stopped', and
-     print another prompt.  You can then manipulate the state of this job,
-     putting it in the background with the _\bb_\bg command, or run some other com-
-     mands and then eventually bring the job back into the foreground with the
-     foreground command _\bf_\bg.  A ^\b^Z\bZ takes effect immediately and is like an in-
-     terrupt in that pending output and unread input are discarded when it is
-     typed.  There is another special key ^\b^Y\bY which does not generate a STOP
-     signal until a program attempts to read(2) it.  This can usefully be
-     typed ahead when you have prepared some commands for a job which you wish
-     to stop after it has read them.
+     shell will then normally show that the job has been `Stopped', and print
+     another prompt.  You can then manipulate the state of this job, putting
+     it in the _\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd with the _\bb_\bg command, or run some other commands and
+     eventually bring the job back into the foreground with the _\bf_\bo_\br_\be_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd
+     command _\bf_\bg. A ^\b^Z\bZ takes effect immediately and is like an interrupt in
+     that pending output and unread input are discarded when it is typed.
+     There is another special key ^\b^Y\bY that does not generate a STOP signal un-
+     til a program attempts to read(2) it.  This request can usefully be typed
+     ahead when you have prepared some commands for a job that you wish to
+     stop after it has read them.

 
      A job being run in the background will stop if it tries to read from the
 
      A job being run in the background will stop if it tries to read from the

-     terminal. Background jobs are normally allowed to produce output, but
+     terminal.  Background jobs are normally allowed to produce output, but

      this can be disabled by giving the command ``stty tostop''.  If you set
      this tty option, then background jobs will stop when they try to produce
      output like they do when they try to read input.
      this can be disabled by giving the command ``stty tostop''.  If you set
      this tty option, then background jobs will stop when they try to produce
      output like they do when they try to read input.


@@ -156,36 +164,37 @@ D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
      There are several ways to refer to jobs in the shell.  The character `%'
      introduces a job name.  If you wish to refer to job number 1, you can
      name it as `%1'.  Just naming a job brings it to the foreground; thus
      There are several ways to refer to jobs in the shell.  The character `%'
      introduces a job name.  If you wish to refer to job number 1, you can
      name it as `%1'.  Just naming a job brings it to the foreground; thus

-     `%1' is a synonym for `fg %1', bringing job 1 back into the foreground.
-     Similarly saying `%1 &' resumes job 1 in the background.  Jobs can also
-     be named by prefixes of the string typed in to start them, if these pre-
-     fixes are unambiguous, thus `%ex' would normally restart a suspended
-     ex(1) job, if there were only one suspended job whose name began with the
-     string `ex'.  It is also possible to say `%?string' which specifies a job
-     whose text contains _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg, if there is only one such job.
+     `%1' is a synonym for `fg %1', bringing job number 1 back into the fore-
+     ground.  Similarly saying `%1 &' resumes job number 1 in the background.
+     Jobs can also be named by prefixes of the string typed in to start them,
+     if these prefixes are unambiguous, thus `%ex' would normally restart a
+     suspended ex(1) job, if there were only one suspended job whose name be-
+     gan with the string `ex'.  It is also possible to say `%?string' which
+     specifies a job whose text contains _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg, if there is only one such
+     job.

 
      The shell maintains a notion of the current and previous jobs.  In output
 
      The shell maintains a notion of the current and previous jobs.  In output

-     pertaining to jobs, the current job is marked with a `+' and the previous
-     job with a `-'.  The abbreviation `%+' refers to the current job and `%-'
+     about jobs, the current job is marked with a `+' and the previous job
+     with a `-'.  The abbreviation `%+' refers to the current job and `%-'

      refers to the previous job.  For close analogy with the syntax of the
      refers to the previous job.  For close analogy with the syntax of the

-     _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by mechanism (described below), `%%' is also a synonym for the
-     current job.
+     _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by mechanism (described below), `%%' is also a synonym for the cur-
+     rent job.

 
      The job control mechanism requires that the stty(1) option n\bne\bew\bw be set. It
 
      The job control mechanism requires that the stty(1) option n\bne\bew\bw be set. It

-     is an artifact from a _\bn_\be_\bw implementation of the tty driver which allows
+     is an artifact from a _\bn_\be_\bw implementation of the tty driver that allows

      generation of interrupt characters from the keyboard to tell jobs to
      stop.  See stty(1) for details on setting options in the new tty driver.
 
      generation of interrupt characters from the keyboard to tell jobs to
      stop.  See stty(1) for details on setting options in the new tty driver.
 

-  S\bSt\bta\bat\btu\bus\bs r\bre\bep\bpo\bor\brt\bti\bin\bng\bg
+   S\bSt\bta\bat\btu\bus\bs r\bre\bep\bpo\bor\brt\bti\bin\bng\bg

      This shell learns immediately whenever a process changes state.  It nor-
      This shell learns immediately whenever a process changes state.  It nor-

-     mally informs you whenever a job becomes blocked so that no further pro-
-     gress is possible, but only just before it prints a prompt.  This is done
-     so that it does not otherwise disturb your work.  If, however, you set
-     the shell variable _\bn_\bo_\bt_\bi_\bf_\by, the shell will notify you immediately of
+     mally informs you whenever a job becomes blocked so that no further
+     progress is possible, but only just before it prints a prompt.  This is
+     done so that it does not otherwise disturb your work.  If, however, you
+     set the shell variable _\bn_\bo_\bt_\bi_\bf_\by, the shell will notify you immediately of

      changes of status in background jobs.  There is also a shell command
      changes of status in background jobs.  There is also a shell command

-     _\bn_\bo_\bt_\bi_\bf_\by which marks a single process so that its status changes will be
-     immediately reported.  By default _\bn_\bo_\bt_\bi_\bf_\by marks the current process; sim-
-     ply say `notify' after starting a background job to mark it.
+     _\bn_\bo_\bt_\bi_\bf_\by that marks a single process so that its status changes will be im-
+     mediately reported.  By default _\bn_\bo_\bt_\bi_\bf_\by marks the current process; simply
+     say `notify' after starting a background job to mark it.

 
      When you try to leave the shell while jobs are stopped, you will be
      warned that `You have stopped jobs.'  You may use the _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs command to see
 
      When you try to leave the shell while jobs are stopped, you will be
      warned that `You have stopped jobs.'  You may use the _\bj_\bo_\bb_\bs command to see


@@ -193,33 +202,33 @@ D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
      shell will not warn you a second time, and the suspended jobs will be
      terminated.
 
      shell will not warn you a second time, and the suspended jobs will be
      terminated.
 

-  F\bFi\bil\ble\be N\bNa\bam\bme\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn
+   F\bFi\bil\ble\be N\bNa\bam\bme\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn

      When the file name completion feature is enabled by setting the shell
      variable _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bc (see s\bse\bet\bt), c\bcs\bsh\bh will interactively complete file names and
      user names from unique prefixes, when they are input from the terminal
      followed by the escape character (the escape key, or control-[) For exam-
      ple, if the current directory looks like
 
      When the file name completion feature is enabled by setting the shell
      variable _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bc (see s\bse\bet\bt), c\bcs\bsh\bh will interactively complete file names and
      user names from unique prefixes, when they are input from the terminal
      followed by the escape character (the escape key, or control-[) For exam-
      ple, if the current directory looks like
 

-          DSC.OLD    bin         cmd       lib     xmpl.c
-          DSC.NEW    chaosnet    cmtest    mail    xmpl.o
-          bench      class       dev       mbox    xmpl.out
+           DSC.OLD  bin      cmd      lib      xmpl.c
+           DSC.NEW  chaosnet cmtest   mail     xmpl.o
+           bench    class    dev      mbox     xmpl.out

 
      and the input is
 
 
      and the input is
 

-          % vi ch<escape>
+           % vi ch<escape>

 
      c\bcs\bsh\bh will complete the prefix ``ch'' to the only matching file name
      ``chaosnet'', changing the input line to
 
 
      c\bcs\bsh\bh will complete the prefix ``ch'' to the only matching file name
      ``chaosnet'', changing the input line to
 

-          % vi chaosnet
+           % vi chaosnet

 
      However, given
 
 
      However, given
 

-          % vi D<escape>
+           % vi D<escape>

 
      c\bcs\bsh\bh will only expand the input to
 
 
      c\bcs\bsh\bh will only expand the input to
 

-          % vi DSC.
+           % vi DSC.

 
      and will sound the terminal bell to indicate that the expansion is incom-
      plete, since there are two file names matching the prefix ``D''.
 
      and will sound the terminal bell to indicate that the expansion is incom-
      plete, since there are two file names matching the prefix ``D''.


@@ -228,11 +237,11 @@ D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
      control-D), then, instead of completing the name, c\bcs\bsh\bh will list all file
      names matching the prefix.  For example, the input
 
      control-D), then, instead of completing the name, c\bcs\bsh\bh will list all file
      names matching the prefix.  For example, the input
 

-          % vi D<control-D>
+           % vi D<control-D>

 
      causes all files beginning with ``D'' to be listed:
 
 
      causes all files beginning with ``D'' to be listed:
 

-          DSC.NEW   DSC.OLD
+           DSC.NEW   DSC.OLD

 
      while the input line remains unchanged.
 
 
      while the input line remains unchanged.
 


@@ -240,11 +249,11 @@ D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
      tial user names, if the word to be completed (or listed) begins with the
      character ``~''.  For example, typing
 
      tial user names, if the word to be completed (or listed) begins with the
      character ``~''.  For example, typing
 

-          cd ~ro<escape>
+           cd ~ro<escape>

 
      may produce the expansion
 
 
      may produce the expansion
 

-          cd ~root
+           cd ~root

 
      The use of the terminal bell to signal errors or multiple matches can be
      inhibited by setting the variable _\bn_\bo_\bb_\be_\be_\bp.
 
      The use of the terminal bell to signal errors or multiple matches can be
      inhibited by setting the variable _\bn_\bo_\bb_\be_\be_\bp.


@@ -254,153 +263,152 @@ D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
      tion by setting the variable _\bf_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be to the list of suffixes to be ig-
      nored.  Thus, if _\bf_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be is set by the command
 
      tion by setting the variable _\bf_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be to the list of suffixes to be ig-
      nored.  Thus, if _\bf_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be is set by the command
 

-          % set fignore = (.o .out)
+           % set fignore = (.o .out)

 
      then typing
 
 
      then typing
 

-          % vi x<escape>
+           % vi x<escape>

 
      would result in the completion to
 
 
      would result in the completion to
 

-
-          % vi xmpl.c
+           % vi xmpl.c

 
      ignoring the files "xmpl.o" and "xmpl.out".  However, if the only comple-
      tion possible requires not ignoring these suffixes, then they are not ig-
      nored.  In addition, _\bf_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be does not affect the listing of file names by
      control-D.  All files are listed regardless of their suffixes.
 
 
      ignoring the files "xmpl.o" and "xmpl.out".  However, if the only comple-
      tion possible requires not ignoring these suffixes, then they are not ig-
      nored.  In addition, _\bf_\bi_\bg_\bn_\bo_\br_\be does not affect the listing of file names by
      control-D.  All files are listed regardless of their suffixes.
 

-  S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs
+   S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs

      We now describe the various transformations the shell performs on the in-
      put in the order in which they occur.
 
      We now describe the various transformations the shell performs on the in-
      put in the order in which they occur.
 

-  H\bHi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by s\bsu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs
+   H\bHi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by s\bsu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs

      History substitutions place words from previous command input as portions
      of new commands, making it easy to repeat commands, repeat arguments of a
      previous command in the current command, or fix spelling mistakes in the
      previous command with little typing and a high degree of confidence.
      History substitutions begin with the character `!' and may begin _\ba_\bn_\by_\bw_\bh_\be_\br_\be
      History substitutions place words from previous command input as portions
      of new commands, making it easy to repeat commands, repeat arguments of a
      previous command in the current command, or fix spelling mistakes in the
      previous command with little typing and a high degree of confidence.
      History substitutions begin with the character `!' and may begin _\ba_\bn_\by_\bw_\bh_\be_\br_\be

-     in the input stream (with the proviso that they d\bdo\bo n\bno\bot\bt nest.) This `!'
-     may be preceded by an `\' to prevent its special meaning; for conveni-
-     ence, a `!' is passed unchanged when it is followed by a blank, tab, new-
-     line, `=' or `('. (History substitutions also occur when an input line
-     begins with `^'.  This special abbreviation will be described later.) Any
-     input line which contains history substitution is echoed on the terminal
-     before it is executed as it could have been typed without history substi-
-     tution.
-
-     Commands input from the terminal which consist of one or more words are
+     in the input stream (with the proviso that they d\bdo\bo n\bno\bot\bt nest.)  This `!'
+     may be preceded by a `\' to prevent its special meaning; for convenience,
+     an `!' is passed unchanged when it is followed by a blank, tab, newline,
+     `=' or `('.  (History substitutions also occur when an input line begins
+     with `^'.  This special abbreviation will be described later.)  Any input
+     line that contains history substitution is echoed on the terminal before
+     it is executed as it could have been typed without history substitution.
+
+     Commands input from the terminal that consist of one or more words are

      saved on the history list.  The history substitutions reintroduce se-
      saved on the history list.  The history substitutions reintroduce se-

-     quences of words from these saved commands into the input stream. The
-     size of which is controlled by the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by variable; the previous command
-     is always retained, regardless of its value.  Commands are numbered
-     sequentially from 1.
+     quences of words from these saved commands into the input stream.  The
+     size of the history list is controlled by the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by variable; the pre-
+     vious command is always retained, regardless of the value of the history
+     variable.  Commands are numbered sequentially from 1.

 
      For definiteness, consider the following output from the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by command:
 
 
      For definiteness, consider the following output from the _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by command:
 

-           9 write michael
-          10 ex write.c
-          11 cat oldwrite.c
-          12 diff *write.c
+            9  write michael
+           10  ex write.c
+           11  cat oldwrite.c
+           12  diff *write.c

 
 

-     The commands are shown with their event numbers.  It is not usually
-     necessary to use event numbers, but the current event number can be made
+     The commands are shown with their event numbers.  It is not usually nec-
+     essary to use event numbers, but the current event number can be made

      part of the _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt by placing an `!' in the prompt string.
 
      With the current event 13 we can refer to previous events by event number
      `!11', relatively as in `!-2' (referring to the same event), by a prefix
      of a command word as in `!d' for event 12 or `!wri' for event 9, or by a
      string contained in a word in the command as in `!?mic?' also referring
      part of the _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt by placing an `!' in the prompt string.
 
      With the current event 13 we can refer to previous events by event number
      `!11', relatively as in `!-2' (referring to the same event), by a prefix
      of a command word as in `!d' for event 12 or `!wri' for event 9, or by a
      string contained in a word in the command as in `!?mic?' also referring

-     to event 9.  These forms, without further modification, simply reintro-
-     duce the words of the specified events, each separated by a single blank.
-     As a special case `!!' refers to the previous command; thus `!!' alone is
-     essentially a _\br_\be_\bd_\bo.
+     to event 9.  These forms, without further change, simply reintroduce the
+     words of the specified events, each separated by a single blank.  As a
+     special case, `!!' refers to the previous command; thus `!!'  alone is a
+     _\br_\be_\bd_\bo.

 
      To select words from an event we can follow the event specification by a
      `:' and a designator for the desired words.  The words of an input line
      are numbered from 0, the first (usually command) word being 0, the second
      word (first argument) being 1, etc.  The basic word designators are:
 
 
      To select words from an event we can follow the event specification by a
      `:' and a designator for the desired words.  The words of an input line
      are numbered from 0, the first (usually command) word being 0, the second
      word (first argument) being 1, etc.  The basic word designators are:
 

-          0     first (command) word
-          _\bn   _\bn'th argument
-          ^     first argument,  i.e. `1'
-          $     last argument
-          %     word matched by (immediately preceding) ?_\bs?  search
-          _\bx-_\by       range of words
-          -_\by  abbreviates `_\b0-_\by'
-          *     abbreviates `^-$', or nothing if only 1 word in event
-          _\bx*  abbreviates `_\bx-$'
-          _\bx-  like `_\bx*' but omitting word `$'
-
+           0       first (command) word
+           _\bn       _\bn'th argument
+           ^       first argument,  i.e., `1'
+           $       last argument
+           %       word matched by (immediately preceding) ?_\bs? search
+           _\bx_\b-_\by     range of words
+           _\b-_\by      abbreviates _\b`_\b0_\b-_\by_\b'
+           *       abbreviates `^-$', or nothing if only 1 word in event
+           _\bx_\b*      abbreviates _\b`_\bx_\b-_\b$_\b'
+           _\bx_\b-      like _\b`_\bx_\b*_\b' but omitting word `$'

 
      The `:' separating the event specification from the word designator can
      be omitted if the argument selector begins with a `^', `$', `*' `-' or
 
      The `:' separating the event specification from the word designator can
      be omitted if the argument selector begins with a `^', `$', `*' `-' or

-     `%'.  After the optional word designator can be placed a sequence of
-     modifiers, each preceded by a `:'.  The following modifiers are defined:
-
-          h     Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving the head.
-          r     Remove a trailing `.xxx' component, leaving the root name.
-          e     Remove all but the extension `.xxx' part.
-          s/_\bl/_\br/
-                Substitute _\bl for _\br
-          t     Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
-          &     Repeat the previous substitution.
-          g     Apply the change globally, prefixing the above, e.g. `g&'.
-          p     Print the new command line but do not execute it.
-          q     Quote the substituted words, preventing further substitu-
-                tions.
-          x     Like q, but break into words at blanks, tabs and newlines.
-
-
-     Unless preceded by a `g' the modification is applied only to the first
-     modifiable word.  With substitutions, it is an error for no word to be
-     applicable.
+     `%'.  After the optional word designator can be placed a sequence of mod-
+     ifiers, each preceded by a `:'.  The following modifiers are defined:
+
+           h       Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving the head.
+           r       Remove a trailing `.xxx' component, leaving the root name.
+           e       Remove all but the extension `.xxx' part.
+           s_\b/_\bl_\b/_\br_\b/  Substitute _\bl for _\br
+           t       Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.
+           &       Repeat the previous substitution.
+           g       Apply the change once on each word, prefixing the above,
+                   e.g., `g&'.
+           a       Apply the change as many times as possible on a single
+                   word, prefixing the above. It can be used together with `g'
+                   to apply a substitution globally.
+           p       Print the new command line but do not execute it.
+           q       Quote the substituted words, preventing further substitu-
+                   tions.
+           x       Like q, but break into words at blanks, tabs and newlines.
+
+     Unless preceded by a `g' the change is applied only to the first modifi-
+     able word.  With substitutions, it is an error for no word to be applica-
+     ble.

 
      The left hand side of substitutions are not regular expressions in the
 
      The left hand side of substitutions are not regular expressions in the

-     sense of the editors, but rather strings. Any character may be used as
+     sense of the editors, but instead strings.  Any character may be used as

      the delimiter in place of `/'; a `\' quotes the delimiter into the _\bl and
      _\br strings.  The character `&' in the right hand side is replaced by the
      the delimiter in place of `/'; a `\' quotes the delimiter into the _\bl and
      _\br strings.  The character `&' in the right hand side is replaced by the

-     text from the left.  A `\' quotes `&' also.  A null _\bl uses the previous
-     string either from a _\bl or from a contextual scan string _\bs in `!?  _\bs ?'.
-     The trailing delimiter in the substitution may be omitted if a newline
-     follows immediately as may the trailing `?' in a contextual scan.
+     text from the left.  A `\' also quotes `&'.  A null _\bl (`//') uses the
+     previous string either from an _\bl or from a contextual scan string _\bs in
+     `!?_\bs\?'. The trailing delimiter in the substitution may be omitted if a
+     newline follows immediately as may the trailing `?' in a contextual scan.

 
 

-     A history reference may be given without an event specification, e.g.
-     `!$'.  In this case the reference is to the previous command unless a
-     previous history reference occurred on the same line in which case this
-     form repeats the previous reference.  Thus `!?foo?^ !$' gives the first
-     and last arguments from the command matching `?foo?'.
+     A history reference may be given without an event specification, e.g.,
+     `!$'.  Here, the reference is to the previous command unless a previous
+     history reference occurred on the same line in which case this form re-
+     peats the previous reference.  Thus `!?foo?^ !$' gives the first and last
+     arguments from the command matching `?foo?'.

 
      A special abbreviation of a history reference occurs when the first non-
      blank character of an input line is a `^'.  This is equivalent to `!:s^'
      providing a convenient shorthand for substitutions on the text of the
      previous line.  Thus `^lb^lib' fixes the spelling of `lib' in the previ-
      ous command.  Finally, a history substitution may be surrounded with `{'
 
      A special abbreviation of a history reference occurs when the first non-
      blank character of an input line is a `^'.  This is equivalent to `!:s^'
      providing a convenient shorthand for substitutions on the text of the
      previous line.  Thus `^lb^lib' fixes the spelling of `lib' in the previ-
      ous command.  Finally, a history substitution may be surrounded with `{'

-     and `}' if necessary to insulate it from the characters which follow.
+     and `}' if necessary to insulate it from the characters that follow.

      Thus, after `ls -ld ~paul' we might do `!{l}a' to do `ls -ld ~paula',
      Thus, after `ls -ld ~paul' we might do `!{l}a' to do `ls -ld ~paula',

-     while `!la' would look for a command starting `la'.
+     while `!la' would look for a command starting with `la'.

 
 

-  Q\bQu\buo\bot\bta\bat\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs w\bwi\bit\bth\bh '\b' a\ban\bnd\bd "\b"
+   Q\bQu\buo\bot\bta\bat\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs w\bwi\bit\bth\bh '\b' a\ban\bnd\bd "\b"

      The quotation of strings by `'' and `"' can be used to prevent all or
      The quotation of strings by `'' and `"' can be used to prevent all or

-     some of the remaining substitutions.  Strings enclosed in `'' are
-     prevented any further interpretation.  Strings enclosed in `"' may be ex-
+     some of the remaining substitutions.  Strings enclosed in `'' are pre-
+     vented any further interpretation.  Strings enclosed in `"' may be ex-

      panded as described below.
 
      In both cases the resulting text becomes (all or part of) a single word;
      panded as described below.
 
      In both cases the resulting text becomes (all or part of) a single word;

-     only in one special case (see _\bC_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd _\bS_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn below) does a `"'
+     only in one special case (see _\bC_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd _\bS_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn below) does a `"'

      quoted string yield parts of more than one word; `'' quoted strings never
      do.
 
      quoted string yield parts of more than one word; `'' quoted strings never
      do.
 

-  A\bAl\bli\bia\bas\bs s\bsu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn
-     The shell maintains a list of aliases which can be established, displayed
+   A\bAl\bli\bia\bas\bs s\bsu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn
+     The shell maintains a list of aliases that can be established, displayed

      and modified by the _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs and _\bu_\bn_\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs commands.  After a command line is
      scanned, it is parsed into distinct commands and the first word of each
      command, left-to-right, is checked to see if it has an alias.  If it
      and modified by the _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs and _\bu_\bn_\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs commands.  After a command line is
      scanned, it is parsed into distinct commands and the first word of each
      command, left-to-right, is checked to see if it has an alias.  If it

-     does, then the text which is the alias for that command is reread with
-     the history mechanism available as though that command were the previous
-     input line.  The resulting words replace the command and argument list.
-     If no reference is made to the history list, then the argument list is
-     left unchanged.
+     does, then the text that is the alias for that command is reread with the
+     history mechanism available as though that command were the previous in-
+     put line.  The resulting words replace the command and argument list.  If
+     no reference is made to the history list, then the argument list is left
+     unchanged.

 
      Thus if the alias for `ls' is `ls -l' the command `ls /usr' would map to
      `ls -l /usr', the argument list here being undisturbed.  Similarly if the
 
      Thus if the alias for `ls' is `ls -l' the command `ls /usr' would map to
      `ls -l /usr', the argument list here being undisturbed.  Similarly if the


@@ -414,10 +422,10 @@ D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
      and cause an error.
 
      Note that the mechanism allows aliases to introduce parser metasyntax.
      and cause an error.
 
      Note that the mechanism allows aliases to introduce parser metasyntax.

-     Thus we can `alias print 'pr \!* | lpr'' to make a command which _\bp_\br '_\bs
-     its arguments to the line printer.
+     Thus, we can `alias print 'pr \!* | lpr'' to make a command that _\bp_\br's its
+     arguments to the line printer.

 
 

-  V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\be s\bsu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn
+   V\bVa\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\be s\bsu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn

      The shell maintains a set of variables, each of which has as value a list
      of zero or more words.  Some of these variables are set by the shell or
      referred to by it.  For instance, the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bv variable is an image of the
      The shell maintains a set of variables, each of which has as value a list
      of zero or more words.  Some of these variables are set by the shell or
      referred to by it.  For instance, the _\ba_\br_\bg_\bv variable is an image of the


@@ -427,7 +435,7 @@ D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
      The values of variables may be displayed and changed by using the _\bs_\be_\bt and
      _\bu_\bn_\bs_\be_\bt commands.  Of the variables referred to by the shell a number are
      toggles; the shell does not care what their value is, only whether they
      The values of variables may be displayed and changed by using the _\bs_\be_\bt and
      _\bu_\bn_\bs_\be_\bt commands.  Of the variables referred to by the shell a number are
      toggles; the shell does not care what their value is, only whether they

-     are set or not.  For instance, the _\bv_\be_\br_\bb_\bo_\bs_\be variable is a toggle which
+     are set or not.  For instance, the _\bv_\be_\br_\bb_\bo_\bs_\be variable is a toggle that

      causes command input to be echoed.  The setting of this variable results
      from the -\b-v\bv command line option.
 
      causes command input to be echoed.  The setting of this variable results
      from the -\b-v\bv command line option.
 


@@ -435,8 +443,8 @@ D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
      numeric calculations to be performed and the result assigned to a vari-
      able.  Variable values are, however, always represented as (zero or more)
      strings.  For the purposes of numeric operations, the null string is con-
      numeric calculations to be performed and the result assigned to a vari-
      able.  Variable values are, however, always represented as (zero or more)
      strings.  For the purposes of numeric operations, the null string is con-

-     sidered to be zero, and the second and subsequent words of multiword
-     values are ignored.
+     sidered to be zero, and the second and additional words of multiword val-
+     ues are ignored.

 
      After the input line is aliased and parsed, and before each command is
      executed, variable substitution is performed keyed by `$' characters.
 
      After the input line is aliased and parsed, and before each command is
      executed, variable substitution is performed keyed by `$' characters.


@@ -448,10 +456,11 @@ D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
      end-of-line.
 
      Input/output redirections are recognized before variable expansion, and
      end-of-line.
 
      Input/output redirections are recognized before variable expansion, and

-     are variable expanded separately. Otherwise, the command name and entire
+     are variable expanded separately.  Otherwise, the command name and entire

      argument list are expanded together.  It is thus possible for the first
      argument list are expanded together.  It is thus possible for the first

-     (command) word to this point to generate more than one word, the first of
-     which becomes the command name, and the rest of which become arguments.
+     (command) word (to this point) to generate more than one word, the first
+     of which becomes the command name, and the rest of which become argu-
+     ments.

 
      Unless enclosed in `"' or given the `:q' modifier the results of variable
      substitution may eventually be command and filename substituted.  Within
 
      Unless enclosed in `"' or given the `:q' modifier the results of variable
      substitution may eventually be command and filename substituted.  Within


@@ -463,242 +472,240 @@ D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
 
      The following metasequences are provided for introducing variable values
      into the shell input.  Except as noted, it is an error to reference a
 
      The following metasequences are provided for introducing variable values
      into the shell input.  Except as noted, it is an error to reference a

-     variable which is not set.
-
-     $name
-     ${name}
-          Are replaced by the words of the value of variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, each
-          separated by a blank.  Braces insulate _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from following charac-
-          ters which would otherwise be part of it.  Shell variables have
-          names consisting of up to 20 letters and digits starting with a
-          letter.  The underscore character is considered a letter.
-          If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell variable, but is set in the environment,
-          then that value is returned (but : modifiers and the other forms
-          given below are not available in this case).
-
-     $name[selector]
-     ${name[selector]}
-          May be used to select only some of the words from the value of
-          _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.  The selector is subjected to `$' substitution and may con-
-          sist of a single number or two numbers separated by a `-'.  The
-          first word of a variables value is numbered `1'.  If the first
-          number of a range is omitted it defaults to `1'.  If the last
-          member of a range is omitted it defaults to `$#name'.  The selector
-          `*' selects all words.  It is not an error for a range to be empty
-          if the second argument is omitted or in range.
-
-     $#name
-     ${#name}
-          Gives the number of words in the variable.  This is useful for
-          later use in a `$argv[selector]'.
-
-     $0    Substitutes the name of the file from which command input is being
-          read.  An error occurs if the name is not known.
-
-     $number
-     ${number}
-          Equivalent to `$argv[number]'.
-
-     $*    Equivalent to `$argv[*]'.  The modifiers `:e', `:h', `:t', `:r',
-          `:q' and `:x' may be applied to the substitutions above as may
-          `:gh', `:gt' and `:gr'.  If braces `{' '}' appear in the command
-          form then the modifiers must appear within the braces.  The current
-          implementation allows only one `:' modifier on each `$' expansion.
-
+     variable that is not set.
+
+           $name
+           ${name}
+                   Are replaced by the words of the value of variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be,
+                   each separated by a blank.  Braces insulate _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be from fol-
+                   lowing characters that would otherwise be part of it.
+                   Shell variables have names consisting of up to 20 letters
+                   and digits starting with a letter.  The underscore charac-
+                   ter is considered a letter.  If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not a shell vari-
+                   able, but is set in the environment, then that value is re-
+                   turned (but : modifiers and the other forms given below are
+                   not available here).
+           $name[selector]
+           ${name[selector] }
+                   May be used to select only some of the words from the value
+                   of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. The selector is subjected to `$' substitution and
+                   may consist of a single number or two numbers separated by
+                   a `-'.  The first word of a variables value is numbered
+                   `1'.  If the first number of a range is omitted it defaults
+                   to `1'.  If the last number of a range is omitted it de-
+                   faults to `$#name'.  The selector `*' selects all words.
+                   It is not an error for a range to be empty if the second
+                   argument is omitted or in range.
+           $#name
+           ${#name}
+                   Gives the number of words in the variable.  This is useful
+                   for later use in a `$argv[selector]'.
+           $0      Substitutes the name of the file from which command input
+                   is being read.  An error occurs if the name is not known.
+           $number
+           ${number}
+                   Equivalent to `$argv[number]'.
+           $*      Equivalent to `$argv[*]'.  The modifiers `:e', `:h', `:t',
+                   `:r', `:q' and `:x' may be applied to the substitutions
+                   above as may `:gh', `:gt' and `:gr'.  If braces `{' '}' ap-
+                   pear in the command form then the modifiers must appear
+                   within the braces.  The current implementation allows only
+                   one `:' modifier on each `$' expansion.

 
      The following substitutions may not be modified with `:' modifiers.
 
      The following substitutions may not be modified with `:' modifiers.

-
-     $?name
-     ${?name}
-          Substitutes the string `1' if name is set, `0' if it is not.
-
-     $?0   Substitutes `1' if the current input filename is known, `0' if it
-          is not.
-
-     $$    Substitute the (decimal) process number of the (parent) shell.
-
-     $<    Substitutes a line from the standard input, with no further
-          interpretation thereafter.  It can be used to read from the
-          keyboard in a shell script.
-
-
-  C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd a\ban\bnd\bd f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\be s\bsu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn
-     The remaining substitutions, command and filename substitution, are
-     applied selectively to the arguments of builtin commands. This means
-     that portions of expressions which are not evaluated are not subjected to
-     these expansions. For commands which are not internal to the shell, the
-     command name is substituted separately from the argument list.  This
-     occurs very late, after input-output redirection is performed, and in a
-     child of the main shell.
-
-  C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd s\bsu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn
-     Command substitution is indicated by a command enclosed in ``'.  The
-     output from such a command is normally broken into separate words at
-     blanks, tabs and newlines, with null words being discarded, this text
-     then replacing the original string.  Within `"'s, only newlines force new
-     words; blanks and tabs are preserved.
+           $?name
+           ${?name}
+                   Substitutes the string `1' if name is set, `0' if it is
+                   not.
+           $?0     Substitutes `1' if the current input filename is known, `0'
+                   if it is not.
+           $$      Substitute the (decimal) process number of the (parent)
+                   shell.
+           $!      Substitute the (decimal) process number of the last back-
+                   ground process started by this shell.
+           $<      Substitutes a line from the standard input, with no further
+                   interpretation.  It can be used to read from the keyboard
+                   in a shell script.
+
+   C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd a\ban\bnd\bd f\bfi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\be s\bsu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn
+     The remaining substitutions, command and filename substitution, are ap-
+     plied selectively to the arguments of builtin commands.  By selectively,
+     we mean that portions of expressions which are not evaluated are not sub-
+     jected to these expansions.  For commands that are not internal to the
+     shell, the command name is substituted separately from the argument list.
+     This occurs very late, after input-output redirection is performed, and
+     in a child of the main shell.
+
+   C\bCo\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd s\bsu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn
+     Command substitution is shown by a command enclosed in ``'.  The output
+     from such a command is normally broken into separate words at blanks,
+     tabs and newlines, with null words being discarded; this text then re-
+     places the original string.  Within `"'s, only newlines force new words;
+     blanks and tabs are preserved.

 
      In any case, the single final newline does not force a new word.  Note
      that it is thus possible for a command substitution to yield only part of
      a word, even if the command outputs a complete line.
 
 
      In any case, the single final newline does not force a new word.  Note
      that it is thus possible for a command substitution to yield only part of
      a word, even if the command outputs a complete line.
 

-  F\bFi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\be s\bsu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn
+   F\bFi\bil\ble\ben\bna\bam\bme\be s\bsu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn

      If a word contains any of the characters `*', `?', `[' or `{' or begins
      If a word contains any of the characters `*', `?', `[' or `{' or begins

-     with the character `~', then that word is a candidate for filename
-     substitution, also known as `globbing'.  This word is then regarded as a
+     with the character `~', then that word is a candidate for filename sub-
+     stitution, also known as `globbing'.  This word is then regarded as a

      pattern, and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of file names
      pattern, and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of file names

-     which match the pattern.  In a list of words specifying filename
-     substitution it is an error for no pattern to match an existing file
-     name, but it is not required for each pattern to match.  Only the
-     metacharacters `*', `?' and `[' imply pattern matching, the characters
-     `~' and `{' being more akin to abbreviations.
+     that match the pattern.  In a list of words specifying filename substitu-
+     tion it is an error for no pattern to match an existing file name, but it
+     is not required for each pattern to match.  Only the metacharacters `*',
+     `?' and `[' imply pattern matching, the characters `~' and `{' being more
+     akin to abbreviations.

 
      In matching filenames, the character `.' at the beginning of a filename
      or immediately following a `/', as well as the character `/' must be
      matched explicitly.  The character `*' matches any string of characters,
 
      In matching filenames, the character `.' at the beginning of a filename
      or immediately following a `/', as well as the character `/' must be
      matched explicitly.  The character `*' matches any string of characters,

-     including the null string.  The character `?' matches any single
-     character.  The sequence `[...]' matches any one of the characters
-     enclosed. Within `[...]', a pair of characters separated by `-' matches
-     any character lexically between the two.
-
-     The character `~' at the beginning of a filename is used to refer to home
-     directories.  Standing alone, i.e. `~' it expands to the invokers home
-     directory as reflected in the value of the variable _\bh_\bo_\bm_\be. When followed
-     by a name consisting of letters, digits and `-' characters the shell
-     searches for a user with that name and substitutes their home directory;
-     thus `~ken' might expand to `/usr/ken' and `~ken/chmach' to
-     `/usr/ken/chmach'.  If the character `~' is followed by a character other
-     than a letter or `/' or appears not at the beginning of a word, it is
-     left undisturbed.
+     including the null string.  The character `?' matches any single charac-
+     ter.  The sequence `[...]' matches any one of the characters enclosed.
+     Within `[...]', a pair of characters separated by `-' matches any charac-
+     ter lexically between the two (inclusive).
+
+     The character `~' at the beginning of a filename refers to home directo-
+     ries.  Standing alone, i.e., `~' it expands to the invokers home directo-
+     ry as reflected in the value of the variable _\bh_\bo_\bm_\be. When followed by a
+     name consisting of letters, digits and `-' characters, the shell searches
+     for a user with that name and substitutes their home directory;  thus
+     `~ken' might expand to `/usr/ken' and `~ken/chmach' to `/usr/ken/chmach'.
+     If the character `~' is followed by a character other than a letter or
+     `/' or does not appear at the beginning of a word, it is left undis-
+     turbed.

 
      The metanotation `a{b,c,d}e' is a shorthand for `abe ace ade'.  Left to
      right order is preserved, with results of matches being sorted separately
      at a low level to preserve this order.  This construct may be nested.
 
      The metanotation `a{b,c,d}e' is a shorthand for `abe ace ade'.  Left to
      right order is preserved, with results of matches being sorted separately
      at a low level to preserve this order.  This construct may be nested.

-     Thus `~source/s1/{oldls,ls}.c' expands to `/usr/source/s1/oldls.c
-     /usr/source/s1/ls.c' whether or not these files exist without any chance
-     of error if the home directory for `source' is `/usr/source'.  Similarly
-     `../{memo,*box}' might expand to `../memo ../box ../mbox'.  (Note that
-     `memo' was not sorted with the results of matching `*box'.) As a special
-     case `{', `}' and `{}' are passed undisturbed.
-
-  I\bIn\bnp\bpu\but\bt/\b/o\bou\but\btp\bpu\but\bt
-     The standard input and standard output of a command may be redirected
+     Thus, `~source/s1/{oldls,ls}.c' expands to `/usr/source/s1/oldls.c
+     /usr/source/s1/ls.c' without chance of error if the home directory for
+     `source' is `/usr/source'.  Similarly `../{memo,*box}' might expand to
+     `../memo ../box ../mbox'.  (Note that `memo' was not sorted with the re-
+     sults of the match to `*box'.)  As a special case `{', `}' and `{}' are
+     passed undisturbed.
+
+   I\bIn\bnp\bpu\but\bt/\b/o\bou\but\btp\bpu\but\bt
+     The standard input and the standard output of a command may be redirected

      with the following syntax:
 
      with the following syntax:
 

-     < name
-          Open file _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be (which is first variable, command and filename ex-
-          panded) as the standard input.
-
-     << word
-          Read the shell input up to a line which is identical to _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd.  _\bW_\bo_\br_\bd
-          is not subjected to variable, filename or command substitution, and
-          each input line is compared to _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd before any substitutions are
-          done on this input line.  Unless a quoting `\', `"', `'' or ``' ap-
-          pears in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd variable and command substitution is performed on the
-          intervening lines, allowing `\' to quote `$', `\' and ``'.  Com-
-          mands which are substituted have all blanks, tabs, and newlines
-          preserved, except for the final newline which is dropped.  The
-          resultant text is placed in an anonymous temporary file which is
-          given to the command as standard input.
-
-     > name
-     >! name
-     >& name
-     >&! name
-          The file _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is used as standard output.  If the file does not ex-
-          ist then it is created; if the file exists, its is truncated, its
-          previous contents being lost.
-
-          If the variable _\bn_\bo_\bc_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bb_\be_\br is set, then the file must not exist or
-          be a character special file (e.g. a terminal or `/dev/null') or an
-          error results.  This helps prevent accidental destruction of files.
-          In this case the `!' forms can be used and suppress this check.
-
-          The forms involving `&' route the diagnostic output into the speci-
-          fied file as well as the standard output.  _\bN_\ba_\bm_\be is expanded in the
-          same way as `<' input filenames are.
-
-     >> name
-     >>& name
-     >>! name
-     >>&! name
-          Uses file _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as standard output like `>' but places output at the
-          end of the file.  If the variable _\bn_\bo_\bc_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bb_\be_\br is set, then it is an
-          error for the file not to exist unless one of the `!' forms is
-          given.  Otherwise similar to `>'.
-
-
-     A command receives the environment in which the shell was invoked as
-     modified by the input-output parameters and the presence of the command
-     in a pipeline.  Thus, unlike some previous shells, commands run from a
-     file of shell commands have no access to the text of the commands by de-
-     fault; rather they receive the original standard input of the shell.  The
-     `<<' mechanism should be used to present inline data.  This permits shell
-     command scripts to function as components of pipelines and allows the
-     shell to block read its input.  Note that the default standard input for
-     a command run detached is _\bn_\bo_\bt modified to be the empty file /_\bd_\be_\bv/_\bn_\bu_\bl_\bl;
-     rather the standard input remains as the original standard input of the
-     shell.  If this is a terminal and if the process attempts to read from
-     the terminal, then the process will block and the user will be notified
-     (see _\bJ_\bo_\bb_\bs above).
-
-     Diagnostic output may be directed through a pipe with the standard out-
-     put.  Simply use the form `|&' rather than just `|'.
-
-  E\bEx\bxp\bpr\bre\bes\bss\bsi\bio\bon\bns\bs
-     A number of the builtin commands (to be described subsequently) take ex-
-     pressions, in which the operators are similar to those of C, with the
-     same precedence.  These expressions appear in the @\b@,\b, _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt, _\bi_\bf, and _\bw_\bh_\bi_\bl_\be
-     commands. The following operators are available:
-
-          ||  &&  | *(ua  &  ==  !=  =~  !~  <=  >=  <  >
-          <<  >>  +  -  *  /  %  !  ~  (  )
+
+
+           < name  Open file _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be (which is first variable, command and file-
+                   name expanded) as the standard input.
+           << word
+                   Read the shell input up to a line that is identical to
+                   _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. _\bW_\bo_\br_\bd is not subjected to variable, filename or com-
+                   mand substitution, and each input line is compared to _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
+                   before any substitutions are done on the input line.  Un-
+                   less a quoting `\', `"', `' or ``' appears in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd, vari-
+                   able and command substitution is performed on the interven-
+                   ing lines, allowing `\' to quote `$', `\' and ``'.  Com-
+                   mands that are substituted have all blanks, tabs, and new-
+                   lines preserved, except for the final newline which is
+                   dropped.  The resultant text is placed in an anonymous tem-
+                   porary file that is given to the command as its standard
+                   input.
+           > name
+           >! name
+           >& name
+           >&! name
+                   The file _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is used as the standard output.  If the file
+                   does not exist then it is created; if the file exists, it
+                   is truncated; its previous contents are lost.
+
+                   If the variable _\bn_\bo_\bc_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bb_\be_\br is set, then the file must not
+                   exist or be a character special file (e.g., a terminal or
+                   `/dev/null') or an error results.  This helps prevent acci-
+                   dental destruction of files.  Here, the `!' forms can be
+                   used to suppress this check.
+
+                   The forms involving `&' route the standard error output in-
+                   to the specified file as well as the standard output.  _\bN_\ba_\bm_\be
+                   is expanded in the same way as `<' input filenames are.
+           >> name
+           >>& name
+           >>! name
+           >>&! name
+                   Uses file _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be as the standard output; like `>' but places
+                   output at the end of the file.  If the variable _\bn_\bo_\bc_\bl_\bo_\bb_\bb_\be_\br
+                   is set, then it is an error for the file not to exist un-
+                   less one of the `!' forms is given.  Otherwise similar to
+                   `>'.
+
+     A command receives the environment in which the shell was invoked as mod-
+     ified by the input-output parameters and the presence of the command in a
+     pipeline.  Thus, unlike some previous shells, commands run from a file of
+     shell commands have no access to the text of the commands by default; in-
+     stead they receive the original standard input of the shell.  The `<<'
+     mechanism should be used to present inline data.  This permits shell com-
+     mand scripts to function as components of pipelines and allows the shell
+     to block read its input.  Note that the default standard input for a com-
+     mand run detached is _\bn_\bo_\bt modified to be the empty file _\b/_\bd_\be_\bv_\b/_\bn_\bu_\bl_\bl; instead
+     the standard input remains as the original standard input of the shell.
+     If this is a terminal and if the process attempts to read from the termi-
+     nal, then the process will block and the user will be notified (see _\bJ_\bo_\bb_\bs
+     above).
+
+     The standard error output may be directed through a pipe with the stan-
+     dard output.  Simply use the form `|&' instead of just `|'.
+
+   E\bEx\bxp\bpr\bre\bes\bss\bsi\bio\bon\bns\bs
+     Several of the builtin commands (to be described later) take expressions,
+     in which the operators are similar to those of C, with the same prece-
+     dence.  These expressions appear in the @\b@,\b, _\be_\bx_\bi_\bt, _\bi_\bf, and _\bw_\bh_\bi_\bl_\be commands.
+     The following operators are available:
+
+           ||  &&  | ^  &  ==  !=  =~  !~  <=  >= <  > <<  >>  +  -  *  /  %
+           !  ~  (  )

 
      Here the precedence increases to the right, `==' `!=' `=~' and `!~', `<='
      `>=' `<' and `>', `<<' and `>>', `+' and `-', `*' `/' and `%' being, in
      groups, at the same level.  The `==' `!=' `=~' and `!~' operators compare
      their arguments as strings; all others operate on numbers.  The operators
      `=~' and `!~' are like `!=' and `==' except that the right hand side is a
 
      Here the precedence increases to the right, `==' `!=' `=~' and `!~', `<='
      `>=' `<' and `>', `<<' and `>>', `+' and `-', `*' `/' and `%' being, in
      groups, at the same level.  The `==' `!=' `=~' and `!~' operators compare
      their arguments as strings; all others operate on numbers.  The operators
      `=~' and `!~' are like `!=' and `==' except that the right hand side is a

-     _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn (containing, e.g. `*'s, `?'s and instances of `[...]') against
+     _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn (containing, e.g., `*'s, `?'s and instances of `[...]')  against

      which the left hand operand is matched.  This reduces the need for use of
      the _\bs_\bw_\bi_\bt_\bc_\bh statement in shell scripts when all that is really needed is
      pattern matching.
 
      which the left hand operand is matched.  This reduces the need for use of
      the _\bs_\bw_\bi_\bt_\bc_\bh statement in shell scripts when all that is really needed is
      pattern matching.
 

-     Strings which begin with `0' are considered octal numbers.  Null or miss-
-     ing arguments are considered `0'. The result of all expressions are
-     strings, which represent decimal numbers. It is important to note that
+     Strings that begin with `0' are considered octal numbers.  Null or miss-
+     ing arguments are considered `0'.  The result of all expressions are
+     strings, which represent decimal numbers.  It is important to note that

      no two components of an expression can appear in the same word; except
      no two components of an expression can appear in the same word; except

-     when adjacent to components of expressions which are syntactically signi-
-     ficant to the parser (`&' `|' `<' `>' `(' `)') they should be surrounded
+     when adjacent to components of expressions that are syntactically signif-
+     icant to the parser (`&' `|' `<' `>' `(' `)'), they should be surrounded

      by spaces.
 
      Also available in expressions as primitive operands are command execu-
      tions enclosed in `{' and `}' and file enquiries of the form -\b-l\bl _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
      where l\bl is one of:
 
      by spaces.
 
      Also available in expressions as primitive operands are command execu-
      tions enclosed in `{' and `}' and file enquiries of the form -\b-l\bl _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
      where l\bl is one of:
 

-          r    read access
-          w    write access
-          x    execute access
-          e    existence
-          o    ownership
-          z    zero size
-          f    plain file
-          d    directory
+           r       read access
+           w       write access
+           x       execute access
+           e       existence
+           o       ownership
+           z       zero size
+           f       plain file
+           d       directory

 
      The specified name is command and filename expanded and then tested to
      see if it has the specified relationship to the real user.  If the file
 
      The specified name is command and filename expanded and then tested to
      see if it has the specified relationship to the real user.  If the file

-     does not exist or is inaccessible then all enquiries return false, i.e.
-     `0'.  Command executions succeed, returning true, i.e. `1', if the com-
-     mand exits with status 0, otherwise they fail, returning false, i.e. `0'.
-     If more detailed status information is required then the command should
-     be executed outside of an expression and the variable _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs examined.
-
-  C\bCo\bon\bnt\btr\bro\bol\bl f\bfl\blo\bow\bw
-     The shell contains a number of commands which can be used to regulate the
-     flow of control in command files (shell scripts) and (in limited but use-
-     ful ways) from terminal input.  These commands all operate by forcing the
-     shell to reread or skip in its input and, due to the implementation, res-
-     trict the placement of some of the commands.
+     does not exist or is inaccessible then all enquiries return false, i.e.,
+     `0'.  Command executions succeed, returning true, i.e., `1', if the com-
+     mand exits with status 0, otherwise they fail, returning false, i.e.,
+     `0'.  If more detailed status information is required then the command
+     should be executed outside an expression and the variable _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs exam-
+     ined.
+
+   C\bCo\bon\bnt\btr\bro\bol\bl f\bfl\blo\bow\bw
+     The shell contains several commands that can be used to regulate the flow
+     of control in command files (shell scripts) and (in limited but useful
+     ways) from terminal input.  These commands all operate by forcing the
+     shell to reread or skip in its input and, because of the implementation,
+     restrict the placement of some of the commands.

 
      The f\bfo\bor\bre\bea\bac\bch\bh, s\bsw\bwi\bit\btc\bch\bh, and w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be statements, as well as the i\bif\bf-\b-t\bth\bhe\ben\bn-\b-e\bel\bls\bse\be
      form of the i\bif\bf statement require that the major keywords appear in a sin-
 
      The f\bfo\bor\bre\bea\bac\bch\bh, s\bsw\bwi\bit\btc\bch\bh, and w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be statements, as well as the i\bif\bf-\b-t\bth\bhe\ben\bn-\b-e\bel\bls\bse\be
      form of the i\bif\bf statement require that the major keywords appear in a sin-


@@ -709,617 +716,653 @@ D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
      plish the rereading implied by the loop.  (To the extent that this al-
      lows, backward goto's will succeed on non-seekable inputs.)
 
      plish the rereading implied by the loop.  (To the extent that this al-
      lows, backward goto's will succeed on non-seekable inputs.)
 

-  B\bBu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs
+   B\bBu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bds\bs

      Builtin commands are executed within the shell.  If a builtin command oc-
      curs as any component of a pipeline except the last then it is executed
      in a subshell.
 
      Builtin commands are executed within the shell.  If a builtin command oc-
      curs as any component of a pipeline except the last then it is executed
      in a subshell.
 

-     a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs
-     a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
-     a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
-          The first form prints all aliases.  The second form prints the
-          alias for name.  The final form assigns the specified _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt as
-          the alias of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be; _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is command and filename substituted.
-          _\bN_\ba_\bm_\be is not allowed to be _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs or _\bu_\bn_\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs.
-
-     a\bal\bll\blo\boc\bc
-          Shows the amount of dynamic memory acquired, broken down into used
-          and free memory.  With an argument shows the number of free and
-          used blocks in each size category.  The categories start at size 8
-          and double at each step.  This command's output may vary across
-          system types, since systems other than the VAX may use a different
-          memory allocator.
-
-     b\bbg\bg
-     b\bbg\bg %\b%_\bj_\bo_\bb ...
-          Puts the current or specified jobs into the background, continuing
-          them if they were stopped.
-
-     b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk
-          Causes execution to resume after the e\ben\bnd\bd of the nearest enclosing
-          f\bfo\bor\bre\bea\bac\bch\bh or w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be.  The remaining commands on the current line are
-          executed.  Multi-level breaks are thus possible by writing them all
-          on one line.
-
-     b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bks\bsw\bw
-          Causes a break from a s\bsw\bwi\bit\btc\bch\bh, resuming after the e\ben\bnd\bds\bsw\bw.
-
-     c\bca\bas\bse\be _\bl_\ba_\bb_\be_\bl:
-          A label in a s\bsw\bwi\bit\btc\bch\bh statement as discussed below.
-
-     c\bcd\bd
-     c\bcd\bd _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
-     c\bch\bhd\bdi\bir\br
-     c\bch\bhd\bdi\bir\br _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
-          Change the shell's working directory to directory _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.  If no ar-
-          gument is given then change to the home directory of the user.  If
-          _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found as a subdirectory of the current directory (and
-          does not begin with `/', `./' or `../'), then each component of the
-          variable c\bcd\bdp\bpa\bat\bth\bh is checked to see if it has a subdirectory _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
-          Finally, if all else fails but _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a shell variable whose value
-          begins with `/', then this is tried to see if it is a directory.
-
-     c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be
-          Continue execution of the nearest enclosing w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or f\bfo\bor\bre\bea\bac\bch\bh.  The
-          rest of the commands on the current line are executed.
-
-     d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt:
-          Labels the default case in a s\bsw\bwi\bit\btc\bch\bh statement.  The default should
-          come after all c\bca\bas\bse\be labels.
-
-     d\bdi\bir\brs\bs
-          Prints the directory stack; the top of the stack is at the left,
-          the first directory in the stack being the current directory.
-
-     e\bec\bch\bho\bo _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
-     e\bec\bch\bho\bo -\b-n\bn _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
-          The specified words are written to the shells standard output,
-          separated by spaces, and terminated with a newline unless the -\b-n\bn
-          option is specified.
-
-     e\bel\bls\bse\be
-     e\ben\bnd\bd
-     e\ben\bnd\bdi\bif\bf
-     e\ben\bnd\bds\bsw\bw
-          See the description of the f\bfo\bor\bre\bea\bac\bch\bh, i\bif\bf, s\bsw\bwi\bit\btc\bch\bh, and w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be state-
-          ments below.
-
-     e\bev\bva\bal\bl _\ba_\br_\bg ...
-          (As in sh(1).) The arguments are read as input to the shell and the
-          resulting command(s) executed in the context of the current shell.
-          This is usually used to execute commands generated as the result of
-          command or variable substitution, since parsing occurs before these
-          substitutions.  See tset(1) for an example of using e\bev\bva\bal\bl.
-
-     e\bex\bxe\bec\bc _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
-          The specified command is executed in place of the current shell.
-
-     e\bex\bxi\bit\bt
-     e\bex\bxi\bit\bt (_\be_\bx_\bp_\br)
-          The shell exits either with the value of the s\bst\bta\bat\btu\bus\bs variable (first
-          form) or with the value of the specified e\bex\bxp\bpr\br (second form).
-
-     f\bfg\bg
-     f\bfg\bg %\b%_\bj_\bo_\bb ...
-          Brings the current or specified jobs into the foreground,
-          continuing them if they were stopped.
-
-     f\bfo\bor\bre\bea\bac\bch\bh _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be (_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)
-     ...
-     e\ben\bnd\bd   The variable n\bna\bam\bme\be is successively set to each member of w\bwo\bor\brd\bdl\bli\bis\bst\bt
-          and the sequence of commands between this command and the matching
-          e\ben\bnd\bd are executed.  (Both f\bfo\bor\bre\bea\bac\bch\bh and e\ben\bnd\bd must appear alone on
-          separate lines.) The builtin command c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be may be used to con-
-          tinue the loop prematurely and the builtin command b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk to ter-
-          minate it prematurely.  When this command is read from the termi-
-          nal, the loop is read up once prompting with `?' before any state-
-          ments in the loop are executed.  If you make a mistake typing in a
-          loop at the terminal you can rub it out.
-
-     g\bgl\blo\bob\bb _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
-          Like e\bec\bch\bho\bo but no `\' escapes are recognized and words are delimited
-          by null characters in the output.  Useful for programs which wish
-          to use the shell to filename expand a list of words.
-
-     g\bgo\bot\bto\bo _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
-          The specified w\bwo\bor\brd\bd is filename and command expanded to yield a
-          string of the form `label'.  The shell rewinds its input as much as
-          possible and searches for a line of the form `label:' possibly pre-
-          ceded by blanks or tabs.  Execution continues after the specified
-          line.
-
-     h\bha\bas\bsh\bhs\bst\bta\bat\bt
-          Print a statistics line indicating how effective the internal hash
-          table has been at locating commands (and avoiding e\bex\bxe\bec\bc's).  An e\bex\bxe\bec\bc
-          is attempted for each component of the _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh where the hash function
-          indicates a possible hit, and in each component which does not be-
-          gin with a `/'.
-
-     h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by
-     h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by _\bn
-     h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-r\br _\bn
-     h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-h\bh _\bn
-          Displays the history event list; if _\bn is given only the _\bn most re-
-          cent events are printed.  The -\b-r\br option reverses the order of prin-
-          tout to be most recent first rather than oldest first.  The -\b-h\bh op-
-          tion causes the history list to be printed without leading numbers.
-          This is used to produce files suitable for sourceing using the -h
-          option to s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be.
-
-     i\bif\bf (_\be_\bx_\bp_\br)
-          _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd If the specified expression evaluates true, then the single
-          _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd with arguments is executed.    Variable substitution on
-          _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd happens early, at the same time it does for the rest of the
-          i\bif\bf _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd.        _\bC_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd must be a simple command, not a pipeline, a
-          command list, or a parenthesized command list.  Input/output
-          redirection occurs even if _\be_\bx_\bp_\br is false, when command is n\bno\bot\bt exe-
-          cuted (this is a bug).
-
-     i\bif\bf (_\be_\bx_\bp_\br) _\bt_\bh_\be_\bn
-     ...
-     e\bel\bls\bse\be i\bif\bf (_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2) t\bth\bhe\ben\bn
-     ...
-     e\bel\bls\bse\be
-     ...
-     e\ben\bnd\bdi\bif\bf
-          If the specified _\be_\bx_\bp_\br is true then the commands to the first e\bel\bls\bse\be
-          are executed; otherwise if _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 is true then the commands to the
-          second e\bel\bls\bse\be are executed, etc.  Any number of e\bel\bls\bse\be-\b-i\bif\bf pairs are
-          possible; only one e\ben\bnd\bdi\bif\bf is needed.        The e\bel\bls\bse\be part is likewise op-
-          tional.  (The words e\bel\bls\bse\be and e\ben\bnd\bdi\bif\bf must appear at the beginning of
-          input lines; the i\bif\bf must appear alone on its input line or after an
-          e\bel\bls\bse\be.)
-
-     j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs
-     j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs -\b-l\bl
-          Lists the active jobs; given the -\b-l\bl options lists process id's in
-          addition to the normal information.
-
-     k\bki\bil\bll\bl %\b%_\bj_\bo_\bb
-     k\bki\bil\bll\bl _\bp_\bi_\bd
-     k\bki\bil\bll\bl -\b-s\bsi\big\bg_\bp_\bi_\bd ...
-     k\bki\bil\bll\bl -\b-l\bl
-          Sends either the TERM (terminate) signal or the specified signal to
-          the specified jobs or processes.  Signals are either given by
-          number or by names (as given in /_\bu_\bs_\br/_\bi_\bn_\bc_\bl_\bu_\bd_\be/_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bl._\bh, stripped of
-          the prefix ``SIG'').  The signal names are listed by ``kill -l''.
-          There is no default, saying just `kill' does not send a signal to
-          the current job.  If the signal being sent is TERM (terminate) or
-          HUP (hangup), then the job or process will be sent a CONT (contin-
-          ue) signal as well.
-
-     l\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt
-     l\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt _\br_\be_\bs_\bo_\bu_\br_\bc_\be
-     l\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt _\br_\be_\bs_\bo_\bu_\br_\bc_\be _\bm_\ba_\bx_\bi_\bm_\bu_\bm-_\bu_\bs_\be
-     l\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt -\b-h\bh
-     l\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt -\b-h\bh _\br_\be_\bs_\bo_\bu_\br_\bc_\be
-     l\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt -\b-h\bh _\br_\be_\bs_\bo_\bu_\br_\bc_\be _\bm_\ba_\bx_\bi_\bm_\bu_\bm-_\bu_\bs_\be
-          Limits the consumption by the current process and each process it
-          creates to not individually exceed _\bm_\ba_\bx_\bi_\bm_\bu_\bm-_\bu_\bs_\be on the specified
-          _\br_\be_\bs_\bo_\bu_\br_\bc_\be.  If no _\bm_\ba_\bx_\bi_\bm_\bu_\bm-_\bu_\bs_\be is given, then the current limit is
-          printed; if no _\br_\be_\bs_\bo_\bu_\br_\bc_\be is given, then all limitations are given.
-          If the -\b-h\bh flag is given, the hard limits are used instead of the
-          current limits.  The hard limits impose a ceiling on the values of
-          the current limits.  Only the super-user may raise the hard limits,
-          but a user may lower or raise the current limits within the legal
-          range.
-
-          Resources controllable currently include _\bc_\bp_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be (the maximum
-          number of cpu-seconds to be used by each process), _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bs_\bi_\bz_\be (the
-          largest single file which can be created), _\bd_\ba_\bt_\ba_\bs_\bi_\bz_\be (the maximum
-          growth of the data+stack region via sbrk(2) beyond the end of the
-          program text), _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bs_\bi_\bz_\be (the maximum size of the automatically-
-          extended stack region), and _\bc_\bo_\br_\be_\bd_\bu_\bm_\bp_\bs_\bi_\bz_\be (the size of the largest
-          core dump that will be created).
-
-          The _\bm_\ba_\bx_\bi_\bm_\bu_\bm-_\bu_\bs_\be may be given as a (floating point or integer)
-          number followed by a scale factor.  For all limits other than
-          _\bc_\bp_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be the default scale is `k' or `kilobytes' (1024 bytes); a
-          scale factor of `m' or `megabytes' may also be used.  For _\bc_\bp_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be
-          the default scaling is `seconds', while `m' for minutes or `h' for
-          hours, or a time of the form `mm:ss' giving minutes and seconds may
-          be used.
-
-          For both _\br_\be_\bs_\bo_\bu_\br_\bc_\be names and scale factors, unambiguous prefixes of
-          the names suffice.
-
-     l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn
-          Terminate a login shell, replacing it with an instance of
-          /_\bb_\bi_\bn/_\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn.  This is one way to log off, included for compatibility
-          with sh(1).
-
-     l\blo\bog\bgo\bou\but\bt
-          Terminate a login shell.  Especially useful if i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\bee\beo\bof\bf is set.
-
-     n\bni\bic\bce\be
-     n\bni\bic\bce\be +_\bn_\bu_\bm_\bb_\be_\br
-     n\bni\bic\bce\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
-     n\bni\bic\bce\be +_\bn_\bu_\bm_\bb_\be_\br _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
-          The first form sets the scheduling priority for this shell to 4.
-          The second form sets the priority to the given _\bn_\bu_\bm_\bb_\be_\br.  The final
-          two forms run command at priority 4 and _\bn_\bu_\bm_\bb_\be_\br respectively.  The
-          greater the number, the less cpu the process will get.  The super-
-          user may specify negative priority by using `nice -number ...'.
-          Command is always executed in a sub-shell, and the restrictions
-          placed on commands in simple i\bif\bf statements apply.
-
-     n\bno\boh\bhu\bup\bp
-     n\bno\boh\bhu\bup\bp _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
-          The first form can be used in shell scripts to cause hangups to be
-          ignored for the remainder of the script.  The second form causes
-          the specified command to be run with hangups ignored.  All
-          processes detached with `&' are effectively n\bno\boh\bhu\bup\bp'ed.
-
-     n\bno\bot\bti\bif\bfy\by
-     n\bno\bot\bti\bif\bfy\by %\b% _\bj_\bo_\bb ...
-          Causes the shell to notify the user asynchronously when the status
-          of the current or specified jobs changes; normally notification is
-          presented before a prompt.  This is automatic if the shell variable
-          n\bno\bot\bti\bif\bfy\by is set.
-
-     o\bon\bni\bin\bnt\btr\br
-     o\bon\bni\bin\bnt\btr\br -\b-
-     o\bon\bni\bin\bnt\btr\br _\bl_\ba_\bb_\be_\bl
-          Control the action of the shell on interrupts.  The first form
-          restores the default action of the shell on interrupts which is to
-          terminate shell scripts or to return to the terminal command input
-          level.  The second form `onintr -' causes all interrupts to be
-          ignored.  The final form causes the shell to execute a `goto label'
-          when an interrupt is received or a child process terminates because
-          it was interrupted.
-
-          In any case, if the shell is running detached and interrupts are
-          being ignored, all forms of o\bon\bni\bin\bnt\btr\br have no meaning and interrupts
-          continue to be ignored by the shell and all invoked commands.
-
-     p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd
-     p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd +_\bn
-          Pops the directory stack, returning to the new top directory.  With
-          an argument `+_\bn' discards the _\bn'th entry in the stack.  The
-          elements of the directory stack are numbered from 0 starting at the
-          top.
-
-     p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd
-     p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
-     p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd _\bn
-          With no arguments, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd exchanges the top two elements of the
-          directory stack.  Given a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be argument, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd changes to the new
-          directory (ala c\bcd\bd) and pushes the old current working directory (as
-          in c\bcs\bsw\bw) onto the directory stack.  With a numeric argument, rotates
-          the _\bn'th argument of the directory stack around to be the top
-          element and changes to it.  The members of the directory stack are
-          numbered from the top starting at 0.
-     r\bre\beh\bha\bas\bsh\bh
-          Causes the internal hash table of the contents of the directories
-          in the p\bpa\bat\bth\bh variable to be recomputed.  This is needed if new com-
-          mands are added to directories in the p\bpa\bat\bth\bh while you are logged in.
-          This should only be necessary if you add commands to one of your
-          own directories, or if a systems programmer changes the contents of
-          one of the system directories.
-
-     r\bre\bep\bpe\bea\bat\bt _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
-          The specified _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd which is subject to the same restrictions as
-          the _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd in the one line i\bif\bf statement above, is executed _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt
-          times.  I/O redirections occur exactly once, even if _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt is 0.
-
-     s\bse\bet\bt
-     s\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
-     s\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
-     s\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[index]=_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
-     s\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=(_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt)
-          The first form of the command shows the value of all shell
-          variables.  Variables which have other than a single word as value
-          print as a parenthesized word list.  The second form sets n\bna\bam\bme\be to
-          the null string.  The third form sets n\bna\bam\bme\be to the single w\bwo\bor\brd\bd.  The
-          fourth form sets the _\bi_\bn_\bd_\be_\bx'th component of name to word; this
-          component must already exist.  The final form sets _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to the list
-          of words in _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt.  In all cases the value is command and
-          filename expanded.
-
-          These arguments may be repeated to set multiple values in a single
-          set command.  Note however, that variable expansion happens for all
-          arguments before any setting occurs.
-
-     s\bse\bet\bte\ben\bnv\bv
-     s\bse\bet\bte\ben\bnv\bv _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be
-     s\bse\bet\bte\ben\bnv\bv _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
-          The first form lists all current environment variables.  The last
-          form sets the value of environment variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, a
-          single string.  The second form sets _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to an empty string.  The
-          most commonly used environment variable USER, TERM, and PATH are
-          automatically imported to and exported from the c\bcs\bsh\bh variables _\bu_\bs_\be_\br,
-          [_\bt_\be_\br_\bm], and _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh; there is no need to use s\bse\bet\bte\ben\bnv\bv for these.
-
-     s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt
-     s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be
-          The members of a\bar\brg\bgv\bv are shifted to the left, discarding a\bar\brg\bgv\bv[1].
-          It is an error for a\bar\brg\bgv\bv not to be set or to have less than one word
-          as value.  The second form performs the same function on the speci-
-          fied variable.
-
-     s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
-     s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be -\b-h\bh _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
-          The shell reads commands from n\bna\bam\bme\be.  S\bSo\bou\bur\brc\bce\be commands may be nested;
-          if they are nested too deeply the shell may run out of file
-          descriptors.  An error in a s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be at any level terminates all
-          nested s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be commands.  Normally input during s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be commands is
-          not placed on the history list; the -h option causes the commands
-          to be placed in the history list without being executed.
-
-     s\bst\bto\bop\bp
-     s\bst\bto\bop\bp %\b%_\bj_\bo_\bb ...
-          Stops the current or specified job which is executing in the
-          background.
-
-     s\bsu\bus\bsp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd
-          Causes the shell to stop in its tracks, much as if it had been sent
-          a stop signal with ^\b^Z\bZ.  This is most often used to stop shells
-          started by su(1).
-     s\bsw\bwi\bit\btc\bch\bh (_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg)
-     c\bca\bas\bse\be _\bs_\bt_\br_\b1:
-     ...
-     b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bks\bsw\bw
-     ...
-     d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt:
-     ...
-     b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bks\bsw\bw
-     e\ben\bnd\bds\bsw\bw
-          Each case label is successively matched, against the specified
-          _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg which is first command and filename expanded.  The file
-          metacharacters `*', `?' and `[...]' may be used in the case labels,
-          which are variable expanded.  If none of the labels match before a
-          `default' label is found, then the execution begins after the de-
-          fault label.  Each case label and the default label must appear at
-          the beginning of a line.  The command b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bks\bsw\bw causes execution to
-          continue after the e\ben\bnd\bds\bsw\bw.  Otherwise control may fall through case
-          labels and default labels as in C.  If no label matches and there
-          is no default, execution continues after the e\ben\bnd\bds\bsw\bw.
-
-     t\bti\bim\bme\be
-     t\bti\bim\bme\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
-          With no argument, a summary of time used by this shell and its
-          children is printed.  If arguments are given the specified simple
-          command is timed and a time summary as described under the t\bti\bim\bme\be
-          variable is printed.  If necessary, an extra shell is created to
-          print the time statistic when the command completes.
-
-     u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk
-     u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be
-          The file creation mask is displayed (first form) or set to the
-          specified value (second form).  The mask is given in octal.  Common
-          values for the mask are 002 giving all access to the group and read
-          and execute access to others or 022 giving all access except no
-          write access for users in the group or others.
-
-     u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
-          All aliases whose names match the specified pattern are discarded.
-          Thus all aliases are removed by `unalias *'.  It is not an error
-          for nothing to be u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bed\bd.
-
-     u\bun\bnh\bha\bas\bsh\bh
-          Use of the internal hash table to speed location of executed pro-
-          grams is disabled.
-
-     u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt
-     u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt _\br_\be_\bs_\bo_\bu_\br_\bc_\be
-     u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt -\b-h\bh
-     u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt -\b-h\bh _\br_\be_\bs_\bo_\bu_\br_\bc_\be
-          Removes the limitation on _\br_\be_\bs_\bo_\bu_\br_\bc_\be.  If no _\br_\be_\bs_\bo_\bu_\br_\bc_\be is specified,
-          then all _\br_\be_\bs_\bo_\bu_\br_\bc_\be limitations are removed.  If -\b-h\bh is given, the
-          corresponding hard limits are removed.  Only the super-user may do
-          this.
-
-     u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
-          All variables whose names match the specified pattern are removed.
-          Thus all variables are removed by `unset *'; this has noticeably
-          distasteful side-effects.  It is not an error for nothing to be
-          u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt.
-
-     u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bte\ben\bnv\bv _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
-          Removes all variables whose name match the specified pattern from
-          the environment.  See also the s\bse\bet\bte\ben\bnv\bv command above and prin-
-          tenv(1).
-
-
-     w\bwa\bai\bit\bt
-          All background jobs are waited for.  It the shell is interactive,
-          then an interrupt can disrupt the wait, at which time the shell
-          prints names and job numbers of all jobs known to be outstanding.
-
-     w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be (_\be_\bx_\bp_\br)
-     ...
-     e\ben\bnd\bd   While the specified expression evaluates non-zero, the commands
-          between the w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be and the matching end are evaluated.  B\bBr\bre\bea\bak\bk and
-          c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be may be used to terminate or continue the loop prematurely.
-          (The w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be and e\ben\bnd\bd must appear alone on their input lines.) Prompt-
-          ing occurs here the first time through the loop as for the f\bfo\bor\bre\bea\bac\bch\bh
-          statement if the input is a terminal.
-
-     %\b% _\bj_\bo_\bb
-          Brings the specified job into the foreground.
-
-     %\b% _\bj_\bo_\bb &\b&
-          Continues the specified job in the background.
-
-     @\b@
-     @\b@ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be = _\be_\bx_\bp_\br
-     @\b@ _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be[index] =expr
-          The first form prints the values of all the shell variables.  The
-          second form sets the specified _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br.  If the
-          expression contains `<', `>', `&' or `' then at least this part of
-          the expression must be placed within `(' `)'.  The third form as-
-          signs the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br to the _\bi_\bn_\bd_\be_\bx'th argument of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.  Both
-          _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and its _\bi_\bn_\bd_\be_\bx'th component must already exist.
-
-
-     The operators `*=', `+=', etc are available as in C.  The space
-     separating the name from the assignment operator is optional.  Spaces
-     are, however, mandatory in separating components of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br which would oth-
-     erwise be single words.
-
-     Special postfix `++' and `--' operators increment and decrement _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
-     respectively, i.e. `@  i++'.
-
-  P\bPr\bre\be-\b-d\bde\bef\bfi\bin\bne\bed\bd a\ban\bnd\bd e\ben\bnv\bvi\bir\bro\bon\bnm\bme\ben\bnt\bt v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs
+
+
+
+           a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs
+           a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+           a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
+                   The first form prints all aliases.  The second form prints
+                   the alias for name.  The final form assigns the specified
+                   _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt as the alias of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be; _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt is command and
+                   filename substituted.  _\bN_\ba_\bm_\be is not allowed to be _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs or
+                   _\bu_\bn_\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs.
+
+           a\bal\bll\blo\boc\bc   Shows the amount of dynamic memory acquired, broken down
+                   into used and free memory.  With an argument shows the num-
+                   ber of free and used blocks in each size category.  The
+                   categories start at size 8 and double at each step.  This
+                   command's output may vary across system types, since sys-
+                   tems other than the VAX may use a different memory alloca-
+                   tor.
+
+           b\bbg\bg
+           b\bbg\bg %\b%_\bj_\bo_\bb _\b._\b._\b.
+                   Puts the current or specified jobs into the background,
+                   continuing them if they were stopped.
+
+           b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk   Causes execution to resume after the e\ben\bnd\bd of the nearest en-
+                   closing f\bfo\bor\bre\bea\bac\bch\bh or w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be. The remaining commands on the
+                   current line are executed.  Multi-level breaks are thus
+                   possible by writing them all on one line.
+
+           b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bks\bsw\bw
+                   Causes a break from a s\bsw\bwi\bit\btc\bch\bh, resuming after the e\ben\bnd\bds\bsw\bw.
+
+           c\bca\bas\bse\be _\bl_\ba_\bb_\be_\bl:
+                   A label in a s\bsw\bwi\bit\btc\bch\bh statement as discussed below.
+
+           c\bcd\bd
+           c\bcd\bd _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+           c\bch\bhd\bdi\bir\br
+           c\bch\bhd\bdi\bir\br _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+                   Change the shell's working directory to directory _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. If
+                   no argument is given then change to the home directory of
+                   the user.  If _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is not found as a subdirectory of the
+                   current directory (and does not begin with `/', `./' or
+                   `../'), then each component of the variable c\bcd\bdp\bpa\bat\bth\bh is
+                   checked to see if it has a subdirectory _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. Finally, if
+                   all else fails but _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be is a shell variable whose value be-
+                   gins with `/', then this is tried to see if it is a direc-
+                   tory.
+
+           c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be
+                   Continue execution of the nearest enclosing w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be or
+                   f\bfo\bor\bre\bea\bac\bch\bh. The rest of the commands on the current line are
+                   executed.
+
+           d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt:
+                   Labels the default case in a s\bsw\bwi\bit\btc\bch\bh statement.  The default
+                   should come after all c\bca\bas\bse\be labels.
+
+           d\bdi\bir\brs\bs    Prints the directory stack; the top of the stack is at the
+                   left, the first directory in the stack being the current
+                   directory.
+
+           e\bec\bch\bho\bo _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
+           e\bec\bch\bho\bo -\b-n\bn _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
+                   The specified words are written to the shell's standard
+                   output, separated by spaces, and terminated with a newline
+                   unless the -\b-n\bn option is specified.
+
+           e\bel\bls\bse\be
+           e\ben\bnd\bd
+           e\ben\bnd\bdi\bif\bf
+           e\ben\bnd\bds\bsw\bw   See the description of the f\bfo\bor\bre\bea\bac\bch\bh, i\bif\bf, s\bsw\bwi\bit\btc\bch\bh, and w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be
+                   statements below.
+
+           e\bev\bva\bal\bl _\ba_\br_\bg _\b._\b._\b.
+                   (As in sh(1).)  The arguments are read as input to the
+                   shell and the resulting command(s) executed in the context
+                   of the current shell.  This is usually used to execute com-
+                   mands generated as the result of command or variable sub-
+                   stitution, since parsing occurs before these substitutions.
+                   See tset(1) for an example of using e\bev\bva\bal\bl.
+
+           e\bex\bxe\bec\bc _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
+                   The specified command is executed in place of the current
+                   shell.
+
+           e\bex\bxi\bit\bt
+           e\bex\bxi\bit\bt _\b(_\be_\bx_\bp_\br)
+                   The shell exits either with the value of the s\bst\bta\bat\btu\bus\bs vari-
+                   able (first form) or with the value of the specified e\bex\bxp\bpr\br
+                   (second form).
+
+           f\bfg\bg
+           f\bfg\bg %\b%_\bj_\bo_\bb _\b._\b._\b.
+                   Brings the current or specified jobs into the foreground,
+                   continuing them if they were stopped.
+
+           f\bfo\bor\bre\bea\bac\bch\bh _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\b(_\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt_\b)
+           ...
+           e\ben\bnd\bd     The variable n\bna\bam\bme\be is successively set to each member of
+                   w\bwo\bor\brd\bdl\bli\bis\bst\bt and the sequence of commands between this command
+                   and the matching e\ben\bnd\bd are executed.  (Both f\bfo\bor\bre\bea\bac\bch\bh and e\ben\bnd\bd
+                   must appear alone on separate lines.)  The builtin command
+                   c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be may be used to continue the loop prematurely and
+                   the builtin command b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bk to terminate it prematurely.
+                   When this command is read from the terminal, the loop is
+                   read once prompting with `?' before any statements in the
+                   loop are executed.  If you make a mistake typing in a loop
+                   at the terminal you can rub it out.
+
+           g\bgl\blo\bob\bb _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt
+                   Like e\bec\bch\bho\bo but no `\' escapes are recognized and words are
+                   delimited by null characters in the output.  Useful for
+                   programs that wish to use the shell to filename expand a
+                   list of words.
+
+           g\bgo\bot\bto\bo _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd
+                   The specified w\bwo\bor\brd\bd is filename and command expanded to
+                   yield a string of the form `label'.  The shell rewinds its
+                   input as much as possible and searches for a line of the
+                   form `label:' possibly preceded by blanks or tabs.  Execu-
+                   tion continues after the specified line.
+
+           h\bha\bas\bsh\bhs\bst\bta\bat\bt
+                   Print a statistics line showing how effective the internal
+                   hash table has been at locating commands (and avoiding
+                   e\bex\bxe\bec\bc's). An e\bex\bxe\bec\bc is attempted for each component of the
+                   _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh where the hash function indicates a possible hit, and
+                   in each component that does not begin with a `/'.
+
+           h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by
+
+
+           h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by _\bn
+           h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-r\br _\bn
+           h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by -\b-h\bh _\bn
+                   Displays the history event list; if _\bn is given only the _\bn
+                   most recent events are printed.  The -\b-r\br option reverses the
+                   order of printout to be most recent first instead of oldest
+                   first.  The -\b-h\bh option causes the history list to be printed
+                   without leading numbers.  This format produces files suit-
+                   able for sourcing using the -h option to s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be.
+
+           i\bif\bf (_\be_\bx_\bp_\br command)
+                   If the specified expression evaluates true, then the single
+                   _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd with arguments is executed.  Variable substitution
+                   on _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd happens early, at the same time it does for the
+                   rest of the i\bif\bf command.  _\bC_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd must be a simple command,
+                   not a pipeline, a command list, or a parenthesized command
+                   list.  Input/output redirection occurs even if _\be_\bx_\bp_\br is
+                   false, i.e., when command is n\bno\bot\bt executed (this is a bug).
+
+           i\bif\bf (_\be_\bx_\bp_\br) t\bth\bhe\ben\bn
+           ...
+           e\bel\bls\bse\be i\bif\bf (_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2) t\bth\bhe\ben\bn
+           ...
+           e\bel\bls\bse\be
+           ...
+           e\ben\bnd\bdi\bif\bf   If the specified _\be_\bx_\bp_\br is true then the commands up to the
+                   first e\bel\bls\bse\be are executed; otherwise if _\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b2 is true then
+                   the commands up to the second e\bel\bls\bse\be are executed, etc.  Any
+                   number of e\bel\bls\bse\be-\b-i\bif\bf pairs are possible; only one e\ben\bnd\bdi\bif\bf is
+                   needed.  The e\bel\bls\bse\be part is likewise optional.  (The words
+                   e\bel\bls\bse\be and e\ben\bnd\bdi\bif\bf must appear at the beginning of input lines;
+                   the i\bif\bf must appear alone on its input line or after an
+                   e\bel\bls\bse\be.)
+
+           j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs
+           j\bjo\bob\bbs\bs -\b-l\bl
+                   Lists the active jobs; the -\b-l\bl option lists process id's in
+                   addition to the normal information.
+
+           k\bki\bil\bll\bl %\b%_\bj_\bo_\bb
+           k\bki\bil\bll\bl _\bp_\bi_\bd
+           k\bki\bil\bll\bl -\b-s\bsi\big\bg _\bp_\bi_\bd _\b._\b._\b.
+           k\bki\bil\bll\bl -\b-l\bl
+                   Sends either the TERM (terminate) signal or the specified
+                   signal to the specified jobs or processes.  Signals are ei-
+                   ther given by number or by names (as given in
+                   _\b/_\bu_\bs_\br_\b/_\bi_\bn_\bc_\bl_\bu_\bd_\be_\b/_\bs_\bi_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bl_\b._\bh_\b, stripped of the prefix ``SIG'').
+                   The signal names are listed by ``kill -l''.  There is no
+                   default, just saying `kill' does not send a signal to the
+                   current job.  If the signal being sent is TERM (terminate)
+                   or HUP (hangup), then the job or process will be sent a
+                   CONT (continue) signal as well.
+
+           l\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt
+           l\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt _\br_\be_\bs_\bo_\bu_\br_\bc_\be
+           l\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt _\br_\be_\bs_\bo_\bu_\br_\bc_\be _\bm_\ba_\bx_\bi_\bm_\bu_\bm_\b-_\bu_\bs_\be
+           l\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt -\b-h\bh
+           l\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt -\b-h\bh _\br_\be_\bs_\bo_\bu_\br_\bc_\be
+           l\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt -\b-h\bh _\br_\be_\bs_\bo_\bu_\br_\bc_\be _\bm_\ba_\bx_\bi_\bm_\bu_\bm_\b-_\bu_\bs_\be
+                   Limits the consumption by the current process and each pro-
+                   cess it creates to not individually exceed _\bm_\ba_\bx_\bi_\bm_\bu_\bm_\b-_\bu_\bs_\be on
+                   the specified _\br_\be_\bs_\bo_\bu_\br_\bc_\be. If no _\bm_\ba_\bx_\bi_\bm_\bu_\bm_\b-_\bu_\bs_\be is given, then
+                   the current limit is printed; if no _\br_\be_\bs_\bo_\bu_\br_\bc_\be is given, then
+                   all limitations are given.  If the -\b-h\bh flag is given, the
+                   hard limits are used instead of the current limits.  The
+                   hard limits impose a ceiling on the values of the current
+                   limits.  Only the super-user may raise the hard limits, but
+                   a user may lower or raise the current limits within the le-
+                   gal range.
+
+                   Resources controllable currently include _\bc_\bp_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be (the maxi-
+                   mum number of cpu-seconds to be used by each process),
+                   _\bf_\bi_\bl_\be_\bs_\bi_\bz_\be (the largest single file that can be created),
+                   _\bd_\ba_\bt_\ba_\bs_\bi_\bz_\be (the maximum growth of the data+stack region via
+                   sbrk(2) beyond the end of the program text), _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bs_\bi_\bz_\be (the
+                   maximum size of the automatically-extended stack region),
+                   and _\bc_\bo_\br_\be_\bd_\bu_\bm_\bp_\bs_\bi_\bz_\be (the size of the largest core dump that
+                   will be created).
+
+                   The _\bm_\ba_\bx_\bi_\bm_\bu_\bm_\b-_\bu_\bs_\be may be given as a (floating point or inte-
+                   ger) number followed by a scale factor.  For all limits
+                   other than _\bc_\bp_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be the default scale is `k' or `kilobytes'
+                   (1024 bytes); a scale factor of `m' or `megabytes' may also
+                   be used.  For _\bc_\bp_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bm_\be the default scale is `seconds'; a
+                   scale factor of `m' for minutes or `h' for hours, or a time
+                   of the form `mm:ss' giving minutes and seconds also may be
+                   used.
+
+                   For both _\br_\be_\bs_\bo_\bu_\br_\bc_\be names and scale factors, unambiguous pre-
+                   fixes of the names suffice.
+
+           l\blo\bog\bgi\bin\bn   Terminate a login shell, replacing it with an instance of
+                   _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn_\b. This is one way to log off, included for com-
+                   patibility with sh(1).
+
+           l\blo\bog\bgo\bou\but\bt  Terminate a login shell.  Especially useful if i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\bee\beo\bof\bf is
+                   set.
+
+           n\bni\bic\bce\be
+           n\bni\bic\bce\be _\b+_\bn_\bu_\bm_\bb_\be_\br
+           n\bni\bic\bce\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
+           n\bni\bic\bce\be _\b+_\bn_\bu_\bm_\bb_\be_\br _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
+                   The first form sets the scheduling priority for this shell
+                   to 4.  The second form sets the priority to the given
+                   _\bn_\bu_\bm_\bb_\be_\br. The final two forms run command at priority 4 and
+                   _\bn_\bu_\bm_\bb_\be_\br respectively.  The greater the number, the less cpu
+                   the process will get.  The super-user may specify negative
+                   priority by using `nice -number ...'.  _\bC_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd is always
+                   executed in a sub-shell, and the restrictions placed on
+                   commands in simple i\bif\bf statements apply.
+
+           n\bno\boh\bhu\bup\bp
+           n\bno\boh\bhu\bup\bp _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
+                   The first form can be used in shell scripts to cause
+                   hangups to be ignored for the remainder of the script.  The
+                   second form causes the specified command to be run with
+                   hangups ignored.  All processes detached with `&' are ef-
+                   fectively n\bno\boh\bhu\bup\bp'ed.
+
+           n\bno\bot\bti\bif\bfy\by
+           n\bno\bot\bti\bif\bfy\by %\b%_\bj_\bo_\bb _\b._\b._\b.
+                   Causes the shell to notify the user asynchronously when the
+                   status of the current or specified jobs change; normally
+                   notification is presented before a prompt.  This is auto-
+                   matic if the shell variable n\bno\bot\bti\bif\bfy\by is set.
+
+           o\bon\bni\bin\bnt\btr\br
+           o\bon\bni\bin\bnt\btr\br -\b-
+           o\bon\bni\bin\bnt\btr\br _\bl_\ba_\bb_\be_\bl
+                   Control the action of the shell on interrupts.  The first
+                   form restores the default action of the shell on interrupts
+                   which is to terminate shell scripts or to return to the
+                   terminal command input level.  The second form `onintr -'
+                   causes all interrupts to be ignored.  The final form causes
+                   the shell to execute a `goto label' when an interrupt is
+                   received or a child process terminates because it was in-
+                   terrupted.
+
+                   In any case, if the shell is running detached and inter-
+                   rupts are being ignored, all forms of o\bon\bni\bin\bnt\btr\br have no mean-
+                   ing and interrupts continue to be ignored by the shell and
+                   all invoked commands.  Finally o\bon\bni\bin\bnt\btr\br statements are ig-
+                   nored in the system startup files where interrupts are dis-
+                   abled (/etc/csh.cshrc, /etc/csh.login).
+
+           p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd
+           p\bpo\bop\bpd\bd _\b+_\bn
+                   Pops the directory stack, returning to the new top directo-
+                   ry.  With an argument `+ _\bn' discards the _\bn'th entry in the
+                   stack.  The members of the directory stack are numbered
+                   from the top starting at 0.
+
+           p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd
+           p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+           p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd _\bn
+                   With no arguments, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd exchanges the top two elements of
+                   the directory stack.  Given a _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be argument, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd changes
+                   to the new directory (ala c\bcd\bd) and pushes the old current
+                   working directory (as in c\bcs\bsw\bw) onto the directory stack.
+                   With a numeric argument, p\bpu\bus\bsh\bhd\bd rotates the _\bn'th argument of
+                   the directory stack around to be the top element and
+                   changes to it.  The members of the directory stack are num-
+                   bered from the top starting at 0.
+
+           r\bre\beh\bha\bas\bsh\bh  Causes the internal hash table of the contents of the di-
+                   rectories in the p\bpa\bat\bth\bh variable to be recomputed.  This is
+                   needed if new commands are added to directories in the p\bpa\bat\bth\bh
+                   while you are logged in.  This should only be necessary if
+                   you add commands to one of your own directories, or if a
+                   systems programmer changes the contents of a system direc-
+                   tory.
+
+           r\bre\bep\bpe\bea\bat\bt _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
+                   The specified _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd which is subject to the same restric-
+                   tions as the _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd in the one line i\bif\bf statement above, is
+                   executed _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt times.  I/O redirections occur exactly once,
+                   even if _\bc_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bt is 0.
+
+           s\bse\bet\bt
+           s\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+           s\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=word
+           s\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\b[_\bi_\bn_\bd_\be_\bx_\b]=word
+           s\bse\bet\bt _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be=(wordlist)
+                   The first form of the command shows the value of all shell
+                   variables.  Variables that have other than a single word as
+                   their value print as a parenthesized word list.  The second
+                   form sets _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to the null string.  The third form sets
+                   _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to the single _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd. The fourth form sets the _\bi_\bn_\bd_\be_\bx'th
+                   component of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd; this component must already ex-
+                   ist.  The final form sets _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to the list of words in
+                   _\bw_\bo_\br_\bd_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt. The value is always command and filename expand-
+                   ed.
+
+                   These arguments may be repeated to set multiple values in a
+                   single set command.  Note however, that variable expansion
+                   happens for all arguments before any setting occurs.
+
+
+
+           s\bse\bet\bte\ben\bnv\bv
+           s\bse\bet\bte\ben\bnv\bv _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+           s\bse\bet\bte\ben\bnv\bv _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be
+                   The first form lists all current environment variables.  It
+                   is equivalent to printenv(1).  The last form sets the value
+                   of environment variable _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to be _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be, a single string.
+                   The second form sets _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to an empty string.  The most
+                   commonly used environment variables USER, TERM, and PATH
+                   are automatically imported to and exported from the c\bcs\bsh\bh
+                   variables _\bu_\bs_\be_\br, _\bt_\be_\br_\bm, and _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh; there is no need to use
+                   s\bse\bet\bte\ben\bnv\bv for these.
+
+           s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt
+           s\bsh\bhi\bif\bft\bt _\bv_\ba_\br_\bi_\ba_\bb_\bl_\be
+                   The members of a\bar\brg\bgv\bv are shifted to the left, discarding
+                   a\bar\brg\bgv\bv[1]. It is an error for a\bar\brg\bgv\bv not to be set or to have
+                   less than one word as value.  The second form performs the
+                   same function on the specified variable.
+
+           s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+           s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be -\b-h\bh _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be
+                   The shell reads commands from _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. S\bSo\bou\bur\brc\bce\be commands may be
+                   nested; if they are nested too deeply the shell may run out
+                   of file descriptors.  An error in a s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be at any level
+                   terminates all nested s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be commands.  Normally input dur-
+                   ing s\bso\bou\bur\brc\bce\be commands is not placed on the history list; the
+                   -h option causes the commands to be placed on the history
+                   list without being executed.
+
+           s\bst\bto\bop\bp
+           s\bst\bto\bop\bp %\b%_\bj_\bo_\bb _\b._\b._\b.
+                   Stops the current or specified jobs that are executing in
+                   the background.
+
+           s\bsu\bus\bsp\bpe\ben\bnd\bd
+                   Causes the shell to stop in its tracks, much as if it had
+                   been sent a stop signal with ^\b^Z\bZ. This is most often used to
+                   stop shells started by su(1).
+
+           s\bsw\bwi\bit\btc\bch\bh _\b(_\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg_\b)
+           c\bca\bas\bse\be _\bs_\bt_\br_\b1:
+               ...
+               b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bks\bsw\bw
+               ...
+           d\bde\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bt:
+               ...
+               b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bks\bsw\bw
+           e\ben\bnd\bds\bsw\bw   Each case label is successively matched against the speci-
+                   fied _\bs_\bt_\br_\bi_\bn_\bg which is first command and filename expanded.
+                   The file metacharacters `*', `?' and `[...]'  may be used
+                   in the case labels, which are variable expanded.  If none
+                   of the labels match before the `default' label is found,
+                   then the execution begins after the default label.  Each
+                   case label and the default label must appear at the begin-
+                   ning of a line.  The command b\bbr\bre\bea\bak\bks\bsw\bw causes execution to
+                   continue after the e\ben\bnd\bds\bsw\bw. Otherwise control may fall
+                   through case labels and the default label as in C.  If no
+                   label matches and there is no default, execution continues
+                   after the e\ben\bnd\bds\bsw\bw.
+
+           t\bti\bim\bme\be
+           t\bti\bim\bme\be _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
+                   With no argument, a summary of time used by this shell and
+                   its children is printed.  If arguments are given the speci-
+                   fied simple command is timed and a time summary as de-
+                   scribed under the t\bti\bim\bme\be variable is printed.  If necessary,
+                   an extra shell is created to print the time statistic when
+                   the command completes.
+
+           u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk
+           u\bum\bma\bas\bsk\bk _\bv_\ba_\bl_\bu_\be
+                   The file creation mask is displayed (first form) or set to
+                   the specified value (second form).  The mask is given in
+                   octal.  Common values for the mask are 002 giving all ac-
+                   cess to the group and read and execute access to others or
+                   022 giving all access except write access for users in the
+                   group or others.
+
+           u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
+                   All aliases whose names match the specified pattern are
+                   discarded.  Thus all aliases are removed by `unalias *'.
+                   It is not an error for nothing to be u\bun\bna\bal\bli\bia\bas\bse\bed\bd.
+
+           u\bun\bnh\bha\bas\bsh\bh  Use of the internal hash table to speed location of execut-
+                   ed programs is disabled.
+
+           u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt
+           u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt _\br_\be_\bs_\bo_\bu_\br_\bc_\be
+           u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt -\b-h\bh
+           u\bun\bnl\bli\bim\bmi\bit\bt -\b-h\bh _\br_\be_\bs_\bo_\bu_\br_\bc_\be
+                   Removes the limitation on _\br_\be_\bs_\bo_\bu_\br_\bc_\be. If no _\br_\be_\bs_\bo_\bu_\br_\bc_\be is spec-
+                   ified, then all _\br_\be_\bs_\bo_\bu_\br_\bc_\be limitations are removed.  If -\b-h\bh is
+                   given, the corresponding hard limits are removed.  Only the
+                   super-user may do this.
+
+           u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
+                   All variables whose names match the specified pattern are
+                   removed.  Thus all variables are removed by `unset *'; this
+                   has noticeably distasteful side-effects.  It is not an er-
+                   ror for nothing to be u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bt.
+
+           u\bun\bns\bse\bet\bte\ben\bnv\bv _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bt_\be_\br_\bn
+                   Removes all variables whose name match the specified pat-
+                   tern from the environment.  See also the s\bse\bet\bte\ben\bnv\bv command
+                   above and printenv(1).
+
+           w\bwa\bai\bit\bt    Wait for all background jobs.  If the shell is interactive,
+                   then an interrupt can disrupt the wait.  After the inter-
+                   rupt, the shell prints names and job numbers of all jobs
+                   known to be outstanding.
+           w\bwh\bhi\bic\bch\bh _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
+                   Displays the resolved command that will be executed by the
+                   shell.
+
+           w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be _\b(_\be_\bx_\bp_\br_\b)
+           ...
+           e\ben\bnd\bd     While the specified expression evaluates non-zero, the com-
+                   mands between the w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be and the matching e\ben\bnd\bd are evaluated.
+                   B\bBr\bre\bea\bak\bk and c\bco\bon\bnt\bti\bin\bnu\bue\be may be used to terminate or continue the
+                   loop prematurely.  (The w\bwh\bhi\bil\ble\be and e\ben\bnd\bd must appear alone on
+                   their input lines.)  Prompting occurs here the first time
+                   through the loop as for the f\bfo\bor\bre\bea\bac\bch\bh statement if the input
+                   is a terminal.
+
+           %\b%_\bj_\bo_\bb    Brings the specified job into the foreground.
+
+           %\b%_\bj_\bo_\bb &\b&  Continues the specified job in the background.
+
+           @\b@
+           @\b@_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be= expr
+
+           @\b@_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be_\b[_\bi_\bn_\bd_\be_\bx_\b]= expr
+                   The first form prints the values of all the shell vari-
+                   ables.  The second form sets the specified _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be to the val-
+                   ue of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br. If the expression contains `<', `>', `&' or `|'
+                   then at least this part of the expression must be placed
+                   within `(' `)'.  The third form assigns the value of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br
+                   to the _\bi_\bn_\bd_\be_\bx'th argument of _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be. Both _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be and its
+                   _\bi_\bn_\bd_\be_\bx'th component must already exist.
+
+     The operators `*=', `+=', etc are available as in C.  The space separat-
+     ing the name from the assignment operator is optional.  Spaces are, how-
+     ever, mandatory in separating components of _\be_\bx_\bp_\br which would otherwise be
+     single words.
+
+     Special postfix `++' and `--' operators increment and decrement _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be re-
+     spectively, i.e., `@  i++'.
+
+   P\bPr\bre\be-\b-d\bde\bef\bfi\bin\bne\bed\bd a\ban\bnd\bd e\ben\bnv\bvi\bir\bro\bon\bnm\bme\ben\bnt\bt v\bva\bar\bri\bia\bab\bbl\ble\bes\bs

      The following variables have special meaning to the shell.  Of these,
      The following variables have special meaning to the shell.  Of these,

-     _\ba_\br_\bg_\bv, _\bc_\bw_\bd, _\bh_\bo_\bm_\be, _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh, _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt, _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl and _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs are always set by the
-     shell.  Except for _\bc_\bw_\bd and _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs this setting occurs only at initializa-
-     tion; these variables will not then be modified unless this is done ex-
-     plicitly by the user.
-
-     This shell copies the environment variable USER into the variable _\bu_\bs_\be_\br,
-     TERM into _\bt_\be_\br_\bm, and HOME into _\bh_\bo_\bm_\be, and copies these back into the en-
-     vironment whenever the normal shell variables are reset.  The environment
+     _\ba_\br_\bg_\bv, _\bc_\bw_\bd_\b, _\bh_\bo_\bm_\be, _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh_\b, _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt, _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl and _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs are always set by the
+     shell.  Except for _\bc_\bw_\bd and _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt_\bu_\bs, this setting occurs only at initial-
+     ization; these variables will not then be modified unless done explicitly
+     by the user.
+
+     The shell copies the environment variable USER into the variable _\bu_\bs_\be_\br,
+     TERM into _\bt_\be_\br_\bm, and HOME into _\bh_\bo_\bm_\be, and copies these back into the envi-
+     ronment whenever the normal shell variables are reset.  The environment

      variable PATH is likewise handled; it is not necessary to worry about its
      variable PATH is likewise handled; it is not necessary to worry about its

-     setting other than in the file ._\bc_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc as inferior c\bcs\bsh\bh processes will im-
+     setting other than in the file _\b._\bc_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc as inferior c\bcs\bsh\bh processes will im-

      port the definition of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh from the environment, and re-export it if you
      then change it.
 
      port the definition of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh from the environment, and re-export it if you
      then change it.
 

-     a\bar\brg\bgv\bv      Set to the arguments to the shell, it is from this variable
-              that positional parameters are substituted, i.e. `$1' is re-
-              placed by `$argv[1]', etc.
-
-     c\bcd\bdp\bpa\bat\bth\bh    Gives a list of alternate directories searched to find sub-
-              directories in _\bc_\bh_\bd_\bi_\br commands.
-
-     c\bcw\bwd\bd       The full pathname of the current directory.
-
-     e\bec\bch\bho\bo      Set when the -\b-x\bx command line option is given.  Causes each com-
-              mand and its arguments to be echoed just before it is executed.
-              For non-builtin commands all expansions occur before echoing.
-              Builtin commands are echoed before command and filename substi-
-              tution, since these substitutions are then done selectively.
-
-     f\bfi\bil\ble\bec\bc     Enable file name completion.
-
-     h\bhi\bis\bst\btc\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs
-              Can be given a string value to change the characters used in
-              history substitution.  The first character of its value is used
-              as the history substitution character, replacing the default
-              character `!'.  The second character of its value replaces the
-              character `|\b^' in quick substitutions.
-
-     h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by   Can be given a numeric value to control the size of the history
-              list.  Any command which has been referenced in this many
-              events will not be discarded.  Too large values of _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by may
-              run the shell out of memory.  The last executed command is al-
-              ways saved on the history list.
-
-     h\bho\bom\bme\be      The home directory of the invoker, initialized from the en-
-              vironment.  The filename expansion of `~' refers to this
-              variable.
-
-     i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\bee\beo\bof\bf
-              If set the shell ignores end-of-file from input devices which
-              are terminals.  This prevents shells from accidentally being
-              killed by control-D's.
-
-     m\bma\bai\bil\bl      The files where the shell checks for mail.  This is done after
-              each command completion which will result in a prompt, if a
-              specified interval has elapsed.  The shell says `You have new
-              mail.' if the file exists with an access time not greater than
-              its modify time.
-
-              If the first word of the value of _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl is numeric it specifies
-              a different mail checking interval, in seconds, than the de-
-              fault, which is 10 minutes.
-
-              If multiple mail files are specified, then the shell says `New
-              mail in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be' when there is mail in the file _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
-
-     n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br
-              As described in the section on _\bI_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt/_\bo_\bu_\bt_\bp_\bu_\bt, restrictions are
-              placed on output redirection to insure that files are not ac-
-              cidentally destroyed, and that `>>' redirections refer to ex-
-              isting files.
-
-     n\bno\bog\bgl\blo\bob\bb    If set, filename expansion is inhibited.  This is most useful
-              in shell scripts which are not dealing with filenames, or after
-              a list of filenames has been obtained and further expansions
-              are not desirable.
-
-     n\bno\bon\bno\bom\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh
-              If set, it is not an error for a filename expansion to not
-              match any existing files; rather the primitive pattern is re-
-              turned.  It is still an error for the primitive pattern to be
-              malformed, i.e.  `echo [' still gives an error.
-
-     n\bno\bot\bti\bif\bfy\by    If set, the shell notifies asynchronously of job completions.
-              The default is to rather present job completions just before
-              printing a prompt.
-
-     p\bpa\bat\bth\bh      Each word of the path variable specifies a directory in which
-              commands are to be sought for execution.  A null word specifies
-              the current directory.  If there is no _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh variable then only
-              full path names will execute.  The usual search path is `.',
-              `/bin' and `/usr/bin', but this may vary from system to system.
-              For the super-user the default search path is `/etc', `/bin'
-              and `/usr/bin'.  A shell which is given neither the -\b-c\bc nor the
-              -\b-t\bt option will normally hash the contents of the directories in
-              the _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh variable after reading ._\bc_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc, and each time the _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh
-              variable is reset.  If new commands are added to these direc-
-              tories while the shell is active, it may be necessary to give
-              the _\br_\be_\bh_\ba_\bs_\bh or the commands may not be found.
-
-     p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\bt    The string which is printed before each command is read from an
-              interactive terminal input.  If a `!' appears in the string it
-              will be replaced by the current event number unless a preceding
-              `\' is given.  Default is `% ', or `# ' for the super-user.
-
-     s\bsa\bav\bve\beh\bhi\bis\bst\bt
-              Is given a numeric value to control the number of entries of
-              the history list that are saved in ~/.history when the user
-              logs out.  Any command which has been referenced in this many
-              events will be saved.  During start up the shell sources
-              ~/.history into the history list enabling history to be saved
-              across logins.  Too large values of _\bs_\ba_\bv_\be_\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt will slow down the
-              shell during start up.
-
-     s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl     The file in which the shell resides.  This is used in forking
-              shells to interpret files which have execute bits set, but
-              which are not executable by the system.  (See the description
-              of _\bN_\bo_\bn-_\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn _\bC_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd _\bE_\bx_\be_\bc_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn below.) Initialized to the
-              (system-dependent) home of the shell.
-
-     s\bst\bta\bat\btu\bus\bs    The status returned by the last command.  If it terminated ab-
-              normally, then 0200 is added to the status.  Builtin commands
-              which fail return exit status `1', all other builtin commands
-              set status `0'.
-
-     t\bti\bim\bme\be      Controls automatic timing of commands.  If set, then any com-
-              mand which takes more than this many cpu seconds will cause a
-              line giving user, system, and real times and a utilization per-
-              centage which is the ratio of user plus system times to real
-              time to be printed when it terminates.
-
-     v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be   Set by the -\b-v\bv command line option, causes the words of each
-              command to be printed after history substitution.
-
-  N\bNo\bon\bn-\b-b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd e\bex\bxe\bec\bcu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn
+     a\bar\brg\bgv\bv       Set to the arguments to the shell, it is from this variable
+                that positional parameters are substituted, i.e., `$1' is re-
+                placed by `$argv[1]', etc.
+
+     c\bcd\bdp\bpa\bat\bth\bh     Gives a list of alternate directories searched to find subdi-
+                rectories in _\bc_\bh_\bd_\bi_\br commands.
+
+     c\bcw\bwd\bd        The full pathname of the current directory.
+
+     e\bec\bch\bho\bo       Set when the -\b-x\bx command line option is given.  Causes each
+                command and its arguments to be echoed just before it is exe-
+                cuted.  For non-builtin commands all expansions occur before
+                echoing.  Builtin commands are echoed before command and file-
+                name substitution, since these substitutions are then done se-
+                lectively.
+
+     f\bfi\bil\ble\bec\bc      Enable file name completion.
+
+     h\bhi\bis\bst\btc\bch\bha\bar\brs\bs  Can be given a string value to change the characters used in
+                history substitution.  The first character of its value is
+                used as the history substitution character, replacing the de-
+                fault character `!'.  The second character of its value re-
+                places the character `|\b^' in quick substitutions.
+
+     h\bhi\bis\bst\btf\bfi\bil\ble\be   Can be set to the pathname where history is going to be
+                saved/restored.
+
+     h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by    Can be given a numeric value to control the size of the histo-
+                ry list.  Any command that has been referenced in this many
+                events will not be discarded.  Too large values of _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by may
+                run the shell out of memory.  The last executed command is al-
+                ways saved on the history list.
+
+     h\bho\bom\bme\be       The home directory of the invoker, initialized from the envi-
+                ronment.  The filename expansion of `_\b~' refers to this vari-
+                able.
+
+     i\big\bgn\bno\bor\bre\bee\beo\bof\bf  If set the shell ignores end-of-file from input devices which
+                are terminals.  This prevents shells from accidentally being
+                killed by control-D's.
+
+     m\bma\bai\bil\bl       The files where the shell checks for mail.  This checking is
+                done after each command completion that will result in a
+                prompt, if a specified interval has elapsed.  The shell says
+                `You have new mail.'  if the file exists with an access time
+                not greater than its modify time.
+
+                If the first word of the value of _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl is numeric it specifies
+                a different mail checking interval, in seconds, than the de-
+                fault, which is 10 minutes.
+
+                If multiple mail files are specified, then the shell says `New
+                mail in _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be' when there is mail in the file _\bn_\ba_\bm_\be.
+
+     n\bno\boc\bcl\blo\bob\bbb\bbe\ber\br  As described in the section on _\bi_\bn_\bp_\bu_\bt_\b/_\bo_\bu_\bt_\bp_\bu_\bt, restrictions are
+                placed on output redirection to insure that files are not ac-
+                cidentally destroyed, and that `>>' redirections refer to ex-
+                isting files.
+
+     n\bno\bog\bgl\blo\bob\bb     If set, filename expansion is inhibited.  This inhibition is
+                most useful in shell scripts that
+                 are not dealing with filenames, or after a list of filenames
+                has been obtained and further expansions are not desirable.
+
+     n\bno\bon\bno\bom\bma\bat\btc\bch\bh  If set, it is not an error for a filename expansion to not
+                match any existing files; instead the primitive pattern is re-
+                turned.  It is still an error for the primitive pattern to be
+                malformed, i.e., `echo [' still gives an error.
+
+     n\bno\bot\bti\bif\bfy\by     If set, the shell notifies asynchronously of job completions;
+                the default is to present job completions just before printing
+                a prompt.
+
+     p\bpa\bat\bth\bh       Each word of the path variable specifies a directory in which
+                commands are to be sought for execution.  A null word speci-
+                fies the current directory.  If there is no _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh variable then
+                only full path names will execute.  The usual search path is
+                `.', `/bin' and `/usr/bin', but this may vary from system to
+                system.  For the super-user the default search path is `/etc',
+                `/bin' and `/usr/bin'.  A shell that is given neither the -\b-c\bc
+                nor the -\b-t\bt option will normally hash the contents of the di-
+                rectories in the _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh variable after reading _\b._\bc_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc, and each
+                time the _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh variable is reset.  If new commands are added to
+                these directories while the shell is active, it may be neces-
+                sary to do a r\bre\beh\bha\bas\bsh\bh or the commands may not be found.
+
+     p\bpr\bro\bom\bmp\bpt\bt     The string that is printed before each command is read from an
+                interactive terminal input.  If a `!' appears in the string it
+                will be replaced by the current event number unless a preced-
+                ing `\' is given.  Default is `% ', or `# ' for the super-
+                user.
+
+     s\bsa\bav\bve\beh\bhi\bis\bst\bt   Is given a numeric value to control the number of entries of
+                the history list that are saved in ~/.history when the user
+                logs out.  Any command that has been referenced in this many
+                events will be saved.  During start up the shell sources
+                ~/.history into the history list enabling history to be saved
+                across logins.  Too large values of _\bs_\ba_\bv_\be_\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt will slow down
+                the shell during start up.  If _\bs_\ba_\bv_\be_\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt is just set, the shell
+
+                will use the value of _\bh_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by_\b.
+
+     s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl      The file in which the shell resides.  This variable is used in
+                forking shells to interpret files that have execute bits set,
+                but which are not executable by the system.  (See the descrip-
+                tion of _\bN_\bo_\bn_\b-_\bb_\bu_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bi_\bn _\bC_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd _\bE_\bx_\be_\bc_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn below.)  Initialized to
+                the (system-dependent) home of the shell.
+
+     s\bst\bta\bat\btu\bus\bs     The status returned by the last command.  If it terminated ab-
+                normally, then 0200 is added to the status.  Builtin commands
+                that fail return exit status `1', all other builtin commands
+                set status to `0'.
+
+     t\bti\bim\bme\be       Controls automatic timing of commands.  If set, then any com-
+                mand that takes more than this many cpu seconds will cause a
+                line giving user, system, and real times and a utilization
+                percentage which is the ratio of user plus system times to re-
+                al time to be printed when it terminates.
+
+     v\bve\ber\brb\bbo\bos\bse\be    Set by the -\b-v\bv command line option, causes the words of each
+                command to be printed after history substitution.
+
+   N\bNo\bon\bn-\b-b\bbu\bui\bil\blt\bti\bin\bn c\bco\bom\bmm\bma\ban\bnd\bd e\bex\bxe\bec\bcu\but\bti\bio\bon\bn

      When a command to be executed is found to not be a builtin command the
      shell attempts to execute the command via execve(2).  Each word in the
      variable _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh names a directory from which the shell will attempt to exe-
      When a command to be executed is found to not be a builtin command the
      shell attempts to execute the command via execve(2).  Each word in the
      variable _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh names a directory from which the shell will attempt to exe-

-     cute the command. If it is given neither a -\b-c\bc nor a -\b-t\bt option, the shell
+     cute the command.  If it is given neither a -\b-c\bc nor a -\b-t\bt option, the shell

      will hash the names in these directories into an internal table so that
      it will only try an e\bex\bxe\bec\bc in a directory if there is a possibility that
      will hash the names in these directories into an internal table so that
      it will only try an e\bex\bxe\bec\bc in a directory if there is a possibility that

-     the command resides there.  This greatly speeds command location when a
-     large number of directories are present in the search path.  If this
-     mechanism has been turned off (via u\bun\bnh\bha\bas\bsh\bh), or if the shell was given a
-     -\b-c\bc or -\b-t\bt argument, and in any case for each directory component of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh
-     which does not begin with a `/', the shell concatenates with the given
-     command name to form a path name of a file which it then attempts to exe-
-     cute.
+     the command resides there.  This shortcut greatly speeds command location
+     when many directories are present in the search path.  If this mechanism
+     has been turned off (via u\bun\bnh\bha\bas\bsh\bh), or if the shell was given a -\b-c\bc or -\b-t\bt
+     argument, and in any case for each directory component of _\bp_\ba_\bt_\bh that does
+     not begin with a `/', the shell concatenates with the given command name
+     to form a path name of a file which it then attempts to execute.

 
 

-     Parenthesized commands are always executed in a subshell. Thus
+     Parenthesized commands are always executed in a subshell.  Thus

 
 

-          (cd ; pwd) ; pwd
+           (cd; pwd); pwd

 
 

-     prints the _\bh_\bo_\bm_\be directory; leaving you where you were (printing this
-     after the home directory), while
+     prints the _\bh_\bo_\bm_\be directory; leaving you where you were (printing this af-
+     ter the home directory), while

 
 

-          cd ; pwd
+           cd; pwd

 
 

-     leaves you in the _\bh_\bo_\bm_\be directory. Parenthesized commands are most often
+     leaves you in the _\bh_\bo_\bm_\be directory.  Parenthesized commands are most often

      used to prevent c\bch\bhd\bdi\bir\br from affecting the current shell.
 
      If the file has execute permissions but is not an executable binary to
      used to prevent c\bch\bhd\bdi\bir\br from affecting the current shell.
 
      If the file has execute permissions but is not an executable binary to


@@ -1327,87 +1370,89 @@ D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
      a new shell is spawned to read it.
 
      If there is an a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs for s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl then the words of the alias will be
      a new shell is spawned to read it.
 
      If there is an a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs for s\bsh\bhe\bel\bll\bl then the words of the alias will be

-     prepended to the argument list to form the shell command. The first word
-     of the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs should be the full path name of the shell (e.g. `$shell').
+     prepended to the argument list to form the shell command.  The first word
+     of the a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs should be the full path name of the shell (e.g., `$shell').

      Note that this is a special, late occurring, case of a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs substitution,
      Note that this is a special, late occurring, case of a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs substitution,

-     and only allows words to be prepended to the argument list without modif-
-     ication.
+     and only allows words to be prepended to the argument list without
+     change.

 
 

-  S\bSi\big\bgn\bna\bal\bl h\bha\ban\bnd\bdl\bli\bin\bng\bg
+   S\bSi\big\bgn\bna\bal\bl h\bha\ban\bnd\bdl\bli\bin\bng\bg

      The shell normally ignores _\bq_\bu_\bi_\bt signals.  Jobs running detached (either
      by &\b& or the b\bbg\bg or %\b%.\b..\b..\b. &\b& commands) are immune to signals generated from
      the keyboard, including hangups.  Other signals have the values which the
      shell inherited from its parent.  The shell's handling of interrupts and
      The shell normally ignores _\bq_\bu_\bi_\bt signals.  Jobs running detached (either
      by &\b& or the b\bbg\bg or %\b%.\b..\b..\b. &\b& commands) are immune to signals generated from
      the keyboard, including hangups.  Other signals have the values which the
      shell inherited from its parent.  The shell's handling of interrupts and

-     terminate signals in shell scripts can be controlled by o\bon\bni\bin\bnt\btr\br.  Login
+     terminate signals in shell scripts can be controlled by o\bon\bni\bin\bnt\btr\br. Login

      shells catch the _\bt_\be_\br_\bm_\bi_\bn_\ba_\bt_\be signal; otherwise this signal is passed on to
      shells catch the _\bt_\be_\br_\bm_\bi_\bn_\ba_\bt_\be signal; otherwise this signal is passed on to

-     children from the state in the shell's parent.  In no case are interrupts
-     allowed when a login shell is reading the file ._\bl_\bo_\bg_\bo_\bu_\bt.
+     children from the state in the shell's parent.  Interrupts are not al-
+     lowed when a login shell is reading the file _\b._\bl_\bo_\bg_\bo_\bu_\bt.

 
 A\bAU\bUT\bTH\bHO\bOR\bR
      William Joy.  Job control and directory stack features first implemented
 
 A\bAU\bUT\bTH\bHO\bOR\bR
      William Joy.  Job control and directory stack features first implemented

-     by J.E. Kulp of I.I.A.S.A, Laxenburg, Austria, with different syntax than
+     by J.E. Kulp of IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, with different syntax than

      that used now.  File name completion code written by Ken Greer, HP Labs.
      that used now.  File name completion code written by Ken Greer, HP Labs.

+     Eight-bit implementation Christos S. Zoulas, Cornell University.

 
 F\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bS
 
 F\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bS

-     ~/._\bc_\bs_\bh_\br_\bc           Read at beginning of execution by each shell.
-     ~/._\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn           Read by login shell, after `.cshrc' at login.
-     ~/._\bl_\bo_\bg_\bo_\bu_\bt        Read by login shell, at logout.
-     /_\bb_\bi_\bn/_\bs_\bh    Standard shell, for shell scripts not starting with a `#'.
-     /_\bt_\bm_\bp/_\bs_\bh*           Temporary file for `<<'.
-     /_\be_\bt_\bc/_\bp_\ba_\bs_\bs_\bw_\bd   Source of home directories for `~name'.
-
+     ~/.cshrc     Read at beginning of execution by each shell.
+     ~/.login     Read by login shell, after `.cshrc' at login.
+     ~/.logout    Read by login shell, at logout.
+     /bin/sh      Standard shell, for shell scripts not starting with a `#'.
+     /tmp/sh*     Temporary file for `<<'.
+     /etc/passwd  Source of home directories for `~name'.

 
 L\bLI\bIM\bMI\bIT\bTA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
      Word lengths - Words can be no longer than 1024 characters.  The system
      limits argument lists to 10240 characters.  The number of arguments to a
 
 L\bLI\bIM\bMI\bIT\bTA\bAT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
      Word lengths - Words can be no longer than 1024 characters.  The system
      limits argument lists to 10240 characters.  The number of arguments to a

-     command which involves filename expansion is limited to 1/6'th the number
+     command that involves filename expansion is limited to 1/6'th the number

      of characters allowed in an argument list.  Command substitutions may
      substitute no more characters than are allowed in an argument list.  To
      detect looping, the shell restricts the number of a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs substitutions on
      a single line to 20.
 
 S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
      of characters allowed in an argument list.  Command substitutions may
      substitute no more characters than are allowed in an argument list.  To
      detect looping, the shell restricts the number of a\bal\bli\bia\bas\bs substitutions on
      a single line to 20.
 
 S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO

-     sh(1), access(2), execve(2), fork(2), killpg(2), pipe(2), sigvec(2),
-     umask(2), setrlimit(2), wait(2), tty(4), a.out(5), environ(7),
-     _\bA_\bn _\bi_\bn_\bt_\br_\bo_\bd_\bu_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\bt_\bo _\bt_\bh_\be _\bC _\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl
+     sh(1),  access(2),  execve(2),  fork(2),  killpg(2),  pipe(2),
+     sigvec(2),  umask(2),  setrlimit(2),  wait(2),  tty(4),  a.out(5),
+     environ(7),
+     introduction to the C shell

 
 H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY
 
 H\bHI\bIS\bST\bTO\bOR\bRY\bY

-     C\bCs\bsh\bh Appeared in  3 BSD.  It was a first implementation of a command
-     language interpreter incorporating a history mechanism (see H\bHi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by
-     S\bSu\bub\bbs\bst\bti\bit\btu\but\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs), job control facilities (see J\bJo\bob\bbs\bs), interactive file name
-     and user name completion (see F\bFi\bil\ble\be N\bNa\bam\bme\be C\bCo\bom\bmp\bpl\ble\bet\bti\bio\bon\bn), and a C-like syntax.
-     There are now many shells which also have these mechanisms, plus a few
-     more (and maybe some bugs too), which are available thru the internet, or
-     as contributed software such as the ksh(korn shell).
+     C\bCs\bsh\bh appeared in 3BSD. It was a first implementation of a command language
+     interpreter incorporating a history mechanism (see _\bH_\bi_\bs_\bt_\bo_\br_\by
+     _\bS_\bu_\bb_\bs_\bt_\bi_\bt_\bu_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn_\bs), job control facilities (see _\bJ_\bo_\bb_\bs), interactive file name
+     and user name completion (see _\bF_\bi_\bl_\be _\bN_\ba_\bm_\be _\bC_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bl_\be_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn), and a C-like syntax.
+     There are now many shells that also have these mechanisms, plus a few
+     more (and maybe some bugs too), which are available through the usenet.

 
 B\bBU\bUG\bGS\bS
      When a command is restarted from a stop, the shell prints the directory
      it started in if this is different from the current directory; this can
 
 B\bBU\bUG\bGS\bS
      When a command is restarted from a stop, the shell prints the directory
      it started in if this is different from the current directory; this can

-     be misleading (i.e. wrong) as the job may have changed directories inter-
-     nally.
+     be misleading (i.e., wrong) as the job may have changed directories in-
+     ternally.
+

      Shell builtin functions are not stoppable/restartable.  Command sequences
      of the form `a ; b ; c' are also not handled gracefully when stopping is
      Shell builtin functions are not stoppable/restartable.  Command sequences
      of the form `a ; b ; c' are also not handled gracefully when stopping is

-     attempted.  If you suspend `b', the shell will then immediately execute
-     `c'.  This is especially noticeable if this expansion results from an
-     _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs.  It suffices to place the sequence of commands in ()'s to force it
-     to a subshell, i.e. `( a ; b ; c )'.
+     attempted.  If you suspend `b', the shell will immediately execute `c'.
+     This is especially noticeable if this expansion results from an _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs. It
+     suffices to place the sequence of commands in ()'s to force it to a sub-
+     shell, i.e., `( a ; b ; c )'.

 
      Control over tty output after processes are started is primitive; perhaps
      this will inspire someone to work on a good virtual terminal interface.
      In a virtual terminal interface much more interesting things could be
      done with output control.
 
 
      Control over tty output after processes are started is primitive; perhaps
      this will inspire someone to work on a good virtual terminal interface.
      In a virtual terminal interface much more interesting things could be
      done with output control.
 

-     Alias substitution is most often used to clumsily simulate shell pro-
-     cedures; shell procedures should be provided rather than aliases.
+     Alias substitution is most often used to clumsily simulate shell proce-
+     dures; shell procedures should be provided instead of aliases.

 
 

-     Commands within loops, prompted for by `?', are not placed in the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by
-     list.  Control structure should be parsed rather than being recognized as
+     Commands within loops, prompted for by `?', are not placed on the h\bhi\bis\bst\bto\bor\bry\by
+     list.  Control structure should be parsed instead of being recognized as

      built-in commands.  This would allow control commands to be placed any-
      where, to be combined with `|', and to be used with `&' and `;' metasyn-
      tax.
 
      It should be possible to use the `:' modifiers on the output of command
      built-in commands.  This would allow control commands to be placed any-
      where, to be combined with `|', and to be used with `&' and `;' metasyn-
      tax.
 
      It should be possible to use the `:' modifiers on the output of command

-     substitutions.  All and more than one `:' modifier should be allowed on
-     `$' substitutions.
+     substitutions.

 
      The way the f\bfi\bil\ble\bec\bc facility is implemented is ugly and expensive.
 
      The way the f\bfi\bil\ble\bec\bc facility is implemented is ugly and expensive.

+
+4th Berkeley Distribution        May 31, 1993                               23